考研英语翻译历年真题

1、1994年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) \was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. \ (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses .

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 精美译文

新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。 （73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。

鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，

以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。但是，在新学派科学家看来，这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。

联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。（75）政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。 题目解析：

(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 结构分析：

宾语从句的主句Science // moves forward, // 主句 插入结构they say, // 并列结构1 not so much 原因状语结构through // 多重定语the insights / of great men / of genius // 并列结构2 as 原因状语结构because of // more ordinary things // 举例like / improved techniques and tool. 词义推敲：

move forward：向前发展。

they say：间接引语作插入结构——前置。 they：指代the new school of scientists 技巧：单复数对应：according to – say

not so much... as... 是as ? as ? （和??一样多）的否定形式，理解为：“与其??倒不如??”。

through因为

技巧：not so much... as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。

the insights / of great men / of genius：天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，从后往前翻译。

insights：the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration 洞察力；心智的敏锐——真知灼见，远见卓识

genius：天才

more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词

more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

like：such as

参考译文：

新学派科学家们说，科学之所以发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

得分重点：

插入结构，并列结构，原因状语结构 (72)、 \largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. \

结构分析：

直接引语作宾语从句 介词短语作状语“In short,” // 主句a leader / of the new school // contends, // “直接引语中的主语the scientific revolution, // 插入结构as we call it, 直接引语中的谓语// was largely // 多重定语the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments // 定语从句 主语that // 谓语expanded // the reach / of science // 介词短语作方式状语in innumerable direction.”

词义推敲：

in short 简而言之

a leader of the new school contends：新学派的一位领导人物说/认为 school学派。

contend：to maintain or assert 主张或声称 the scientific revolution：科学革命

revolution：A sudden or momentous change in a situation 大变革在一情况下的突然或瞬时改变

as we call it我们所称之谓的，我们所说的

largely：for the most part; mainly 大部分地；主要地

the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments 一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。

a series of一系列 expand扩大，张开

reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域

参考译文： “简而言之”，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说，“我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而（这些改进、发明和使用 / 这）（使科学发展的范围无所不及 / 使科学发展无所不及 / 在无数方面拓展了科学的领域）。”

得分重点：

插入结构，定语从句，方式状语 (73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 结构分析：

73) 介词短语作时间状语Over the years, // 主语tools and technology / 反身代词themselves // 后置定语as / 多重定语a source of / fundamental innovation 谓语 // 被动结构have largely been ignored // 方式状语by historians / and philosophers of science. 词义推敲：

over the years 多年来

a source of fundamental innovation：根本革新的源泉

fundamental：of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary 基础的基础或基本的或与此有关的；根本的

innovation：the act of introducing something new 革新介绍新东西的行为 tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ... 很大程度上被忽视 philosophers of science 科学思想家们

参考译文：

多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉（多年来）在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

得分重点：

反身代词，被动结构

(74)、 Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

结构分析：

74) 主句 专有名词Galileo's greatest glory // was // 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 // 从句主句he // was // the first person // 多重定语to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens // 目的状语to prove // 宾语从句that 并列结构1 主语the planets // 谓语revolve // around the sun // rather than 并列结构2 省略结构（revolve）around the earth. 词义推敲：

Galileo 伽利略——专有名词

greatest glory was that：最伟大的成就是

glory：a highly praiseworthy asset 引以为豪的东西—— 成就，业绩，贡献

that：引导表语从句不做成分，没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求，所以不译。

turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 把新发明的望远镜对准天空turn ? on 转向——对准，观察 to prove that：用以证明，去证明

that 引导宾语从句，既不作成分，也没有实际含义。 rather than而不是

the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星围绕太阳转，而不是围绕地球转

revolve：绕转，旋转

参考译文：

伽利略的最（光辉业绩/伟大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以（证实/证明）行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

得分重点：

表语从句，宾语从句，专有名词，并列结构

(75)、Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 结构分析：

（75)、并列结构1 主语从句 Whether // 主语the Government // 谓语should increase // 多重定语the financing of / pure science 介词短语作状语结构/ at the expense of / technology // 并列结构2 or // 固定短语vice versa // 状语结构often // 谓语depends on // the issue / of 宾语从句which // （指代关系） 被动结构is seen // as the driving force. 词义推敲：

whether ? or ? 究竟是??还是??

the Government：特指Federal Government。

increase the financing of：增加对??的资金投入 finance：to supply funds to 给?提供资金 pure science 纯理论科学

at the expense of 由??付费，以??为代价 vice versa 反之亦然 relations being reversed

increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology － vice versa （还是通过 / 以减少对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入 // 还是相反）

the issue of：??问题

issue：a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute 争议，辩论争议、争论、争执的要点或事件

of which：它们中的（pure science 和technology中的）哪一个 引导宾语从句，因为：1、which 是宾语从句的主语，而不是定语从句的宾语；2、of which 的结构无法还原到后面的从句；3、which不等于issue，不是定语从句引导词，而是疑问代词。

is seen as：被动结构，可以翻译成主动结构——“把哪一方看成” the driving force 驱动力

参考译文：

政府究竟是以（减少对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。

得分重点：

主语从句，并列结构，宾语从句，被动结构

2、1995年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed

or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

精美译文：

标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员;

这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。（71）把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。

所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的:学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。（72）这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。

应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法，这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73）因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

（74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。（75）例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

题目解析：

71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 结构分析：

71) 主句The target // is // wrong, // 原因状语从句for // 状语结构in // attacking // the tests, // 从句的主句critics // divert attention from // the fault // 定语从句 主语that // 谓语 固定短语lies with // ill-informed / or incompetent users. 词义推敲：

The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试

for in attacking the tests：因为在抨击测试的过程中 for：因为

in：在?过程中

attack：攻击，抨击。

critics：one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter 评论家形成并表达对某一事物的优点、错误、价值或真实性的判断的人

divert attention from 原义是引开，引申为没有注意到，忽略 lies with 在于

ill-informed 不甚了解，消息不灵通的 参考译文：

把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有（注意到 / 忽略了）（测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当 / 批评家没有注意到错误是由消息不灵通或者不能胜任的使用者造成的）。

得分重点：

插入结构，原因状语从句，定语从句

72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 结构分析：

72) 主语从句How well // 从句的主语the predictions // 从句的谓语 被动结构will be validated // by later performance // 谓语 并列结构1 固定短语depends upon // 多重定语the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness // of the information / used // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（depends）on // the skill / and wisdom // 定语从句with which // （指代关系）it // 被动结构is interpreted. 词义推敲：

How well the predictions will be validated by：在多大程度上为??所证实 be validated by：为??所证实。被动结构——最好少用“被”字。

validate：to establish the soundness of; orroborate 证实建立?的正确性；确证 depends upon 取决于

the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used：所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性

amount：a number 数字；数量

reliability 可靠性，信度——validity效度

appropriate：suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting 适合于?的适合于某特定的人，条件，事件或地点的；适宜的

with which it is interpreted定语从句 Which指代the skill and wisdom。 it指代the information。 参考译文：

这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

得分重点：

主语从句，被动结构，并列结构，省略结构，定语从句

73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

结构分析：

73) 主语 并列结构1 Whether // to use // tests, / other kinds of information, // 并列结构2 or 省略结构（to use）指代关系both // 方式状语in a particular situation // 谓语 固定短语 并列结构11depends, // 插入结构therefore, // upon // 多重定语the evidence / from experience / concerning comparative validity // 并列结构22 and 省略结构（depends）upon // 举例such factors // as cost / and availability. 词义推敲：

Whether to use ..., or (to use) 究竟是使用??还是（使用）?? or both：或是两者兼用

both：指代前句的tests, other kinds of information in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下

particular：separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的，个别的与同一团体、范畴或种类的其他部分分离和区分出来的

the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：“关于相对效度的来自经验的证据”

such factors as... 诸如??等因素

参考译文：

因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，（须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据），也取决于诸如

费用和有无来源等因素。

得分重点：

并列结构，省略结构，插入结构

74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

结构分析：

74) 介词短语作状语结构In general, // 主句 并列结构1 the tests // work // most effectively // 时间状语从句when // 从句的主语the qualities / 非谓语作后置定语to be measured // 谓语 被动结构can be most precisely defined // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（the tests work）least effectively // 时间状语从句when // 从句中的主语从句what // （指代关系）is to be measured or predicted // 谓语 被动结构can not be well defined. 词义推敲：

In general 一般的说，大体上 work most effectively 最为有效

the qualities to be measured：所要测定的特征

qualities：特征，特性，品质，品德。作“质量”解时，是抽象名次，没有复数。 measure：测量, 测度, 估量, 分派, 权衡, 调节 be most precisely defined：很精确界定。 precisely 精确地，恰好地，明确地

definite：to specify distinctly 清楚地规定

and least effectively：测试效果最差。省略了前面的the tests work

what is to be measured or predicted not be well defined：当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地定义时

参考译文：

一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。 得分重点：

并列结构，时间状语从句，被动结构，省略结构，主语从句

75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

结构分析：

75) 状语结构 举例For example, // 主语 they // 并列结构1 do not compensate for // gross social inequality, // 并列结构2 and thus // do not tell // 宾语从句how able // 从句的主语an underprivileged youngster // 谓语might have been // 虚拟条件句的倒装结构had he grown up // 介词短语作状语结构under more favorable circumstances. 词义推敲：

they 指代“测试” compensate for 弥补

compensate：to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalance 补偿，弥补作为代替品或平衡物使用或提供

gross social inequality 明显的/巨大的社会不公

gross：glaringly obvious; flagrant 公然的十分明显的；罪恶昭著的 inequality：不公平，不平等 tell：说明，表明

underprivileged youngster：物质条件差的/处于社会底层的/没有特权的年轻人 had he grown up = if he had grown up（虚拟语气中条件句的倒装） grow up：成长，兴起，形成

under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下

circumstance：the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客观形势，情况除意志控制外的决定因素的总和

favorable：有利的，赞成的，讨人喜欢的 参考译文：

例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明（如果）一个物质条件差的年轻人，（如果）在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。

得分重点：

并列结构，宾语从句，虚拟语气的倒装结构

3、1996年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.

(71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.

This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scien- tific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting \

valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

精美译文：

科学研究的各种领域的相关发展，存在若干原因。（71）在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理，这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题，也许并非是不可避免的问题，但其趋势却令人担忧。（72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，人们可以预见，往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此，将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。（73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。

此种资助也与所有政府资助一样，需要决定合适的投资对象。根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的科学，而不资助“坏”的科学，那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

题目解析：

71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. 结构分析：

71) 并列结构1 Some of / these causes // are // completely 多重定语reasonable results / of social needs. 简单句 并列结构2 Others // are // 多重定语reasonable consequences of / particular advances // in science / 分词短语作后置定语being / to some extent / self-accelerating. 词义推敲：

some of these causes：其中一些原因

cause：the producer of an effect, result, or consequence 缘故，原因一种影响、结果或后果的制造者

result：the consequence of a particular action, operation, or course; an outcome 结果，后果一种特殊的行动、运行或过程的结果；结果

others：指代关系。 = other causes 其它原因 reasonable consequences：合理结果，必然结果

consequence：something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition 结果一种行为或情况在逻辑上或自然而然产生的结果

to some extent 在一定程度上 self-accelerating 自我加速

accelerate 加速，促进，增加（数量） 参考译文：

在这些原因中，有些完全是（自然而然地来自社会需求/社会需求的合理结果），另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

得分重点：

并列结构，多重定语

72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

结构分析：

72) 主句This trend // began // 介词短语作时间状语during the Second World War, // 定语从句when // several govemments // came to / the conclusion // 同位语从句that the specific demands // 定语从句that 主语a government // 谓语wants to / make 介词短语作状语结构of // its scientific establishment // 同位语从句的谓语cannot generally 被动结构be foreseen // in detail. 词义推敲：

this trend 这种趋势

when引到定语从句，前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词。 从句如果是过去时，那么可以译作：“当时”，“其时”； 从句如果是将来时，那么可以译作：“到时”，“届时”。 came to the conclusion 得出了一个结论 that 引导同位语从句

the specific demands 具体要求 make? of? 向??提出

scientific establishment 科研机构

establishment：a public or private institution, such as a hospital or school 私人公共机构一个公共或私人机构，如医院或学校

cannot be forseen 无法预见 in detail 详尽 参考译文：

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。 得分重点：

同位语从句，定语从句，被动结构

73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

结构分析：

73) 主句This // 被动结构seems mostly effectively done // 介词短语作方式状语by supporting // a certain amount / of research // 并列结构1 not related to // immediate goals // 并列结构2 but of possible consequence // 介词短语作时间状语in the future. 词义推敲：

This指代“problem”，这一问题。

mostly effectively done：有效解决。

mostly：generally; usually 普遍地；通常地 done 解决

by doing sth. 通过??，以??

not ? but ? 不是??而是??，没有??但有?? not related to 与??无关

relate：to bring into or link in logical or natural association 使有联系使有逻辑的联系或有自然的联系

immediate goals 当前目标

immediate：of or relating to the present time and place; current 目前的和当时当地有关的；当前的

possible consequence 可能的影响 参考译文：

给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持/通过支持某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。 得分重点：

被动结构，并列结构

74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.

结构分析：

74) 状语结构However, // 主句the world // is // so made / 结果状语从句that // elegant systems // are // 介词短语作状语结构in principle // unable to deal with // 多重前置定语some （指代关系）of the world's / more fascinating and delightful aspects. 词义推敲：

the world is so made 直译：世界就是这样构成的；意译：世界就是如此/这样。 so ? that?：如此（以至于）

elegant systems （精美的）完美的/完善的体系 in principle 一般而言 deal with 解决，处理

more fascinating and delightful aspects：更加（引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴）的课题

fascinating：possessing the power to charm or allure; captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或诱惑的力量；有魅力的

delightful：greatly pleasing 令人高兴的，使人愉快的

aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成“课题/问题”

参考译文：

然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加（引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴）的课题的。 得分重点：

被动结构，结果状语从句，多重定语

74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

结构分析：

75) 主句 并列结构1 New forms of / thought // as well as // 并列结构2 new subjects for / thought // 谓语must arise // 时间状语in the future // 方式状语从句as // they // have 省略结构（arisen） // in the past, // 现在分词作伴随状语giving rise to // new standards of / elegance. 词义推敲：

New forms of thought 新的思维方式 new subjects for thought 新的思维对象 must：必然，必定

as they have in the past：就像过去一样

they：指代“new forms of thought”和“new subjects for thought” giving rise to 给出，产生，带来

new standards of elegance 新的完美的标准

参考译文：

同过去一样，（将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准/新的思维方式和新的思维对象将来必然会出现，产生一个新的完美的标准）。 得分重点：

并列结构，方式状语从句，省略结构

4、1997年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, groundclearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?

The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

Many deny it. (74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 精美译文：

动物有权力吗?问题通常就是这样提出的。这种提法听起来似乎有助于把问题讲清楚。（71）事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。

诚然，根据对权利的一种看法，必然认为，这只是一种认识，而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利，而且也剥夺了某些人的权利，例如婴儿，他们是不会用脑力来思考问题的未来一代人。此外，谁也不清楚，对于从来就不同意契约的人来说，这项契约又有多少约束力，因为有人要是说“我不喜欢这项契约”，那你又如何作答呢?

问题的症结是，如果人们对人的权利没有一致的看法，那么争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的?（73）这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。这是一处错误的选择。最好换一种更为根本性的提法:我们对待动物的同情感用到关心动物的身上。

许多人否认这种提法。（74）这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的，因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情感用到关心动物的身上。

这种观点认为，折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴。这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上，这种看法是非常肤浅的，因为它逻辑混乱，所以应该摒弃。道德推理的最初级形式，和学习爬行的论理一样，是针对自身利益去权衡他人利益。这就需要同情心和将心比心的想

像力，没有这两点就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。（75）这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。

题目解析：

71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 结构分析：

71) 状语结构Actually, // 主句it // isn't, // 原因状语从句because // it // assumes // 宾语从句that there // is // an agreed account of / human rights, // 定语从句which // is // something // 定语从句（省略that）the world // does not have.

词义推敲：

it isn’t ＝ It isn’t a useful, ground-clearing way to start.译作“事实并非如此”也能得分。

it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法。 because it assumes it 指代“这种问题”，是第二次提及，所以可以译作“它”。 assume：to take for granted; suppose 想当然；以为

an agreed account of human rights：对于人权的约定的看法，共同的认识 human rights 人的权利，人权

account：careful thought 仔细考虑 which 指代“agreed account” 参考译文：

事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

这种问法不恰当，因为这种问法假设人们对人权有共同的认识，这种共同的认识是（世界上）没有的。

得分重点：

原因状语从句，宾语从句，省略结构

72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 结构分析：

72) 主句Some philosophers // argue // 宾语从句that rights // exist // only within a social contract, // 介词短语作非限制性定语as // part of / an exchange of / duties and entitlements. 词义推敲：

argue：to attempt to prove by reasoning; maintain or contend 坚持，主张列举证明极力列举理由以证明；坚持或主张

social contract 社会契约

contract：an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 合同，契约两个或两个以上当事人之间达成的一种协议，

尤指具有法律效力的书面协议

as part of 作为(是)??的一部分

exchange：to give in return for something received; trade 交换，交易给?以作为收到某物的回报；贸易

duties and entitlements：权利和义务

entitle：to furnish with a right or claim to something 给?权利或给?资格 参考译文：

有些哲学家论证说，（权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分/权利作为责任与权益相交换的一部分只存在于社会契约当中）。 得分重点：

宾语从句 ，as的用法， 多重后置定语

73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 结构分析：

73) 简单句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介词短语作状语结构at the outset: // 复合句it // invites you to // think // 宾语从句that animals // 被动结构should be treated // 并列结构1 either 介词短语作方式状语with the consideration // 定语从句省略结构（that）humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列结构2 or // 介词短语作方式状语 with no consideration at all. 词义推敲：

it 指代“the point”（这种观点，这种说法）。

lead：to guide or direct in a course 导引在一方向牵引或指 extreme：极端

at the outset 从一开始 ＝ at the start / beginning invites you to think 使人们认为

invite：to tend to bring on; provoke 引起；招致

that animals should be treated 它使人们认为应该这样对待动物

treat：to act or behave in a specified manner toward 对待对?以某种特定的方式行动或表现

consideration：thoughtful concern for others; solicitude 关心对他人的体贴关心；担忧

humans extend to other humans 人对待人

extend：to make available; provide 可用；提供 参考译文：

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：（要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情/要么像人类对待自己一样去关心动物，要么一点也不关心）。 得分重点：

宾语从句，被动结构，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构

74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

结构分析：

74) 分词短语作状语Arguing from // the view // 同位语从句that humans // are different from // animals // 介词短语作状语结构in every relevant respect, // 主句extremists / 后置定语of this kind // （指代关系）think // 宾语从句that animals // lie outside // the area of / moral choice. 词义推敲：

arguing from the view 从??观点看，持??观点 be different from... 与??不同

in every relevant respect 在各相关方面

respect：a particular aspect, feature, or detail 某方面某个方面、某种特征或细节

relevant：having a bearing on or connection with the matter at hand 相关联的和手头的事务有关系或关联的

extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人

lie outside the area of moral choice：不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关 参考译文：

这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，（因此他们认为）对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 得分重点：

同位语从句，宾语从句

75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

结构分析：

75) 时间状语从句When // that // happens, // 并列结构1 it // is not // a mistake: // 并列结构2 it // is // mankind's instinct // 介词短语作后置定语for moral reasoning / in action, // 独立主格结构an instinct // 定语从句that // should 并列结构11 被动结构be encouraged // rather than // 并列结构22 省略结构（be）laughed at.

词义推敲：

that (代词作主语)联系上下文应该译为“当人们产生同情心的时候” it 两个“it”都指代“When that happens”，译作“这”。

mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德推理的本能

instinct：an inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli 本能一种天生的行为方式，其因物种不同而各异，通常是对某一具体环境刺激的反应

reasoning：推理 in action 起作用 rather than 而不 参考译文：

当发生这种情况，这并没有错：/这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本

能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。 得分重点：

时间状语从句，并列结构，同位语结构，定语从句，比较结构

5、1998年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. (71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

(72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super clusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

(74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion -trillion -trillion-fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

精美译文：

离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家在此以前所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。（71）但更为重要的是，这是科学家所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量）。

（72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使本世纪二十年代首次提出的大爆炸论是以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。根据这一理论，宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散，随着放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星，并最终甚至产生人类。

Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更为微小的热点，即像星纱中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必长期等待。（73）天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球工仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

（74）假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说告诉我们，早在很久以前，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。（75）宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。 题目解析：

71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 结构分析：

71) 状语结构But // even more important, // 主句it // was // the farthest省略结构（strip of enormous cosmic clouds） // 定语从句that scientists // had been able to / look into // the past, // 原因状语从句for // 从句的主语从句what // they // were seeing // 谓语were // the patterns and structures 省略结构（of cosmic clouds） // 定语从句that // existed // 15 billion years ago. 词义推敲：

even more important 更为重要的是

it was the farthest 这是最遥远的宇宙云

it 由于有“the farthest”作表语，所以译作“这”。

the farthest 等于“the farthest strip of enormous cosmic clouds” look into 观察，调查，浏览 what they were seeing they 指代“scientists”，可以译作“他们”。

the patterns and structures（of cosmic clouds）（宇宙云的）形状和结构 15 billion years ago 150亿年前 参考译文：

但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的（景象/宇宙云），因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。 得分重点：

省略结构，定语从句，原因状语从句，主语从句

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 结构分析：

72) 主句The existence of // the giant 省略结构（cosmos）clouds //被动结构was virtually required for // the Big Bang, // 插入结构first put forward // in the 1920s,

// 不定式作状语to maintain // its reign // 介词短语作后置定语as the dominant explanation of / the cosmos.

词义推敲：

the giant （cosmos）clouds 巨大的（宇宙）云 virtually required for：必不可少

virtual：existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form, or name 实质上的，实际上的虽然没有实际的事实、形式或名义，但在实际上或效果上存在或产生的

the Big Bang 大爆炸理论

first put forward 首创的，开始提出的 in the 1920s 二十世纪二十年代

to maintain its reign as 以保持??的地位

maintain：to keep up or carry on; continue 维持或保持；继续 its 指代“the Big Bang”，译作“它的”

reign：dominance or widespread influence 主宰占统治地位的或者广泛的影响 as the dominant explanation of cosmos 作为对宇宙（起源论）的主要解释

dominant：exercising the most influence or control 支配的最有影响的或支配的

参考译文：

巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。

得分重点：

省略结构，被动结构，插入结构

73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

结构分析：

73) 主语Astrophysicists // 分词短语作后置定语working with // 并列结构1 ground-based detectors / 后置定语at the South Pole // and 并列结构2 balloon-borne instruments // 并列结构11 are closing in on // such structures, // 并列结构22 and may report // their findings soon.

词义推敲：

astrophysicist：天体物理学家，天文物理学家 working with 使用，以??为工作手段

ground-based detectors 以地面为基础的探测器，陆基探测器 ground-based = based on the ground ground-bases detectors：陆基探测器 balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器 are closing in on 正越来越近 such structures 云系

findings a conclusion reached after examination or investigation 结果，结论检查或调查后得出的结果。我们可以翻译为观测结果 参考译文：

天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器/使用南极陆基探测器以及球载仪器工作的天体物理学家，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

得分重点：

并列结构，分词短语

74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 结构分析：

74) 条件状语从句If // the small hot spots // look as // 省略结构（they were）expected, // 主句that // will be // a triumph // 介词短语作状语结构for yet another scientific idea, // 同位语结构a refinement of / the Big Bang // 分词短语作后置定语called // the inflationary universe theory. 词义推敲：

the small hot spots 小热点

look as expected = look as they (hot spots) were expected或者look as we (scientists) expected，译作“看上去正如所料”。

triumph：the fact of being victorious; victory or conquest 胜利，得胜胜利的事实，胜利或征服

yet：表示强调，译作“再，还，又”

refinement 更完美，提炼，改进，相当于原文中的“better the called：作后置定语，译作“所谓的??”，“人们称之为??” the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说/理论

inflation：the act of inflating or the state of being inflated 充气充填气体的动作或被充气的状态 参考译文：

假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，（亦称/即所谓的）宇宙膨胀说。 得分重点：

条件状语从句，同位语结构，省略结构

75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

结构分析：

75) 倒装的让步状语从句Odd // though // it sounds, // 并列结构1 省略结构cosmic inflation 省略结构（theory）// is // 多重定语a scientifically plausible consequence / of some respected ideas / in elementary-particle physics, // 并列结构2 and many astrophysicists // 被动结构have been convinced // 时间状语for the better part of a decade // 宾语从句that it // is // true.

参考译文： 得分重点：

词义推敲：

Odd though it sounds：倒装结构。 还原为：though it sounds odd 虽然听似奇特。 odd：奇特，古怪

it 指代“cosmic inflation”（宇宙膨胀说）

cosmic inflation ＝ inflationary universe theory /cosmic inflation theory 宇宙膨胀说

a scientifically plausible consequence / of some respected ideas / in elementary-particle physics：基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。

scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论

in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学，关键词“physics”。 respected ideas 公认的理论，权威理论

plausible：seemingly or apparently valid, likely, or acceptable; credible 看似真实的，看似有道理的看起来或表面上正确的、可能的或可接受的；可靠的

convince：to bring by the use of argument or evidence to firm belief or a course of action 说服通过进行辩论或者提供证据使?确信或使?采取某种行为

for the better part of a decade 七八年来 better = greater大部分 参考译文：

宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为（这一论说/宇宙膨胀说）是正确的。 得分重点：

倒装结构，让步状语从句，并列结构，被动结构，宾语从句，多重定语结构

6、1999年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

(71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process .

(72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a

discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. (73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. (74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of \method , \the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.( 75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 精美译文：

（71）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的人总是知道，他们的努力只不过是为永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦，这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味。

（72）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地。社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适应这样一条指导，即以史料为基础，而不是为当代社会之需。（73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

在历史学界，方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（74）所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为“单方同研究法”的史学家，常常成了“单纯技术方法论”的牺牲品。这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来。（75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派;前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论;后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。 题目解析：

71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 结构分析：

71) 让步状语从句While // there // are // almost 并列结构1 as many // definitions of history // 并列结构2 as // there // are // historians, // 主句modern practice // most closely conforms to // one // （指代关系） 定语从句that // sees history as // the attempt // 多重定语to recreate / and 省略结构（to）explain // the 前置定语significant events / 介词短语作后置定语of the past. 词义推敲：

While 虽然，尽管

as many ? as ? 和??一样多，多达?? modern practice 现代实践

practice：a habitual or customary action or way of doing something 习惯习惯性或惯例性的行为或办事方式

most closely conforms to 最符合于

conform：to correspond in form or character; be similar 一致在形式或特征上相符；相似

one：指代“definition”，译作“一个定义”。 attempt：an effort or a try 企图或努力

to recreate 再现，重现（不能说重新创造历史） events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实 参考译文：

几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代实践最符合其中一个定义，这个定义把历史学看来是试图再现和解释过去的重大历史事件. 得分重点

让步状语从句，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构

72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 结构分析：

72) 主语Interest // 多重定语in historical methods // 谓语has arisen // 并列结构1 less through // 多重定语external challenge / to the validity of / history / as an intellectual discipline // 并列结构2 and more from // 多重定语internal quarrels / among historians themselves （指代关系）. 词义推敲：

Interest in historical methods （人们）对历史（研究）方法的关注（兴趣） less through ? and more from ? “更少是通过??更多是来自??”没有“与其说是因为??不如说是因为??”好。

through 和from意思相同 external：外部的，客观的

challenge：a demand for explanation or justification; a calling into question 质疑要求解释或证明为正当；质疑

validity 真实性，正确性，效度 reliability信度

as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问/学科

intellectual：appealing to or engaging the intellect 知性的需用或使用智力的 discipline：a branch of knowledge or teaching 学科；科目知识或教学的分支 internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧 参考译文：

人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问/与其说是因为外部对于历史作为一门只是学科有效性的质疑，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。

得分重点

并列结构，多重定语

73) During this transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 结构分析：

73) 状语结构During // this transfer, // 主句traditional historical methods // 被动结构were augmented // by 多重定语additional methodologies / designed to interpret / the new forms of / evidence / 介词短语作后置定语in the historical study. 词义推敲：

this transfer：这个转变。

transfer：(instance of) transferring or being transferred 转移，调动，转变 were augmented by：增加了 augment 充实，补充

additional methodologies 新方法 methodology：方法，方法论 designed to用来/旨在

the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意译为在历史学研究中的新史料

in the historical study 在研究历史时

参考译文：

在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 得分重点

被动结构

74 )There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 结构分析：

74 ) 主句There // is // no agreement // 状语从句whether // methodology // 并列结构1 refers to // 多重定语the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / in general // 并列结构2 or // 省略结构（refers）to // 多重定语the research techniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry. 词义推敲：

there is no agreement 人们尚未达成一致意见 agreement 统一的意见，一致看法

whether... or ... 究竟是??还是?? refer to 指

the concepts / peculiar to / historical work / in genera多重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为: 一般的历史研究中的特有概念

the research techniques / appropriate to / the various branches of / historical inquiry：重后置定语——后浪推前浪。我们翻译为:历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段

the research techniques 研究手段、手段

historical inquiry 历史探究 the various branches 各个领域 appropriate to 适用于，合适于 参考译文：

所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一/人们没有一致意见。 得分重点

并列结构，状语从句，省略结构，多重定语

75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 结构分析：

75) 主句It // applies equally 并列结构1 to // traditional historians // 定语从句who （指代关系） // view history as // only the external and intemal criticism of / sources, // 并列结构2 and 省略结构（applies）to // social science historians // 定语从句who // equate their 省略结构（research）activity with // specific techniques. 词义推敲：

It指示代词，联系上下文可以看出是指“technicist fallacy”（这种谬论）。 apply to 适用于

traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派 view history as 把历史看作是 sources 源泉，引申为史料来源

social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派 their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究 equate... with 把??等同于，认为??是 specific techniques 具体方法 参考译文：

这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；（前者/历史传统派）认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，（后者/历史社科派）认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

得分重点

并列结构，定语从句，省略结构

7、2000年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly no ASWER SHEET2.

Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.(71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.(72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

(73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example.(74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization---with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed--was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.(75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

精美译文：

世界各国政府都认为，人民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实力和财富。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。（72）再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并确保产品会得到最好的利用。例如，政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育结构，或以政府干预来减少自然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利用的资源;或者政府可以在日益增加的与科学、经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作。无论如何，所有这些政府干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才。

（73）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。而同时，全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成这个过程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。由于这些因素的结果，政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划，并付诸实施。 题目解析：

71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 结构分析：

71) 状语结构Under // modern conditions, // 主句this // 并列结构1requires // varying measures of / centralized control // 并列结构2and hence // 省略结构（requires）the help of / specialized scientists // 举例such as / economists and operational research experts. 词义推敲：

under modern conditions 在现代条件下 requires 需要

varying measures (程度)不同的措施

centralized control 中央控制，中央调控 and hence 因而，从而

specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家

operational research experts 运营研究专家，运筹学家 参考译文：

在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。 得分重点：

并列结构，省略结构，

72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 结构分析：

72) 状语结构Furthermore // 主句 形式主语it // is // obvious // 并列结构1 that the strength of / a country's economy // 被动结构is directly bound up with // the efficiency of / its agriculture and industry, // 并列结构2 and that this // in turn // 固定短语rests upon // the efforts of / scientists and technologists / of all kinds. 词义推敲：

Furthermore 再者，另外，此外，而且

It is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是

the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力 is directly bound up with 与??直接(密切)相关 bound 原形为bind, 绑, 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束

the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率 this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。 in turn 反过来

rests upon 有赖于，取决于

scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种各样的科技人员 参考译文：

再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。 得分重点：

形式主语，并列结构，被动结构，固定短语rest upon

73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. 结构分析：

73) 原因状语Owing to // 多重定语the remarkable development / in mass-communications, // 主语people everywhere // 谓语 并列结构1 are feeling // new wants // 并列结构2 and 被动结构are being exposed to // new customs and ideas, // 状语从句while // governments // 被动结构are often forced to / introduce // still further innovations // 原因状语for the reasons given above. 词义推敲：

owing to 因为，由于

remarkable development 显著发展

mass-communications 大众通讯，大众媒体 people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人 new wants 新的需求

being exposed to 接触到，感受到，我们最好不要说“被暴露于” customs and ideas 习俗和思想 while：表转折、对比，译作“因而”。 be forced to 不得不

introduce 推出，采取，施行

for the reasons given above 由于上述原因，基于以上原因 参考译文：

由于大众通讯的显著发展/大众通讯的显著发展使得，各地的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常不得不推出更多的革新/各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。 得分重点：

被动结构，并列结构

74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 结构分析：

74) 状语结构in the early industrialized countries of Europe // 主语the process of industrialization // – 插入结构with // all the far-reaching changes // in social patterns // 定语从句that followed – // 谓语 被动结构was spread // over nearly a century, // 对比状语从句whereas // nowadays // a developing nation // may undergo // the same process // 时间状语in a decade or so. 词义推敲：

industrialized countries （实现）工业化国家

the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程 with ...that followed 随??而来的，以及

that followed：修饰“changes”而不是“social patterns”。译作“随后发生的”。 far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化 social patterns 社会结构

spread over 持续，延续

nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪 whereas：然而，但是。

a developing nation 一个发展中国家 undergo 经历

in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间 参考译文：

在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程——以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革——持续了大约一个世纪（之久），而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右（的时间内）就可以完成（同样的/这个）过程。 得分重点：

状语从句，被动结构，插入结构，定语从句

75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 结构分析：

75) 主句Additional social stresses // may also occur // 原因状语because of // the population explosion // or 多重定语problems / arising from / mass migration movements // – 独立主格结构 反身代词themselves // 多重定语made relatively easy // nowadays // by modern means of transport. 词义推敲：

additional social stresses 新的/额外的社会压力 stress：压力

occur：to take place; come about 发生；使发生 population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸 arising from 由??引起，产生于，来自于 mass migration movements 大量人口流动 migration 流动，迁移

migration movements 人口流动

themselves：指代“mass migration movements”（人口流动本身） modern means of transport 现代交通工具

参考译文：

由于人口猛增或大量人口流动——现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易——（所引起的各种问题也/造成的种种问题也）（会对社会造成新的压力/可能产生新的社会压力）。

得分重点：

同位语结构，多重定语

8、2001年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)

In less than 30 year's time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.

(71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1，000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.

(73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. \linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,\(74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.

(75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.

精美译文：

再过不到30年“星球旅行”太空平台将成为现实。大脑神经系统与计算机的直接连接也将创造出完全传感的实际环境，使得实际的度假和电影“全面回顾”中的度假一模一样。

（71）届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。（72）儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。

根据英国电讯公司的未来学家伊恩·皮尔逊的看法，上述种种科研成就均属新千年的最初几十年内的开发项目之列，届时超级计算机将大大加快人类生活各个领域里的进步。

（73）皮尔逊汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到达数百项重大突破和发现的最晚日期。一些最重大的开发将会发生在医学中，其中包括延长人的估计寿命和从现在到2040年间将投入使用的几十种人造器官。

皮尔逊逊预言了电脑与人各种连接的突破。通过直接与我们的神经系统相连接，电脑能够了解到我们的感情并且有望激发我们的情感，这样我们就能着手开发完全传感的环境，更类似于电影“全面回顾”或“星球旅行”太空平台中的度假。（74）但皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”

经过研究，皮尔迩确定可以预测到的大多数突破的日期。然而，仍然不能预报快于光速的旅行何时到来，或何时将完成克隆人，或何时可以实现遨游过去或将来的时间旅行。但皮尔逊确实预料到技术进步所引起的社会问题。例如，邻里电子监控摄像机的飞速推广将在2010年引起许多社会问题，而栩栩如生的人造机器人的问世将意味着人们可能无法把他们的真人朋友和这类机器人区别开来。（75）家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病———厨房狂躁。

题目解析：

71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 结构分析：

71) 主句There // will be // 并列结构1 television chat shows / 后置定语hosted by robots, // 并列结构2 and cars / 后置定语 with pollution monitors // 定语从句that // will disable // them // 时间（条件）状语从句when // they // offend. 词义推敲：

there will be 将来会有，到时会有

television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话/聊天节目. chat shows：访谈节目

host：to act as host at (an event) or to (a person) 主持、主办（活动）；招待 cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车 that will disable them：监控器就会使其（汽车）停驶

disable them 使汽车失灵/停止运行/无法前进/不能开动/瘫痪/将阻止汽车开动 offend (汽车)污染超标/违规 参考译文：

届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。 得分重点：

并列结构，定语从句，时间状语从句

72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. 结构分析：

72) 并列结构1 Children // will play with // dolls / 后置定语equipped with / personality chips, // 并列结构2 computers / 后置定语with in-built personalities // 被动结构will be regarded并列结构11as // workmates // 并列结构22 rather than 省略结构（as）tools, // 并列结构3 relaxation // will be // in front of / smell-television, // 并列结构4 and // digital age // will have arrived. 词义推敲：

doll：洋娃娃，玩具娃娃 equip with：装备

personality chip：个性芯片 personality：distinctive qualities of a person, especially those distinguishing personal characteristics that make one socially appealing 人品个人独特的品质，特别是那些有区别性的、使某人具有社交魅力的个人性格

chip：an integrated circuit 集成电路

computers with in-built personalities 个性内置的计算机 be regarded as 被当作 workmate 同事

rather than 而不是

smell television 气味电视机 digital age 数字（化）时代 参考译文：

孩子们将会与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍/装有集成电路块的有个人性格的玩偶玩，具有内置个性的计算机/内部装有人格化芯片的电脑将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将会在气味电视机前休闲/放松/休息/消遣/娱乐，届时数字化时代就来到了。 得分重点：

并列结构，被动结构，省略结构，比较结构rather than

73)Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 结构分析：

73) 主句Pearson // has pieced together // 多重定语the work of / hundreds of / researchers / around the world, // 结果状语to produce // 多重定语a unique millennium technology calendar // 定语从句that // gives // the latest dates // 定语从句when // we // can expect // hundreds of / key breakthroughs and discoveries // to take place. 词义推敲：

Pearson 皮尔森(音译)

pieced together 汇集；综合

the work of / hundreds of / researchers / around the world：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：（世界各地/全世界/来自全世界）数百位研究人员的成果

to produce （结果）编制（出了）

a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历 the latest dates 最迟的日期 latest：最新的

when：by which，到这些日期

key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破 key：重要的，关键的

breakthrough：突破，成就 参考译文：

皮尔森（汇集/收集/综合/拼集）（世界各地/全世界/来自全世界）数百位研究人员的成果，（结果）编制了一个（独特/独一无二/唯一）的（技术千年历/千年技术日历），它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的（最迟/最近）日期。

得分重点：

定语从句，多重定语结构

74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.\结构分析：

74) 状语结构But // 主语that, // 插入结构Pearson // points out, // 谓语is only // 多重定语the start of / man-machine integration: // 直接引语 “引语的主句It // will be // 多重定语the beginning of / the long process of / integration // 定语从句that // will ultimately lead to // a fully electronic human // 时间状语before // the end of / the next century.” 词义推敲：

that指代上文a breakthrough 突破，

the start of man-machine integration 人机一体化的开始 ＝ computer-human links integrate：结合，一体化

the beginning of the long process of integration：多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，可以翻译为：人机一体化漫长之路的第一步 / 长期的综合过程的开始 / 漫长的集成历程的开始 / 整体化长久过程的开端

ultimately：最终

lead to 引起出现，导致产生

a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人 before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前 参考译文：

但是皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是（人机一体化/人机综合/人机集成/人和机器结合/人和机器结合为一体/人机集成技术）的（一个）（开始/起点/开端）：“它（将是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步/将成为长期的综合过程的开始/将成为漫长的集成历程的开始/将成为整体化长久过程的开端），（最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人/人机一体化将在下个世纪末之前导致完完全全的电子人地出现）。” 得分重点：

插入结构，定语从句

75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage. 结构分析：

75) 主句And // home appliances // will also become // so smart / 状语从句that // controlling and operating them // will result in // 多重定语the breakout of / a new psychological disorder / - kitchen rage.

词义推敲：

home appliances 家用电器 smart 聪明，智能化

them：指代home appliances，译作“它们”。 result in：导致，出现

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