初中英语300组常用词语辨析完整版1

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初中英语300组常用词语辨析(3)

§168 end/ finish/ stop Ⅰ. ▲ end 指动作过程终止。 finish指动作已完成,再没有动作做。

stop 侧重动作的停止,即由―动‖到―不动‖。如: Everything ended. 一切都结束了。

Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了吗?

He stoppedreading to have a rest. 他停止阅读,休息了一会儿。 §169 enjoy/ like/ love/ prefer

这四个词都有喜欢之意,但用法不同。

Ⅰ.like意为―喜欢、爱好‖,语气较弱,其后可跟名词、代词、不定式、动名词等作宾语。like也跟复合宾语,宾语补足语常用动词不定式,即like sb. to do sth. ―喜欢某人做某事‖。如:

① In England many people like fish and chips. 在英国,许多人喜欢鱼和油煎土豆条。 ② He likes playing volleyball. 他爱打排球。 ③ I don’t like to eat pears now. 现在我不想吃梨。

Ⅱ.love意为―爱,爱好‖,在感情上比like强烈,经常用于爱祖国、爱父母这一类程度比较深的情况,在口语中它往往仅指一般的喜爱,这样用时和like的意思相近,可以互换,后面可以跟名词、动名词或动词不定式。如: We love our Party. 我们热爱我们的党。 I love to skate. 我喜欢滑冰。(可用like替换)

They love playing table tennis. 他们爱打乒乓球。(可用like替换)

Ⅲ.enjoy意为―喜欢、欣赏‖之意;有―乐于;享受。。。。。。之乐趣‖的意思,其后跟名词、代词、动名词作宾语,不接不定式形式。另外enjoy oneself 是―玩得愉快‖之意,相当于have a good time,如: Many old people enjoy living in a village. 许多老年人喜欢在乡村居住。 Did you injoy yourself in the park yesterday? 昨天你在公园玩得痛快吗?

Ⅳ.prefer为―更喜欢、宁愿‖之意。常用于两者之间的选择,其后可跟名词、代词、动名词和不定式,也可跟宾语从句,但宾语从句要用虚拟语气。prefer还可以与介词to连用,表示―喜欢。。。。。。。,而不喜欢。。。。。。‖。其中to为介词,后跟名词或动名词。Prefer to do…rather then do…意为―喜欢。。。。。。,不喜欢。。。。。。‖。如:

Li Lei likes Chinese , but I prefer English. 李雷喜欢语文,而我更喜欢英语。 Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike. 格林先生喜欢步行而不愿骑车。 Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? 你比较喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡?

He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her. 他喜欢给她写信,不愿给她打电话。

总结:rather than―宁可;是。。。。。。而不是。。。。。。‖,连接各种并列成份,在语气上肯定前面否定后面。也可写成would…rather than;rather than…would…,相当于instead of,如: He ran rather than walked. 他跑步而不是步行。

They lost fame rather than wealth. 他们失去的不是财富,而是名誉。

He would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in he would die. 他宁死不屈。

These shose are comfortable rather than pretty. 这双鞋不好看但穿起来很舒服。 She would rather be poor than do that. 她宁愿受穷也不愿那样做。 §170 enter/ enter into

Ⅰ.enter. ―进入‖表进入一个具体处所,如房间、场所等,后面无需加介词; 也可表―进入‖某个时期或阶段;当表示加入某个组织而成为其成员时, enter相当于join.如: ① She entered the house.她走进那间屋子。(不用into)

② China is entering a new stage of development.中国正在进入一个新的发展阶段。

Ⅱ.enter into. ―进入、参加、开始从事‖,后加抽象名词,主要表示―进入‖某种状态。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意义。

Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我们的计划中没有预料到的。 §171 error/ mistake/ fault

Ⅰ.error的意思是错误、过失,指背离某种准则的偏差,表示精确、不正确、不对。在本组词中,这个词用得最广泛。例如:

This is an error in grammar. 这是一个语法上的错误。 He made an error in opinion. 你的意见有错误。

Ⅱ. mistake ―错误‖, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正确的理解等原因而造成的―错误‖。与error可通用,但在某些固定词组中不能换用。如: by mistake. In error 等。如:

You have made a mistake in your spelling. 你在拼写上弄错了。 I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿错了他的伞。

Ⅲ. fault―缺点、毛病‖也可表―过失、过错‖含有当事人对造成的过错有责任的意味。如: With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 尽管他有缺点,分还是一个好同志。 §172 even if / even though/ though

三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用,意为―即使、纵然‖,引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情,有时动词可用虚拟语气;though 意思是―虽然‖,引出的从句叙述的是事实。如: He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。(他是肯定知道的)

He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息,但他不愿意告诉我。(他对消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推测意味)

I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败,我也要尝试一下。

Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还继续工作。 [注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。 §173 evening/ night

Ⅰ.evening的意思是―傍晚、晚上‖,指从晚餐至就寝这段时间,如: I must start by tomorrow evening. 我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。 We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。

Ⅱ.night的意思是―夜、夜里、晚上‖,指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如: They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。

We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉,白天工作。 We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。 §174 every day/ everyday

Ⅰ.every day连写和分开,不但在句中的作用不同,意义也不同。 every day是副词词组,意为―每天、天天‖,在句中作状语。如: We go to school every day.

Ⅱ.everyday是形容词,意为―日常的、普通的‖,在句中作定语。如: I study everyday English every day. §175 every one/ everyone

Ⅰ.every one是―每个‖的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人,也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如:

He ate up every one of those apples. 他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。 Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。

Ⅱ.everyone是代词(=everybody),意思是―每个人、人人‖,但一般不指具体哪个人,后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词,应用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如: Is everyone here? Everyone can do it.

[注]every one后不与of连用时,即可指人又可指物,指人时与everyone 相同。如: Everyone (every one) can do it. every one与of连用必须分开写。

everyone 与not连用,只表示部分否定,并不是每个人的意思。 §176 examination/ test/ quiz

Ⅰ.examination表示考试的意思时,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如: We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。

The students did very well in the terminal examination. 学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式)

They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。 Ⅱ.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如:

We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。 The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老师对我们进行了语法考查。 Ⅲ.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如: The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。 How ofter do you have your quiz? 你们多长时间测验一次? §177 exciting/ excited

Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有―激动‖的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。 exciting 指某事物―令人兴奋、激动‖,主语常是物。如: Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。 It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。

Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物―感到兴奋、激动‖,主语常是人。如:

The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。 The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。 [注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有: interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的 worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的 tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的 bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的 frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的 §178 excuse …for/ excuse … from Ⅰ. excuse … for ―原谅某事‖。如:

He excused me for being late. 他原谅我迟到了。

Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。 Ⅱ. excuse … from ―使免于……,允许不……‖如:

The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。 The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。 §179 expect/ wait

Ⅰ.expect 是及物动词,作―期待,预料,指望‖解,表―期待某人会来或某事会发生‖的意思,后接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。如:

We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。

We expect to meet you again next year. 我们期待明年再见到你。

expect 可引申为汉语的―等待‖,多用于进行时态,主要指―期盼‖的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如: Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢? Ⅱ. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指―等候‖的具体行为。如: Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说几句话。 I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。 We are waiting for a bus. 我们在等公共汽车。 §180 family/ home/ house 这三个词都可以作―家‖讲。

Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如: There are four rooms in the house.

Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如:

His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。 My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。 Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如: Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。 另外,home还可作副词。如:Let’s go home.

§181 faraway/ far away

Ⅰ.faraway指时间、距离、程度等,―遥远的‖如: the faraway guests 远方的客人 它还可表―心不在焉的‖。如: a faraway look 恍惚的神色

Ⅱ.far away是副词词组,只表距离远,在句中作状语还常作后置定语。如: He’s standing far away.

He lived in a small village far away. §182 farm / field

Ⅰ.farm是―农场‖,它的范围大,包括田地、树木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介词on。

Ⅱ.field是―田地‖,或生长草木的原野,多用复数形式,但一块稻田可以说:a rice field,其前常用介词in。如: There several kinds of animals on the farm. They’re working in the rice field. §1 83 farmer/ peasant Ⅰ.farmer指经营农庄的人。

Ⅱ.peasant包括雇农、小佃农或小耕农。在我国将农民都译为peasant。 §184 farther/ further

father, further都可以是far的比较级,意为―较远、更远‖,但further除此之外,还有―更进一步,此外的‖等意思,既可以作形容词,也可以作副词。如:

They made further arrangement. 他们作了进一步的安排。

I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。 She didn’t argue further about it. 她对此不再争论了。 §185 fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick

Ⅰ. fast ―快‖一般指物体的运动速度(speed)快,常用来形容交通工具跑得快,钟表走得快,人的动作快等。如: A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽车比卡车跑得快。 How fast the horse runs! 这匹马跑得多快呀!

Ⅱ. quick 指较短的时间或较近的将来即可发生或完成某事,常用来形容动作敏捷、反应迅速。如: Come quick! 快来呀!

Please give me a quick reply. 请迅速给我答复。

Ⅲ. rapid 表速度之快,往往可与fast通用,但它多指运动本身。如: The boy is making rapid progress. 这孩子进步很快。 Rapid speech is usually indistinct. 急促的语言往往不清晰。 The current was rapid. 水流得很急。

Ⅳ. swift 表速度很快而又常指运动平稳而不费力。如: Eagles are swift in flight. 鹰飞得很快。 The curent was very swift. 水流得很快。 §186 feed/ keep

Ⅰ. feed ―喂养‖,强调具体的动作,意为:―给……喂食、给……东西吃‖常用句型为:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed

Ⅲ. go to sleep 与get to sleep 意义相近,也是终止性动词。即:―入睡、睡着‖,强调进入梦乡的过程。―开始睡觉‖,即:being to sleep.如:

I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么时候睡着的。

Ⅳ. fall asleep意为―睡着‖表示一个动作的过程,侧重于―自然而然地入睡‖,有时也含有―不想入睡而入睡‖之意;be asleep―熟睡‖,强调睡眠的状态,该短语在句中作谓语。 Ⅴ. sleep 可动词和名词,表―睡着‖―睡眠‖,是可持续性的动词。 Ⅵ. asleep 是表语形容词,不能作定语 如: The children are all asleep. 孩子们都睡着了。 Are you asleep? 你睡着了吗? §206 good/ fine/ nice/ well

Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词,表―好的质量‖,―好的品质‖。等意思。如: Lucy is a good girl.

These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。

Ⅱ. fine 侧重于―质量的精细‖, ―身体健康‖,还可以表示―天气晴朗‖等。如: This is a fine house.

How are you? I’m fine, thank you.

It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。

Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的―好看、漂亮‖。取悦于人的感觉。也可指―(对人)友好和蔼‖如: It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错,但却不是一块好表。 It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。

They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。

Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得―好‖,修饰动词。也可作表语,指身体好。如: Well done! 干得好! I’m well. 我好了。 §207 grow/ increase

Ⅰ.作不及物动词,两者有相同的含意―增长‖。如:

The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越来快。 Ⅱ.grow还有―生长,发育‖的意思。如: The rice is growing fine. 水稻长势不错。 Ⅲ.作及物动词,用法各异。 grow种植,栽 如:

Wheat is grown in north of China. 中国北方种植小麦。 increase增加、增长 如:

They are working hard to increase production. 他们正在努力工作以增加产量。 Ⅳ.increase可作名词,意为―增加、增长‖。如:

①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中国我们正在尽全力降低人口数量的增长。

§208 hand in/ turn in

Ⅰ. hand in ―传递、交给‖。指交作业等。如:

The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老师要他们交作业本。

Ⅱ. turn in ―上交、交出‖。指将某物归公。或交给上级或组织以便找到失主。一般也可与hand in 互换。如: You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。

You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。 §209 hands up/ put up one's hand

Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语,相当于Put up your arms over your head! ―举起手来!‖如:

① ―Hands up, or I’ll shoot.‖ The policeman demanded the robber. ―举起手来,不然我开枪了。‖警察命令抢劫犯。 Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如:

Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案?请举手。 Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。 §210 happen/ take place/ occur 都有―发生‖之意

Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语,应用广泛,指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即:―(某人)发生了什么事——happen to sb‖,或 ―(某物)发生了什么情况——happen to sth‖。其主语通常由 accident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示―碰巧发生某事,——happen to do sth.‖如: What has happened? 发生什么事了?––– What happened to you? 你发生什么事了?

It happened through your negligence. 这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。 He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。

I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。

Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事,无偶然之意。其主语常是表:―运动、活动、会议等‖的名词。如: The Olympic Games take place every four years. 奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。 The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四运动发生于一九一九年。

Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来,我国发生了巨大的变化。 Ⅲ. occur[?`k?:] 常与happen 通用。但,是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。 When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么时候发生的? Don’t let the mistake occur again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。 §211 hare/ rabbit

Ⅰ. hare ―野兔‖比rabbit大,不打洞栖身。如: That is a hare. 那是只野兔。

Ⅱ. rabbit 指―野兔‖时,比hare小,不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如 I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。

He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。 §212 harm/ hurt

Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有―伤害‖之意,但二者有区别:

harm 用面较广,往往暗示―不良的后果‖, 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。

hurt 往往暗示―肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快‖其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词,所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。

① The nose of machines harmed their hearing. 机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。

② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。 §213 have been to / have been in / have gone to

Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:―曾经到过某处‖但目前人未在那儿。如:

Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了?(现在已回来)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(现不在北京) I have never been there before, have I? 我以前从未去过那儿,是吗?

Ⅱ. have been in 表示:―去了某地,并曾在那儿(一段时间),或现在仍在那儿。 She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks.

Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:―去了‖指人已经走了,(至少目前不在说话的地点,在去的途中或已经到目的地)。如:

Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school. 凯特不在家,她上学去了。(在路上或已经在学校了)。 She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿,她去南京了。

§214 have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep Ⅰ. have sth done ―让某事被做‖如:

I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。(让别人理)。 Ⅱ. have sh done。―让某人被……‖如:

He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(让别人打) Ⅲ. have sb do sth. ―让某人做某事‖如:

I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV. 我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。 Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing ―让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如: Don’t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生們学习。

They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。 Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词,如:

The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。 Have her here! 让她到这儿来。 §215 have to / must

Ⅰ. have to ―必须‖往往着重于客观的需要,含有不得不的意味。如: Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗?

It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。 Ⅱ. must ―必须 ‖往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。如: We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 We must go. 我必须去。 §216 have/ own

Ⅰ. have ―有‖表人与物/人,物与物之间存在的―所有;所属‖的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如: I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。 Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗?

Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合,强调―(合法地)拥有‖某物的所有权,主语一定是该物的主人。如:

I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。 Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的? §217 head/ brains

Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的,有形的―头‖。如: Don’t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。 Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,无形的―脑力、智力‖。

[注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。 §218 hear/ hear of/ hear from

Ⅰ. hear ―听见‖指听力,强调听的结果。如: I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.

Ⅱ. hear of ―听说‖强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of,意义无多大的区别。如: We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息,我们都很高兴。 Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗? Ⅲ. hear from ―接到……的来信(电话等)‖如: Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。

We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后,我们一直没有收到他的来信。 §219 hear/ listen

Ⅰ. hear ―听到‖强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如: Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗?

I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音,但并不用心去听她说的是什么。

Ⅱ. listen ―听‖强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如: Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?

We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也没听到。 §220 heaven/ sky

Ⅰ. heaven ―天、天国、天堂‖与earth和 hell(地狱)相对。在文学语言中,它也可以指天空,常用算数形式。如:

The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。

He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。 Ⅱ. sky ―天、天空‖,一般用作单数。但在文学语言中,有时也用算数形式(skies).如: There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。

Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies. 为有牺牲多斗志,敢教日月换新天。 (毛泽东) §221 high/ tall

Ⅰ. high ―高(的)‖,普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高,或指所处位置较高。如:

That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。 He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。

Ⅱ. tall ―高的‖,常与short相对,也指同类中较高的,尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。当指物时,往往可与high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如: She is rather tall. 她相当高。

We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。 §222 hill/ mountain

Ⅰ. hill ―小山‖通常比mountain 小。如: I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。

The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。 Ⅱ. mountain ―高山‖,比hill大。如:

We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。 He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。 §223 help with / help…with.

Ⅰ. help with ―帮助‖后面直接跟名词。如:

Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。

The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。 Ⅱ. help …with. ―帮助某人做某事‖即help st with sth. 如: May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗?

My father used to help me with my lessons. 父亲过去常常帮助我做功课。 §224 human being/ man / person/ people

Ⅰ. human being ―人类‖,可数名词,算数为human beings. 意义较具体,以区别于动物、鬼神之类。如: There were no sight of human beings on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes. 那个岛上虽然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但没有人居住过的痕迹。 Ⅱ. man ―人类‖,单数或复数均可。其前不用限定词。如:

Man must make the earth support more people. 人类必须使地球养活更多的人。 Ⅲ. person. ―人‖着重指个别而言。与animal相对。指男,女,老,少均可。如: There are only three persons in the room. 房间里只有三个人。

Ⅳ. people ―人‖是集合名词。与enemy相对,有较强的感情色彩。指普通人时,可与person代换。其复数形式为―民族‖之意。如:

Most people think so 大多数人这样想。

There are more than 50 peoples in our country. 我国有50多个民族。 §225 hanged / hung

这两个词都是hang的过去分词。

Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作―上吊;绞死‖时的过去时和过去分词。 The murderer was hanged this morning. 那个杀人犯今天上午被绞死。 He hanged himself from a beam in the attic. 他在阁楼上悬梁自尽了。 Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作―悬挂;下垂‖等 意思时过去时和过去分词。如:

She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree. 她把圣诞节的装饰品挂在树上。 He hung his head in shame. 他羞耻得垂下脑袋。

§226 hurry up/ hurry off(away) / hurry to

Ⅰ. hurry up 中的up是副词。―赶快、快点、加紧‖之意。含有催促、命令之意。且常用于肯定结构,偶而用于否定结构时,up可省。如:

Hurry up! There is not enough time. 赶快!时间不够了。 Don’t hurry. There is enough time. 别着急。还有时间。

Ⅱ.hurry off / away中的 away是副词。―匆匆离去‖无催促之意。如: Li Lei hurried off /away without a word. 李雷一句话不说就匆匆走了。

With this, the woman hurried away / off. = With this, the woman went away in a hurry.说完这话,那妇人匆匆离去。

Ⅲ. hurry to 是短语动词。to 介词。―匆匆去某地‖如: He hurried to his office. = He went to his office in a hurry. Ⅳ. in a hurry. 介词短语。―匆忙地(地)‖,―慌忙地(的)‖

She dressed herself for the party in a hurry. 她为参加联欢会而匆忙地换穿衣服。 You are always in a hurry. 你总是匆匆忙忙地。 §227 hurt/ injure/ wound

Ⅰ.hurt的意思是―使受伤、使疼痛、使伤心、伤害‖,它是普通用语,可以表示使肉体受伤或疼痛,也可以表示使感情受到伤害。如:

He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌到时伤了背部。

My shoe is too tight, it hurts (me). 我的鞋太紧,使我的脚感到痛。 That’ll hurt her feelings. 那会伤她的感情。

Ⅱ.injure的意思是―伤害、损害‖,指损害一个人的外表、健康、完好的东西(如自尊心、名誉、成就)等。如: He injured an arm in a car accident. 他在一次车祸中伤了一只手臂。 You will injure your health by smoking too much. 你吸烟太多,有伤身体。 This injured his pride. 这伤了他的自尊心。

Ⅲ.wound的意思是―受伤、伤害‖,通常指因外来的暴力使身体受伤,尤指在战争中或遭袭击受伤。它也可以指精神上受创伤。如:

Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded. 十名士兵阵亡,三十名受伤。 The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 枪弹打伤了他的肩膀。 He felt wounded in his honour. 他觉得他的名誉受到了伤害。 §228 if/ whether

Ⅰ.都有―是否‖之意。在某种情况下右互换。如:

I don’t know if / whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。 Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether: 正式文体中,句中有or not时。如:

I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。 2.引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如:

Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。 3. 作介词宾语时,如:

I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。 4. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组。如:

Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 李雷还未决定去还是不去。 5. 作discuss等词的宾语时,如:

They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。 6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如:

Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。

Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能,意为―如果‖引导条件状语从句;而whether另有―不管,无论‖之意,引导让步状语从句。如:

I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我,我将很高兴。

Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事。 §229 ill/ sick

Ⅰ. ill ―病‖,常用作表语,一般不作名词的前置定语用;而sick可直接作前置定语用。如: She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。 He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。 Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如:

He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。

Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时,一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说:seriously sick/ ill. 如:

He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风,不久就更厉害了。 His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。 §230 in / after/ later

都有―在……之后‖的意思,区别在于:

Ⅰ.in是介词,用来表示从现在算起的―过一段时间以后‖,常于将来时态的肯定句中,一般与go, come, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬间动作的终止性动词连用。如:I’ll come and see you in two days. 两天之后我再来看你。

Ⅱ.after是介词,用来表示在某一具体时间或某一具体事件以后,谓语动词可用于过去时,也可用将来时。如: He will arrive after four o’clock. 他将在四点以后到达。 She said she would be back after five o’clock. [注] 此情况下时间名词应为点时间。

after 还可以表示从过去某时起若干时间之后,谓语动词用过去时,不能用将来时。如:Lucy started after two days. [注] 此时应为段时间名词。

Ⅲ.later是副词,不能用于从讲话时刻算起的若干时间之后,要根据上下文推断从何时起至何时之后。如: I shall call on Mr Li on May 1st and shall call again about a week later. 五月一日我将拜访李先生,大约一星期之后我再来拜访。 I shall call again later.

[注] later只能放在段时间名词之后。 §231 in / of

均可用来表比较范围。

Ⅰ.of 表―属性‖,意为―在同类中,最……‖

Ⅰ.in表―在……内‖,意指―在某地或某范围之中最……‖,其后接表地点或组织、机构等的名词,与比较对象不属同一范畴。如:

Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys. Li Lei is the tallest in our class. §232 in the future/in future

这两个词组都有―在将来‖的意思,但含义上有区别。

Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来,在时间上包括现在。如: You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。

He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。 Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间,在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如: Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么?

In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 将来,旅行社可能会组织去月球的旅行。 [注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容词时,不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。 §233 in time/on time

Ⅰ.in time―及时‖,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。 Ⅱ.on time―准时‖,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如: Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。

They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。 Can you get there in time? 你能及时感到那儿吗?

You must always return your library book on time. 你必须总是按时归还从图书馆借的书。 §234 in/ on/ to

Ⅰ.in 表示―在某范围之内‖,如:

In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night. Beijing is in the north of China. Ⅱ.on 表示―两地接壤‖。如: Tianjin is on the north of Beijing. Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong. Ⅲ.to 表示―在某范围之外,两地不接壤‖。如:

There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River. Japan is to the east of China. §235 increase by/ increase to

Ⅰ.―increase by + 倍数或百分数‖,表示―增加了。。。。。。倍/百分之‖。―inctease to + 具体的增长后的数字‖,表示―增加到了。。。。。。‖。如:

① The population of this town has increase by 5 percent. 这个镇的人口增长了5%。

② The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我们国家的人口已增长到了13 亿。 Ⅱ.表示―在。。。。。。方面增长‖用in 来引导的短语。如:

It has increase 30 percent in price. 它的价格增长了30%。 Its members are increasing in number. 它的成员数量正在增加。 The country is fast increasing in population. 这个国家人口增长很快。 §236 indeed/ really

Ⅰ.indeed的意思是―真的、的确‖,多用以肯定或证实人家所说的话,或加强自己说话的肯定语气,如: ① -----It’s a difficult problem. 这是一个困难的问题。 -----Indeed it is. 的确如此。

② We were indeed very glad to hear the news.听到这消息我们真高兴。 Thank you very much indeed. 真感谢你。

Ⅱ.really 的意思是―真的、真正、的确‖,指和事实或现实不相违背,用以表示肯定人家所说的是实话,希望人家说实话或强调自己说的是实话。它有时还用以表示对人家所说的话感到惊讶、生气、怀疑等。如: ① -----He is a good student. 他是一个好学生。 -----Really. 的确是。

② It was really not my fault. 那的确不是我的错。 Do you really wish to go? 你真的想去吗?

------We’re going to Qingdao this summer. 今年夏天我们要去青岛。 ------Oh, really? 啊,真的吗?

§237 interest/ interesting/ interested Ⅰ.interest. n. ―兴趣;趣味‖v. ―使(人)产生兴趣‖ What you said interests me. 你的话引起了我的兴趣。 He shows an interest in music.他对音乐感兴趣。

Ⅱ.interesting. adj. ―有趣的;引起兴趣的‖可作表语或定语,指物或人本身能引起兴趣。如: The film is very interesting. 电影非常有趣。 He is an interesting man. 他是一个有趣的人。

Ⅲ.interested是动词interest 加ed 构成的形容词,意为―感兴趣的‖,其主语一般指人。 常构成短语:interested in , 如:

When he was only a child, he got interested in science. 当他仅是一个孩子时,他就对科学产生了兴趣。 §238 job/ work

两者均表示―工作‖,后者(work)含义更广,为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词;前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种,为可数名词。如:

I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。 The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。 §239 join / join in / take part in

Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等, 指成为其中的成员。如: My uncle joined the Party in 1989.

We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us. 我们要去游泳,你和我们一起去好吗?

Ⅱ. join in 表―加入、参与‖某种活动,后接名词或动词的ing 形式,表―参加某人的活动‖可以说:join sb. in (doing) sth. 如:

He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。

Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我们一起打篮球好吗?

Ⅲ. take part in 指―参加‖会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动,重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如:

The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。 When will you take part in the meeting? 你将在什么时候参加会议? [注意]:join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如: Let me join in. 让我参加吧。

§240 journey/ trip/ voyage/ tour/ travel

Ⅰ. journey ―旅游‖ 着重指:从甲地到乙地所走的路程和花费的时间。多指陆路―旅游‖用英语可解释为:a trip of some distance usually by land.

Ⅱ. travel ―旅行、游历‖多指到世界各地的活动,国与国之间旅行,(没有回到原出发地的含义)表某次具体的旅行时,常用复数。英译为:the activity of moving about the world.

On his doctor’s advice, he went on his travels. 遵照医生的意见,他出发旅行了。 He came home after years of foreign travel.

Ⅲ. trip 多指带有特殊目的或定期的旅行,为了高兴进行的较短距离的,旅游或远足。 We’ll make a trip on Sunday.

He came back from a trip. 他旅归来。

Ⅳ. tour ―周游、旅游、观光、游览‖等,多指不同地点的漫游或短途旅行参观。通常是回到原出发地点时就意味着旅行结束。英译:a journey during which several places of interest are visited; a short trip to or through a place on order to see it. 如:

I’m going to set out on a walking tour. 我即将动身去徒步旅行。 He has gone for a tour in Europe.

Ⅴ. voyage 多指较长距离的水上航行,但也指空中航行。

He made a voyage from Shanghai to Qingdao. 他从上海航行到青岛。 They made a voyage to France by air.他们乘飞机到法国。 §241 known as / known by / known for/ known to

Ⅰ. known as ―作为…而出名‖;―被称作…‖,as后面的宾语与句子主语是同位的。如: George is known as a successful banker. 乔治作为成功的银行家而出名。

The first tomb, known as Chang Ling, was built in the 15th century. 第一座陵墓叫长陵修建于是5世纪。 Ⅱ. known by ―凭……来判断或认识‖一般不太常用,多出现在某些谚语中。如: A man is known by the company he keeps. (谚)见其友,知其人。 Ⅲ. known for ―因……而出名‖,for后面多接表示特征、品质之类的词。如: Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries. 桂林因风景优美而闻名。 He is known for his frankness. 他以坦率而出名。

Ⅳ. known to ―为……所知的‖,to后面常接表示人的名词或代词。如: She is known to everyone in the college. 他在学院里人人皆知。 The usage of that word is known to us all. 这个词的用法我们人人皆知。

§242 keekp doing sth/ keep on doing sth/ keep sb doing sth/ keep sb or sth from doing sth/ stop……from doing sth/ prevent……from doing sth

Ⅰ.keep doing sth 表示―继续(不断)地做某事‖指无停顿或停顿较短。或后接表静态的动词。如:sit sleep. Wait, stand,等。

He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving. 他一动不动地在那儿站了半个小时。

Ⅱ.keep on doing sth 表经过一段时间的间隙后―继续做同一件事‖后可接表动态的词。如walk, write talk 等。还暗指不顾困难、反对、警告而―坚持‖做某事。

They kept on working in the field, though it was raining.虽然天正在下雨,他们还是继续在田里干活。 Ⅲ.keep sb doing sth. ―使某人处于某种状态‖

Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class. 整个一节课, 我们的语文老师都让我们自己看书。

Ⅳ.keep sb / sth from doing sth. ―阻止、防止某人/ 某物做某事‖如:

The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous. 危险的时候,这位警察阻止了孩子们过马路。

Be carful! Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor. 当心!防止玻璃掉到地板上。

Ⅴ. prevent……from doing sth与上同意,但较正式,隐含预防之意。From在被动语态中不可省。如: In many countries, laws have been passed to prevent factories from sending out poisonous gases and polluted water. 许多国家已制定法律来制止工厂排放有毒的气体和污水。 Ⅵ,stop……from doing sth. 与上可代换。它常指现场的具体行为。如:

The policeman stopped the children from playing football in the street. 警察制止孩子们在街上踢球。 §243 kill/ murder/ slaughter

Ⅰ.kill的意思是―杀‖,是普通用语,不限于用刀杀人,而可指用任何办法把人或动物弄死。如: He was killed. 他被杀死了。

He was killed in a train accident. 他在一次火车事故中死亡。 They killed animals for food. 他们宰杀动物为食。

Ⅱ.murder的意思是―谋杀‖,指非法地、存心不良地或有预谋地杀人。如: They murdered a revolutionary. 他们谋害了一个革命者。

Ⅲ.slaughter的意思是―屠杀‖,指大批地、残酷地杀人,也可指屠宰动物。如:

Old men, woman and children were mercilessly slaughtered. 老人、妇女和孩子们都遭到残酷的屠杀。 §244 kind/ sort

Ⅰ.kind表示种类的意思时,指属于同种类的东西。如: This is a new kind of machine. 这是一种新式机器。 What kind of man is he? 他是怎样的人?

Ⅱ.sort的意思也是―种类‖,指大体相似的东西。在语言实践中,这两个词常被毫无区别地使用着,不过,当表示带有轻蔑的意味时,多用sort。如:

What sort of book do you want? 你需要哪一种书? I’ll never do this sort of thing. 我决不会干这种事。 What sort of people go there? 什么样的人到那儿去?

§245 know/ know about/ know of Ⅰ. know ―知道‖;―了解‖。侧重直接性。如: I know her very well. 我很了解她。

I don’t know his current address. 我不知道他目前的地址。 Ⅱ. know about ―知道知道关于……的情况‖。

I happened to know about him. 我碰巧了解他的情况。 I don’t know about that matter. 我不知道那件事。 Ⅲ. know of ―知道有……‖;―听说过……‖,侧重间接性。

I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有那么个镇子,但从未去过那里。 I don’t know Mark, but I know of him. 我不认识马克,但我听说过他。 §246 know/ recognize

Ⅰ.know表示认识的意思时,可以表示认识或熟悉某人,也可以只表示认识某人是谁(即认得某人是个什么样子)。它不仅可以用于人,还可以用于地方等。如: Do you know him? 你认识他吗?

I have known him for more than ten years. 我认识他有十多年了。

I know him by sight but have never spoken to him. 我认识他是谁,但从没有和他谈过话。 He knows the city thotoughly. 他很熟悉那个城市。

Ⅱ. recognize表示认识的意思时,表示能认出曾经见过或原来认识的人或物。如: Do you recognize him? 你认得他是谁吗?

I did not recognize him at once. 我一下子都认不得他了。

When he came back to Nanjing, he hardly recognized the city. 当他回到南京时,他几乎认不得这个城市了。 §247 lay / lie

这两个词常易混淆,主要是因为两者的意义及它们的过去式和分词形式极易混淆。

Ⅰ.lay通常用作及物动词,意为―摆、放、下蛋或产卵‖等,过去式、过去分词和现在分词分别为laid, laid, laying。如:

He laid the papers on the desk and then went out. 他把文件放在桌上,然后出去了。 They were laying the foundation of the house. 他们在给房子打地基。 The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds’ nets. 杜鹃在别的鸟巢中产卵。

Ⅱ.lie一般作不及物动词用,作―躺;平放‖解时,其过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain;作―撒谎‖解时,其过去式和过去分词均为lied,现在分词均为lying 。如:

She lay on the beach all morning. 她整个上午都躺在沙滩上。 How long has he lain there like that? 他像那样躺在那儿有多久了? He lied to me. 他对我撒了谎。 §248 learn/ study

Ⅰ. 这两个动词都作―学习‖讲,有时可以互换使用。 He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。

Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能,侧重学习的成果,有―学会、学到‖的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习,含有努力去学的意味,它侧重学习的过程,有―研究、钻研‖的意思。如:

He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习,终于学会了这种语言。 He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。 But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。 §249 leave sw/ leave for sw

Ⅰ. Leave的意思是―离开‖,既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。 He left Rome. 他离开了罗马。 It’s time for us to leave. 我们该走了。

Ⅱ. Leave for 的意思是―前往‖,指离开某地去另一地,for 后面跟表示目的地的地点名词。 He left for Rome. 他动身去了罗马。

The delegation left for Guangzhou by plane. 代表团乘飞机前往广州。 §250 leave/ forget

Ⅰ. 这二个词都有―忘记‖的意思。但leave 表示―忘了带……‖; ―把……落在某个地方了‖,后面有地点状语。 forget + 如:

I left my handbag in the office.我把手提包落在办公室了。

We often see Mr. Gates standing outside his own house because he often leaves the key in the house.我们经常看到盖茨先生站在他自家门外,因为他常把钥匙忘在家里。

I have never forgotten my family’s birthdays. 我从没忘记过家人的生日。 Ⅱ. 还有―离开、留下;使处于……状态; 听任‖的意思。如:

In 1933, Einstein and his family left Europe for USA. 1933年爱因斯坦和他的家人离开欧洲去了美国。 Jim left a message on the computer to you just now. 刚才吉姆在电脑上给你留言了。 They went into the café, leaving the car unlocked. 他们没锁车,走进了咖啡厅。 [谚语]:Never leave today’s work until tomorrow. 今天的事今天做。 §251 lift/ raise

Ⅰ. lift ―举起、提起、抬起‖常常表举(提、抬)起某物时需要费些力气。如: This is too heavy for me to lift. 这太重了,我举不起。

He lifted a pail of water from the ground. 他把一桶水从地上提了起来。 Ⅱ. raise ―举起、抬起‖着重指使某物竖立起来。如:

Those who are ready, please raise your hand. 准备好的人,请举手。 He raised his head. 他抬起了头。 §252 like/ love/ be fond of

Ⅰ. like ―喜欢、喜爱‖与dislike相对。是本组词中语意最弱的词。如: I like the poem. 我喜欢这首诗。 I don’t like smoking. 我不喜欢抽烟。

Ⅱ. love ―爱、热爱‖与hate相对。带有强烈的感情,是本组词中语意最强的词。如: We love our socialist motherland. 我们热爱我们的社会主义祖国。 I like her , but I don’t love her. 我喜欢她,但并不爱她。

Ⅲ. be fond of ―喜欢、爱好‖,语意比like强,但比love弱。其后不能接不定式。如: He is fond of music. 他爱好音乐。

I am fond of reading. 我喜欢读书。

He is very fond of his mother. 他很喜欢他的母亲。

[注]:prefer ―比起……更喜欢……‖,其比较对象通常用在介词to 后。如: Which would you prefer, tea or coffee?

I prefer tea to coffee. 茶和咖啡,你喜欢哪? 比起咖啡来我更喜欢茶。 §253 little/ small

Ⅰ. little ―小的‖与big 和great 相对,表本身小,不含比一般小的意味。用这个词时,往往带有感情色彩。如: What a pretty little house! 一所多漂亮的小房子!

I want the little box, not the big one. 我要小箱子,不要大的。 [说明]:little指人时,表和成年人相比,个子小年龄也小。

Ⅱ. small ―小的‖与large 相对,它常与little 通用。但多指,就一般标准而言比较小的东西,不带感情色彩。如; The boy is small for his age. 就年龄来说,这男孩的个子小了些。 He lives in a small room. 他住在一个小房间里。 §254 like / as

Ⅰ. like 用于比较或比喻,表示―像……一样‖。

Sometimes he behaves like a fool. 有时他的行为举止像个傻瓜。

I beg you not to say anything like that to my parents. 我恳求你不要对我的父母说那样的话。 Ⅱ. as 则表示某人或某事实际上具有as后面所描写的特征或身份,此时as当―作为;当作‖解。如: He works as a gardener. 他的工作是个园丁。

Originally, our house was used as a hotel. 原先我们的房子是作旅馆用的。

Ⅲ. 另外一点要提及的是as可用作连词,后面接句子;like在正规英语中不能用作连词。如: When in Rome, do as the Romans do. (谚) 入国问禁,入乡随俗。 §255 look/ look at/ notice/ see/ watch / read / gaze.

Ⅰ. look ―看‖强调看的动作,指有意思地看,是不及物动词。接宾语时用介词at 即:look at.如: Look, what’s the boy doing? He is looking at the picture. Ⅱ. see 强调―看‖的结果。指视力。如:

He looked at the blackbord but he didn’t see nothing. Ⅲ. notice 是指用眼睛或其它感官或感觉去―注意到‖;―看到‖ I noticed that he came early,我注意到他来得很早。

I noticed him enter(ing) the office. 我看到他走进了(正在走进)办公室。 Ⅳ. watch 强调―观看‖其行为动作,跟踪其运动着的目标。含有―监视‖之意。如: watch TV / a game /a play /sb. 看电视 / 比赛 / 戏曲/某人

Ⅴ, read 指―看书、报、杂志等‖, 指用大脑去思考,含有阅读之意。如: He is reading a book.

§256 look/ look for/ find/ find out / look up

Ⅰ. look ―看‖指看的意识,强调看的行为动作。是不及物动词。不能直接接宾语。如: Look, they are playing on the playground.

Ⅱ. look for ―寻找‖指有目的地找。强调―寻找‖这一动作。

What are you looking for? 你在找什么?

Ⅲ. find ―找到、发现‖指经过一番努力后―找到‖丢失的人或东西。强调―找‖的结果。如: I can’t find my pen. 我找不到我的钢笔了。

The poor granny is looking for her little son. I hope she can find him. 这个可怜的老奶奶在找她的小儿子,我希望她能找到他。

Ⅳ. find out ―找出、查明‖用着及物动词短语,常表达找出答案,弄明真相,查明情况等意思。如: Please find out when the train leaves. 请查一下火车什么时候离站。 Ⅴ. look up ―向上看;查字典‖如:

She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky.

You must look up the new words when you don’t know how to pronounce it. §257 what’s …like?/ How’s …?

Ⅰ. What’s …like? ―询问某人或事物的持久的特性、特征, 如相貌等。 如:

① ---What’s your elder sister like? ---She’s a kind and humorous woman. 你姐是怎样一个人? 她是一个既和善又幽默的女人。

② ---What’s your father like? ---He is tall and fat. 你父亲长得怎么样? 他又高又胖。

③ ---What’s the spring in the north like? ---It’s usually very windy and dry. 北方的春天怎么样? 通常风很大而且干燥。

Ⅱ. How’s …? 用来询问暂时 的情况,或对经历过事的感受,或问候别人的健康。如:

① --How’s your study these days? --Very well. Thank you. 近来的学习情况怎样? 很好, 谢谢。 ② How was the film last night? Great! 昨晚的电影怎么样? 好极了! How is your sister? She’s very well. 你姐好吗(身体怎样)? 她很好。 [注意]:下面两句子的含义是不一样的。 How was the film? 这电影怎样?

What was the film like? 这电影讲什么?(请对方对电影作一番描述或评论) §258 none / nobody / no one

Ⅰ. none 既可指人,也可指物,意为―没有人;没有东西‖等,表三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。与all是反义词。后可接of 短语。作主语时,如果它指代的是可数名词,谓语动词用单数、复数形式都可以,用单数时强调个体,表―没有一个人‖;用复数则强调整体,表―所有人都没有‖。如果它指代的是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。常常用来回答how many & how much 以及有特定范围的问题。如:

How many of the women are teachers? None (of them is / are). 这些女士中有多少是老师? 一个也没有。 How much water is left in the bottle? Nove (of it is left). 瓶子里还剩多少水? 一点儿也没剩。

Which of the boys plays football well? None(of them does). 这些男孩中哪个足球踢得好? 一个也没有。 Ⅱ. nobody & no one 指代人,意为―没有人‖。作主语时谓语动词有单数形式,后不能跟of 短语,常常用来回答who 和不确定的问题。如:

Luckily, nobody / no one was gurt in this accident. 幸运的是,没有人在这场事故中受伤。 Who went to the net bar this week? Nobody / No one. 这周谁去过网吧? 没有人。 §259 look/ seem

Ⅰ. seem ―看来、似乎‖既可作连系动词,以可做不及物动词,后接:形容词、名词、介词短语或不定式。 如:

Mother seemed to know that. 母亲好像知道那件事。

Bill doesn’t seem to a understand. 比尔似乎不太理解。= Bill seems not to understand.(这更正式) Ⅱ. 常用搭配:

It seems (that)好像、看来、似乎,如:

It seems to me that her accident is all your fault! 在我看来她出事都是你的错。 But it seemed that it wasn’t the only letter. 但是好像这不是唯一的一封信。 seem as if / though. ―看起来像‖如:

It seems as though Ken will win the rice.看来赛跑Ken好像要赢。 It seems (as if ) it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。

Ⅲ. look ―看来、似乎‖着重于由视觉得出的印象,seem 则暗示有一定根据,这种判断往往接近事实。在搭配上两者都可接:形容词、名词(前常有形容词修饰)、动词不定式to be、过去分词 和 介词短语。如: He looks / seems a nice man.他看上去是个好人。

You look / seem tired. Let’s have a rest. 看来你累了,我们休息一会儿。 The boy looked / seemed to be very ill. 那男孩看上去病得很重。 Ⅳ, 但在下面情况下,只能用seem, 不能用look: 后面接动词不定式:to do 时。如: The captain seemed to know all his soldiers. 2. 用于It seems that …结构时。如:

① It seemed that he had missed the train.看来他没搭上火车。 3. 用于There seemed to (不定式) 结构时:如:

There seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground. 运动场上好像有几百人。 §260 lose/ miss

Ⅰ. lose ―丢失、失去‖语气较强,一般指失去后不易找回;而 miss 指人们觉察到东西已经―丢失‖,含有可能找回的意思。miss 还有―想念‖之意。而lose 则没有。如:

My grandfather lost a leg in in the war. 我爷爷在战争中失去了一条腿。 We shall all miss you when you go away. 你不在时,我们都会想念你的。 Ⅱ. 作定语和表语用时,lose 用过去分词 lost, 而mess用现在分词missing.如: Who has found my lost pen?谁找到了我丢失的钢笔? Missing book is found now. 丢失的书现在已经找到了。 §261 meet / meet with

Ⅰ. meet ―遇见、遇到;接(人)‖;―集会‖;―满足(要求等)‖。

I know his name, but I’ve never met him. 我知道他的名字,但从未见过他。

The staff members will meet tomorrow to discuss the problem. 员工们明天开会将讨论这一问题。 I will meet my wife at the airport. 我将去机场接我的妻子 This will meet your needs. 这将满足你的要求。

Ⅱ. meet with. ―遇到;碰到‖强调偶然性;还常表示―遭遇;经历;遭到‖此时不能只用meet. 如: I met with a childhood friend on the bus. 我在汽车上遇到一个儿时的朋友。

They met with an accident on their way back. 他们在回去的路上遇到车祸。

I met with some difficulties when I tried to enter the country. 我在入境时遇到一些困难。

§262 many/ much/ a lot of/ lots of/ a good or great many/ many a / a number of/ a great or large number of/ a great deal of/ plenty of/ the number of Ⅰ. many ―许多、大量‖修饰可数名词复数。如: Many students think so. 很多学生都这样想。 Ⅱ. much 指量而言,与不可数名词连用。如: He mever eats much breakfast.他早餐从来吃得不多。

Ⅲ. the number of ―……的总数‖number 指―数目、人数‖是句中真正的主语。故动词须用单三式。如: ①The number of the students in our class is sixty-five. 其它的见下表:

词汇 后面可跟的词 作主语时 谓语动词的形式 many 复数可数名词 复数 much 不可数名词 单三式

复数可数名词与不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句和疑问句多用many, much) 复数或 单三式

amany 复数可数名词 复数 many a 单数可数名词 单三式 复数可数名词 复数 a great deal of 复数可数名词 与不可数名词 复数或 单三式

plenty of 复数可数名词或不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句或疑问句多用enough, many much) 复数或 单三式

§263 may be/ maybe

Ⅰ. may be ―也许是‖―可能是‖may 是情态动词,与be一起作谓语。而maybe是副词,意为―也许‖―可能‖用作状语。如:

Maybe you put it there.也许你把它放在那里了。

But I’m afraid I may be a little late. 但我担心我可能晚了一点。 Maybe he’s wrong. = He may be wrong. 或许他错了。

Maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = The twin brothers may be boating now.现在那对双胞胎兄弟可能在划船。

Maybe /perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week. = They may go on a picnic next week. 他们下周可能要去野餐。

§264 mend/ repair

Ⅰ. mend ―修理、修补‖。普通用语。指对由于穿戴或使用等原因而破烂或破损的东西加以修补或修理。如: There’s a hole in your shirt. Better mend it right away. 你的衬衫上有一个洞,最好马上补一补。 The broken window requires to be mended. 这扇破窗户需要修理。

Ⅱ. repair ―修理、修补‖。常与mend换用。但当需要修理之物,由于使用或年代等原因已经损坏,修起来比较复杂时,多用repair. 如:

They have repaired the car. 他们已把汽车修好了。

It will take all the summer to repair the house. 需要整个夏天才能把房子修好。 §265 message/ news

Ⅰ.这两个词都有―消息‖之意,但词义范围有所不同。Message含义较广,可指书面、口头、无线电等多种渠道传来的信息,因而有―消息、口信、电报‖等意思,为可数名词;news含义较窄,主要是通过报纸、电台、电视等新闻媒介向公众报道的最新消息,也可指原来未曾听到过而现在听到的消息,为不可数名词。如: I’ll leave a message for her. 我将为她留个口信。

I haven’t had a message from him for a month. 我一个月没有得到他的音讯了。 [联想]:和 news搭配的词组:

latest news 最新消息。 stale news 过时新闻 current news 时事 highlighted news 重要新闻 inside news 内幕消息 grapevine news 小道消息 invested news 不实消息 distorted news 歪曲的新闻 §266 middle / center

Ⅰ.middle指―中间‖,表示时间和空间的―中间‖,是相对而言的,也可指笼统的―中部‖,如: We have lunch in the middle of the day.

另外middle还可表程度的―中等‖如:the middle school

Ⅱ. centre ―中心‖,通常用于空间方面,强调指正中心。它还可以用于借喻,表某一事物的中心。如: Dray a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心画一圆圈。 We live in the centre of London. 我们住在伦敦中心。

Beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of China. 北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。 §267 mist/ fog

Ⅰ. mist ―雾‖指比fog 薄的―薄雾‖,形容词为:misty. 它还可指:―(眼睛)朦胧‖等。如: The mountain top was covered with mist. 山顶笼罩着雾气。

She tried to see him through the mist of tears. 她试着透过朦胧的泪眼看他。 Ⅱ. fog 指较浓的―浓雾‖,其形容词为:foggy.如:

The fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly. 雾太浓了, 他必须慢慢地开车。 §268 most /a most / the most

Ⅰ. most adv. 前无冠词,一般表―很、十分‖如: Most likely it will rain. 很可能要下雨了。

The author is most serious in writing the essay. 作者写这篇文章的态度是很严肃的。 Ⅱ. a most 后接形容词,修饰单数可数名词,意思是―很,十分‖如:

That was a most enjoyable party. 那是一次非常快乐的晚会。

These children lead a most happy life. 这些孩子过着非常幸福的生活。 Ⅲ. the most 是much or many 的最高级。意为―最‖如:

That’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever been. 那是我到过的最美丽的地方。 §269 mouse / rat

Ⅰ. mouse ―老鼠、耗子‖,比rat 小。如:

I have set a trap for mouse. 我装置了一个捕鼠器捕鼠。 When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [谚]:猫儿一跑耗子闹。 Ⅱ. rat ―老鼠、耗子‖,比mouse 大。如:

A rat has fallen into the trap. 一只老鼠落到了捕鼠器里。 A rat crossing the street is chased by all. 老鼠过街,人人喊打。 §270 much too/ too much

Ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。如: It’s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。

The old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。 Ⅱ. too much ―太多‖有三种用法: 用作名词词组。如:

You gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。 用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如:

I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰太多了。 用作副词词组,修饰动词,如: Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。

[注]:much too 与too much都可用作副词词组,但too much 不可以修饰形容词,much too 不可以修饰动词。 §271 must/ have to

Ⅰ. must ―必须‖,往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。 We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 Imust go. 我必须走。

Ⅱ. have to ―必须‖往往着重于客观的需要,含有―不得不‖的意味。如: Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗

It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。 §272 neither/ either

Ⅰ. neither ―(两者)都不‖,pron 如:

Neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。

[注]作连词用时,neither 与nor连用,表示―既不……也不‖如:

The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合——既不太湿,也不太干。 Ⅱ. either ―(两者中的)任何一个‖pron. 如:

There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车,你可以任骑一部。 [注]作连词用时,与or连用,表示―或者……或者……‖、―不是……就是……‖。如:

They were either too big or too small. 它们不是太大,就是太小。

作副词用时,二者都有―也不‖之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如: He doesn’t like swimming, I don’t like swimming, either. He doesn’t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒装结构中) §273 neither/ none

Ⅰ. neither ―两者都不‖与both相对,其后的谓语动词用单三式。如: Neither of my parents is at home. 我父母亲(任何一个)都不在家。 Ⅱ. none ―三者或三者以上都有不‖,与all相对。如:

None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生都不(一个也不)在教室里,他们都到操场上去了。 §274 next / the next Ⅰ. next 用于将来时态中

Ⅱ. the next 用于过去时态中。有时也可用于将来时。如:

I’ll finish school next June. The next month I’ll go on trip to my hometwon. 明年六月我要毕业了,第二个月(即七月)我就要回家乡。

She said in her letter that she would visit us the next week. 她在信中说她要在第二个星期拜访我们。 §275 no / not

Ⅰ. no ―不‖既可作形容词,又可作副词。作形容词时用来否定名词、代词或动名词。作副词时,主要用于否定回答。

The poor boy had no money for books. 那个穷孩子没钱买书。 No smoking. 禁止吸烟。 Isn’t he a teacher? No, he isn’t.

Ⅱ. not ―不‖只用作副词。用来否定动词、不定式、形容词或副词。通常放在―三类词‖(情态动词,助动词,系动词)之后,行为动词之前。否定不定式时,直接放在不定式的小品词to前。如: I have not been to Beijing. He doesn’t like reading.

no 和not 都可与形容词或副词的比较级连用,但句子的含义不同。如: I am no taller than he. 我不比他高。(两人都矮) I am not taller than he. 我不比他更高。(两人都高) no = not a 或not any 如:

She has no books = She doesn’t have a book. = She does not have any books. no 表示它所修饰的名词的相反的意思。而not只能表示一般的否定。如: He is no teacher. 他根本(绝)不是老师。(不善于教书) He is not a teacher. 他不是老师。(可能是其它职业) He is no fool = He is clever. 他不笨(他是聪明的) He is not a fool. 他不是个傻子。 §276 no longer/ not…any longer/ no more / not any more

Ⅰ. no longer = not … any longer, ―不再‖强调时间和动作不再持续,常与状态动词和延续性动词连用,如wait, stay, be等。 但no longer与no more 一样通常放在―三类词(情态动词、 助动词、连系动词)‖之后。行为动词之前。而not … any longer 与not … any more 一样,其中的not与谓语动词构成否定式,常放在―三类词‖之后。any longer,与any more 放在句末。如: He’s no longer living in this city. 他不住在这个城市了。 You are not a child any longer. 你已不再是个孩子了。

Ⅱ. no more = not … any more ―不再‖强调数量、次数上不再增加和强调动作终止的结果,因此,常与名词、瞬间动词连用,如hear, see, leave等。如: There’s no more bread. 不再有面包了。 He didn’t go there any more. 他再没去过那儿。 §277 no matter what/ whatever/ what ever

Ⅰ.no matter what―不管什么,无论什么‖用来引导让步状语从句。类似的词组还有:no matter where ―不论哪里‖, no matter which ―不论哪一个‖,no matter how―不论怎样‖如:

They are going to win the football match, no matter how bad the weather is. 不管天气多么糟糕,他们会赢得这场足球比赛。

No matter who knocks, don’t open the door. 不管谁敲门,都不要开门。

Give me a call first no matter when you come. 不管什么时候来,都请你先给我打个电话。

Ⅱ.whatever 是连接代词,可以作―无论什么‖解,引导让步状语从句,可以这样用的连接代词或连接副词有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。如:

Whatever you do, do your best. =No matter what you do, do your best. 无论你干什么,都要尽最大努力去干。 Whoever telephones, tell him I am out. = No matter who telephones, tell him I am out. 无论谁给我打电话,就说我出去了。

Wherever he may be, he will be happy. = No matter where he may be, he will be happy. 无论在什么地方,他都是乐呵呵的。

Ⅲ.whatever 还可以解作 ―凡是……的;所……的东西‖(anything that),用来引导一个名词性从句,这时不能用no matter what 替换。如:

Take whatever you want. 你要什么就拿什么吧。 Whatever I have is yours. 我所有的东西全都是你的。

Ⅳ. what ever 中的ever意为―究竟;到底‖,用在疑问词what后面,以加强语气,着重表示说话者的情绪,如惊讶、愤怒、兴奋等,what ever 在意义上等于what on earth 或what in the world, 其他疑问词也可以这样用。如:

What ever do you think you’re doing?你想想,你到底在干什么? Who ever left the door open?究竟是谁把门敞着不关?

Where ever did you pick up the pen? 你到底在哪儿捡到的这支钢笔? §278 not at all/ not … at all

Ⅰ. not at all 是客套话,意为―别客气‖相当于 That’s all right; You are welcome. 如: ①--Thank you very much. –Not at all.

Ⅱ. not…at all ―根本不‖;―一点也不‖。at all 用以加强语气。如:

She doesn’t like it at all. 她根本不喜欢它。 He didn’t come at all. 他根本没来。 §279 officer/ official

Ⅰ. officer ―官员‖常指武官,有时也指文官。如:

The officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish. 那军官放下武器,跳到池塘里捉鱼去了。 His father is a police officer. 他父亲是警官。 He is an administrative officer.他是行政官。 Ⅱ. official ―官员‖通常指政府的文职官员。如:

An official is suspended from office. 有一位官员被停职。 They are government officials. 他们是政府官员。 §280 on time/ in time

Ⅰ.in time ―及时‖,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。 Ⅱ.on time―准时‖,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如: Joe was just in time for the bus. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。

They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。 §281 one/ it

Ⅰ. it 所指代的,与前面的名词是同一事物;它常替代限定词the, this, that 所修饰的单数名词,此外还可用来表示称赞或责备某人做了某事。如:

Whose is the pen? Oh it’s mine. 这支笔是谁的?哦,是我的。

It’s very kind of you to invite me to the party. 承蒙邀请,不胜感激。(代to invite…)

Ⅱ. one 所指代的是前面名词提到的同类事物,但不是同一件,它具有泛指的性质;它只能代替可数名词,复数形式是ones 如:

Have you got a pen? No, I haven’t. Please ask Tom, I think he has got one. 你有钢笔吗?不,我没有。你去找一下汤姆吧,我想他有一只。 §282 pardon/ sorry/ excuse/

Ⅰ.pardon主要用于没有听清别人的说的话,请别人重复。或宽恕严重的过失或冒犯。可作名词和动词。 sorry 用于因做错了事或伤害了他人而向某人道歉。是形容词 Excuse则用于打扰别人或防碍别人的场合。

Please pardon me for not arriving sooner. 请原谅我没有及时赶到。

I did wrong and I’m going to beg their pardon. 我做错了,我打算去请求他们原谅我。 I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 听说你的母亲病了,我很难过。 You’ll be sorry about that. 你会为此事后悔的。 Excuse me, may use your pen? §283 past/ passed/ pass/ passor

Ⅰ. past 是动词pass的过去时和过去分词。在句中作谓语。意为―通过、传递‖,时间的―消逝‖等。如: He passed (by) the bank. 他路经银行。 She passed him the cake. 她把蛋糕递给他。

Two months passed before we had any news of them. 两个月过去了,我们才得到一点他们的消息。

Ⅱ. passer ―过路人‖;―过客‖。

Ⅲ. past 不是动词形式,它除作为pass的过去分词形容词,作表语与定语外,还可作介词、副词及名词。如: He has been working hard in the past few weeks. 他在过去的几周里工作得很努力。(形) The past is past. 过去的事就让它过去了。(形,名) She walked pasti him hurriedly. 她从他身边匆匆而过。(介 The years went past without notice. 岁月不觉流逝。(副词) §284 path/ road/ way

Ⅰ. path ―道路‖侧重于指―小道;小径‖通常指走出来的路或指人行道等。如: There is a path to the top of the hill. 有一条小路通向山顶。

Keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way. 沿着这条路走,否则你可能会迷路。 Ⅱ. road 通常人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,它可以用作借喻,表示导致……途径。如: Where does this road lead to?这条路通什么地方?

It was very hot day, and the road was terrible dusty. 那是非常炎热的一天,路上的尘土多得惊人。 It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。

Ⅲ. way 不是指人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,而是指要达到特定的地点必须通过的地方。如: It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路。 Which is the shortest way there? 到那儿去哪条路最近? They are still on the way. 他们还在路上。 §285 personal/ personnel

Ⅰ. personal [`p?:s?nl]与 personnel[?p?:s?`nel]两个词音形相近,但词性和词义不同。如: personal 是形容词,―个人的;私人的;亲身的‖。 That is my personal opinion. 那是我个人的意见。 She made a personal appearance. 她亲自到场。

Ⅱ. personnel 是个集体名词,没有复数形式。―全体人员;工作人员‖如: Our personnel are very highly trained. 我们的工作人员训练有素。

The personnel are unhappy about these changes. 全体工作人员都不满意这些变动。 §286 point / score

Ⅰ. point 指在考试、比赛中的―分‖。如: 90 points . 90 分

We won / lost the game by 3 points. 我们以三分之差得胜/ 失败。 Ⅱ. score 指―成绩‖。如:

a score of 90 points . 90分的成绩。

She scored 20points in the competition. = Her score of the competition is 20. 她在竞赛中得了20分。 §287 point to/ point at

point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表―对准;瞄准‖之意。如: She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother.

He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted ―Hands up‖他把口对准敌人,大声喊:―举起手来‖。 §288 police/ policeman

Ⅰ. police 常用作复数,其后不加-s. 如: The police are on duty. 那些警察在值班。

Ⅱ. policeman ―警察‖与police 同意。其复数形式为policemen. (policewoman→policewomen) .但表一个警察时,应说:one / a policeman. 而不说:one / a police. §289 problem/ question

Ⅰ. problem 通常指须急于解决或决定的重大问题或难题。如 This is a difficult social problem to solve. 这是很难解决的社会问题。 He is clever enough to work out the maths problem.

Ⅱ. question 着重指由于对某事感到疑惑不解或不能断定而提出,并等待解答的问题。一般是不难的,在较短时间内能解决的问题。因此,我们可说:answer the question. 如: Please answer the question. §290 propose/ suggest

Ⅰ. propose ―建议、提议‖,是书面语,带有正式和庄严的色彩。如: I propose an early start. 我建议及早开始(或动身)。

We propose that the house (should) be repaired. 我们建议对房屋进行修理。 Ⅱ. suggest ―建议、提议‖,但没有propose正式。如: I suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建议去看戏。

I suggest that we (should) begin at once. 我建议我们立即开始。 He suggest going to the Summer Palace. 他建议去颐和园。 §291 pupil/student

Ⅰ.pupil 特指―小学生;初等学校的学生‖。也可指在教师指导下从事研究的―学生;门徒‖如: The peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils. 这位钢琴家经常给她的学生上钢琴课。

Ⅱ.student 指―大专院校的学生;中学生‖。 有时,也可指研究或攻读某一学科的人。如:—→a college student. a middle school student.

He is a student of science. 他是一个理科学生。 §292 quick/ fast / rapid /soon

Ⅰ. quick ―快‖一般指动作敏捷迅速,毫不延迟,在较短的时间内发生或完成某项动作。如: She ran with quick steps to the house. 她快步跑进屋子。 Ⅱ. fast―快‖主要用作副词。指运动着的人或物体速度快。 The watch is only two minutes fast. 这只表只快两分钟。

Ⅲ. rapid 指一个或一连串的动作迅速、敏捷,着重指运动本身,有时也指激流。如: The diligent boy makes rapid progress in his studies. 这个勤奋的男孩儿学业进步迅速。 Their country house stands by a rapid steam. 他们的农舍在急流的溪边。 Ⅳ. soon 着重指时间方面的快,可指现在或某个特定的时间的不久以后。如: He will come back very soon.他将很快就回来。 §293 quite / very/ too

Ⅰ. Quite 是程度副词,可修饰副词、形容词和动词。跟表程度的词连用时,有―相当‖―非常‖的意思;跟没有程度差别的词连用时,作―完全‖讲。如:

I feel quite well. 我觉得身体不很不错。 I am quite tired. 我相当 累了。

We are not quite ready. 我们还没有完全准备好。

Ⅱ. Very 也是程度副词。―很;非常‖可用来修饰形容词或副词。 如: This factory is very large. He runs very fast.

[注意]:very 不能直接修饰动词。如: I quite like her. = I like her very much

Ⅲ. Quite 与 very 有时可以通用。但在份量上very 比quite 重。试比较: His English is quite good.(= not bad)他的英语很不错。 His English is very good. (= excellent)他的英语好极了。

Ⅳ. Quite & very 与不定冠词连用时位置不同。即依照:―a(n)+very+形容词+中心名词‖和―quite + a(n) + 形容词 +中心词‖的顺序排列。 如:

Jimes was quite a small baby. Jimes是个小孩子。 Jimes was a very small baby. Jimes 是个很小的孩子。 Ⅴ. Too ―太、过分‖含有超过容许的程度。带有否定的意味。 It is too cold today. 今天太冷了。(含有不喜欢或不……) It was very cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。

[注意]:very 不能与too连用。不可以说:It’s very too cold.应将very 改为much或far.如: The cap is too big for me. §294 quite/ rather/ very

都是程度副词,意为:―非常、相当、很‖,无比较级和最高级。其区别在于: Ⅰ. quite 可直接修饰动词。如:

Some people don’t like the winter, but I quite like it.

Ⅱ. rather 不可直接修饰动词。语气稍强。可与would 连用构成 would rather…than…这个平行连词结构。如: She is rather tall. 她相当高。

Iwould rather stay at home(than go for a walk) 我宁愿呆在家里。(也不愿到散步) I would rather you stayed at home.

I would rather listen to music than to swimming. 我宁愿听音乐,也不愿去游泳。 Ⅲ. very 也不能直接修饰动词。修饰形容词或副词时,语气最强。如: I like English very much = I quite like English.

His English is very good. (程度强=excellent) →His English is quite (rather) good. (程度轻=not bad) [注]:quite (rather) 和very 与―不定冠词+形容词+名词‖连用时位置不同。其排列顺序是: ▲ ―quite + a (an) +adj + noun‖ → ―a + quite (rather) +adj +noun‖ 如: This is quite an interesting film.

It’s a quite (rather) fine day today. (只有名词前有形容词修饰时,冠词a / an 才可置前。 ―a + very + adj + noun‖ 如:

① I watched a very interesting TV play.

§295 real/ true

Ⅰ.real 指客观上存在,并非想象和虚构的,它是与―无‖相对而言的。如: This is a story of real life. 这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。 This is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。

Ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的,强调真实性。如: True love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。

Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗? [注]:come true ―(梦想)实现‖不用real.

genuine [`dЗenju:in]指没有掺假的,货真价实的,强调纯真度。如: Is the bracelet[`breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗? §296 river/ stream/ brook

Ⅰ. river 指流向湖、海等有一定航运能力的―江、河‖。是通用词。常见于河流名称中。如: the Changjiang River

Ⅱ. stream ―川、溪、小河‖指比江、河小的溪、小河等。 Ⅲ. broom ―小溪、小河‖指流量极小的stream. §297 road/ street/ way

Ⅰ. road 指人和交通工具通行的―路‖,也借喻:―导致……的途径‖如: Where does the road lead to? 这条路通什么地方? It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。

Ⅱ. street ―街道‖指由建筑物夹成的路。无road用法广泛。 Don’t play in the street.

Ⅲ. way 不是指实实在在的路,而是指达到特定的地点所须经过的地方。与方向有关。如: It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路程。 Which is the shortest way there?到那儿去哪条路最近? §298 say/ speak/ talk/ tell

Ⅰ. say “说、讲”普通用语,指用言语表达思想,强调所说的内容。如: What did he say? 他说了些什么? He said that it was true. 他说那是真实的。

Ⅱ. speak “说、讲”可表示以任何一种方式说话。它着重于说话这一动作本身。而不强调所说的内容。为不及物动词。作及物动词时与表语言的词连用。如: Please speak more slowly. 请说得慢一些。 The baby is learning to speak. 这小孩在学说话。 She can speak English fluently. 她英语说得很流利。

Ⅲ. talk “谈话、讲话”,通常表连贯地与别人谈话。强调谈话这一动作,而不是内容。如: He was talking to a friend. 他在和一个朋友谈话。

He went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said. 他滔滔不绝地讲了半天,但是他说得太快,我们几乎没有什么人能听懂他说的些什么。 She is always talking nonsense. 她总爱讲废话。

§295 real/ true

Ⅰ.real 指客观上存在,并非想象和虚构的,它是与―无‖相对而言的。如: This is a story of real life. 这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。 This is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。

Ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的,强调真实性。如: True love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。

Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗? [注]:come true ―(梦想)实现‖不用real.

genuine [`dЗenju:in]指没有掺假的,货真价实的,强调纯真度。如: Is the bracelet[`breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗? §296 river/ stream/ brook

Ⅰ. river 指流向湖、海等有一定航运能力的―江、河‖。是通用词。常见于河流名称中。如: the Changjiang River

Ⅱ. stream ―川、溪、小河‖指比江、河小的溪、小河等。 Ⅲ. broom ―小溪、小河‖指流量极小的stream. §297 road/ street/ way

Ⅰ. road 指人和交通工具通行的―路‖,也借喻:―导致……的途径‖如: Where does the road lead to? 这条路通什么地方? It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。

Ⅱ. street ―街道‖指由建筑物夹成的路。无road用法广泛。 Don’t play in the street.

Ⅲ. way 不是指实实在在的路,而是指达到特定的地点所须经过的地方。与方向有关。如: It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路程。 Which is the shortest way there?到那儿去哪条路最近? §298 say/ speak/ talk/ tell

Ⅰ. say “说、讲”普通用语,指用言语表达思想,强调所说的内容。如: What did he say? 他说了些什么? He said that it was true. 他说那是真实的。

Ⅱ. speak “说、讲”可表示以任何一种方式说话。它着重于说话这一动作本身。而不强调所说的内容。为不及物动词。作及物动词时与表语言的词连用。如: Please speak more slowly. 请说得慢一些。 The baby is learning to speak. 这小孩在学说话。 She can speak English fluently. 她英语说得很流利。

Ⅲ. talk “谈话、讲话”,通常表连贯地与别人谈话。强调谈话这一动作,而不是内容。如: He was talking to a friend. 他在和一个朋友谈话。

He went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said. 他滔滔不绝地讲了半天,但是他说得太快,我们几乎没有什么人能听懂他说的些什么。 She is always talking nonsense. 她总爱讲废话。

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