unit 3 讲义

一、词汇与短语 Program 程序 Keyboard 键盘

Unit 单元 main unit 主要单元 Mouse ①鼠标 ②老鼠 （复数 mice） Screen 屏幕 computer screen

1、Receive v.受到，获得→receive sth from sb 从某人那获得某物→I received the book from the writer.

receive只是一时的动作，因此I have received your letter 3 days.（×） It is 3 days since I received your letter.(√) receive and send e-mails 收发电子邮件 辨析：receive 和 accept 同：都有“收到”之义

异：receive意为“收到”，表示客观的。Receive a gift 只是收到了礼物，可能还会退回。

accept意为“接受”，表示主观的。accept a gift 表示接受了礼物，不会再退回。 2、Guide v.指导，引导→He guided her across the roads.他领着她穿过马路。 n.向导，导游→I know the place well, so let me be your guide. 我熟悉那地方,我来当你们的向导。 Asia Asian →China is in Asia. Africa African Europe European America American World-famous

3、Trade n.贸易→carry on trade

4、Southern adj.南部的；南方的→He lives in southern China.他住在中国南部。 northern Eastern Western

5、International adj.国际的；世界性的→The UN is an international organization. 6、Huge adj.巨大的→The elephant is huge Island 岛，岛屿

7、Several adj.几个的；若干的

several一般不与only连用。→ I have only several friends.（×） I have only a few friends.（√） 辨析：several 和 some 同：都只“几个”

异：several强调三个以上,有几个,但不多。只能修饰可数名词。

some表示有一些,但数量更不明确。可数不可数名词都能修饰。 8、Relax v.放松→Relax when you dance.

Relaxing 形容物→Walking along the beach is a relaxing experience. Relaxed 形容人→I felt relaxed after my exam.

9、Hard adj.?困难的→The teacher asked a hard question. ?硬的→It is a very hard stone. 辨析：hard 和 difficult 同：均可表示“困难的”。

异：difficult是较正式的用词,主要指智力方面的困难 hard是口语用词,主要是指体力方面的困难 So much for sth 关于...就讲这些。 Bottom 底部，底端

10、Pick v.挑选→pick and choose 挑三拣四 辨析：pick和choose

同：都指从若干事物或人中间“挑选出”适合要求、满足需要的事物或人 异：Pick：可用于表示无需特别仔细的挑选、辨别的某种情况

choose指判断和进行实际挑选,该词强调做决定过程中所下的决心 Play n.戏剧 Website n.网站

11、Dream v.?做梦→dream of/about 梦到→She dreamt of/about her cat last night. 她昨天夜里梦见了自己的猫。

?梦想，渴望→ dream of/about 梦想，渴望→ He dreams of /about having a car. 他向往有一辆汽车。 Passport n.护照 Coast

Australian adj.澳大利亚的 n. 澳大利亚人

12、Opposite adj.?相反的→Black and white are opposite.

?对面的→He cried to his friend on the opposite side.他朝对面的一位朋友大声呼唤。

adv.在对面→I cannot stand opposite. 我没法站在对面。 n. 对手，对立者

注意：当表示“相对的，相反的”时，其后常加介词to。→My view is opposite to yours.我的看法和你的相反。

13、Mind n. ?头脑→He is ninety years old,but his mind is sharp. ?想法→Maybe he changed his mind.也许他改变了主意

?心思→He focused his mind on his lessons. 他把心思集中在功课上。

v. 介意→ Would you mind opening the window?

常用短语： keep ... in mind 记住→I will keep your advice in mind.我要把你的劝告记在心里。

make up one's mind 下决心→Have you made up your mind about it? 关于这件事,你拿定了主意没有?

Never mind 没关系→Never mind! I can do this by myself.不要紧,我自己可以做。

Print

14、Pleasure n.?愉快，乐事→Work is a pleasure to him. 工作对他来说是乐事。 ?荣幸→It is my pleasure to help you. 注意与pleased的区别

15、Book v.预定→book sb sth →She booked me a seat. 她给我订了个座位。 →book sth for sb→She booked a seat fou me. England

Ruler n. 尺子；统治者 Pond n.池塘

16、Be made up of 由...组成，由...构成

辨析：be made of表示“由......制成”（能看见原料），指从原料到制成品，只发生了形状变化，没有发生本质变化。→The table is made of wood.

be made from表示“由......制成”（看不出原料），指从原料到制成品，发生了质的变化，已无法复原（属化学变化）。→Most paper is made from wood.大多数纸是用木头制造的。

be made up of表示“由......构成（组成）”，强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。→our class is made up of girls and boys

Dollar 二、句型

1、—What do you use your computer for? —I usually use it to search for information.

?What…for?＝Why…?为什么…?→e.g. What did you do that for?＝Why did you do that?

?use sth to do sth =use sth for doing sth. ?search for 搜索,寻找

2、 It sounds interesting, doesn’t it?

It doesn’t sound interesting, does it? “陈述句＋附加疑问？”构成反意疑问句

构成：当陈述句肯定时，附加疑问即“助动词＋主语或there”。

当陈述句否定时，附加疑问即“助动词的否定式缩写＋主语或there”。 注意：?附加疑问部分的助动词必须与陈述句保持一致。

?主语必须是人称代词或there，并与陈述句主语的单复数保持一致。 ?反意疑问句的回答形式：“Yes, 主语＋助动词.”或“No, 主语＋助动词的 否定式”

Yes, it does.是的，听起来有趣。 前肯定后否定的回答

No, it doesn’t.不，听起来没趣。 Yes, it does.不，听起来有趣。 前否定后肯定的回答

No, it doesn’t.是的，听起来没趣。

3、For example, when you reach London, you will learn about the Museum of

London and many other interesting places. ?when引导的时间状语从句 ?learn about ...了解...

?many other +n.复数 其他许多… ④interesting 形容物→interested 形容人 →be interested in 对...感兴趣 4、Every time you pass a level, you will see a map of the world. ?Every time＋陈述句，每当… ?pass a level过一关

?a map of the world世界地图

5、The places you have visited are marked in bright purple.你到过的地方都被标上了明亮的紫色。

?定语从句（that）you have visited .→ that引导定语从句并且that在从句中做宾语，此时that可省略

?被动语态 be marked 被标记

6、Get it now before it is sold out.在它卖光之前，赶紧去买吧。 ?before 引导时间状语从句

?sell out 卖光，此处是被动语态。→sell well 卖的好（不用被动语态）

7、The questions get more difficult as you go to higher levels.当你到更高的级别，问题就更难了。

as连词，当…时，随着…翻译：当你到达山顶时，空气将会更加新鲜。The air will get fresher as you reach the top of the mountain.

8、 Do /Would you mind telling me how to use this function?你介不介意告诉如何使用这个功能？

?Do/Would you mind doing sth?你介意做某事吗？(表示客气地请人做事。) ?Do you mind my doing sth ? 你介意我做某事吗？ =Would you mind my doing sth？ =Do you mind me doing sth ? =Would you mind my doing sth？ =Do you mind if I do sth? =Would you mind if I do sth? 翻译：你介意我打开窗户吗？

回答不介意：Of course not. Certainly not. 回答介意：You’d better not. Better not.

9、A worksheet has just appeared on the screen. ?worksheet 工作表→sheet n.床单→change the sheet换床单

?appear是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态。appear出现→disappear消失 10、My new computer is much faster than the old one.

比较级的修饰语：比较级可根据程度选用still, even, much, rather, a lot, far, (a) little, by far，any等修饰。 ①still It is still colder today than yesterday. 今天比昨天还冷。 ②even It was even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天还要冷。 ③rather He runs rather faster .他跑地快多了。 ④a lot He studies a lot /much harder than me. 他学习比我努力多了。

⑤a little These tomatoes are a little cheaper than those．这些西红柿比那些稍便宜点。 ⑥far ⑦by far 三、语法

㈠英语中的语态－主动语态和被动语态 ⒈英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：①They built a new bridge over the river. (主动) →A new bridge was built over the river by them. (被动) ②Many people speak English. (主动) →English is spoken by many people. (被动) ⒉汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词构成”，即“be＋p.p.”，其中助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化。

㈡被动语态的基本用法 ⒈当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过助动词be表现出来。 ⒉什么时候使用被动语态 ⑴不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 ①Some windows were broken last night. ②This book was published (出版) in 2005.

注意：第②句＝This book came out in 2005. come out 是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态。 ⑵只强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 ①Rice was first grown in China.

②English is learned all over the world.

注意：不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，如：appear, happen, take place等。

㈢被动语态的基本结构 ⒈动作的承受者＋be＋过去分词＋其他＋by＋动作的执行者。 简写为“承受者＋be＋过去分词＋其他＋by＋动作的执行者”。 ⒉主动语态变为被动语态的步骤： 确定主动语态的时态，它决定着被动语态中的助动词be。→ 找出主动语态的主、谓、宾。→ 按照上述句式改写：承受者 +be+过去分词+其他＋by＋执行者 ⒊常用的被动语态结构 时态 结构 时态 结构 一般现在时 am/is/are＋p.p. 含 情态动can/may/must/… be＋ 词 p.p. 一般过去时 was/were＋p.p. 现在完成have/has been + p.p. 时 一般将来时 will/shall be＋p.p. 现在进行am/is/are being + p.p. am/is/are going to be＋时 p.p.

⒋主动改为被动语态的例子：主动语态基本结构为主、谓、宾。

⑴His brother washes dishes every day. → Dishes are washed every day by his brother.

主(执行者) 谓 宾(承受者) 其他

⑵Peter will clean the room tomorrow. →The room will be cleaned tomorrow by Peter.

⑶He must look after the little boy. →The little boy must be looked after by him. ⑷The students are watching a charity show. →A charity show is being watched by the students.

㈣特殊情况的被动语态

简单句五种基本形式中的其中两种变为被动语态时十分重要： ⒈主谓＋双宾：这类短语含有介词to或for。如：give, send, show, buy, make… ⑴give sb sth＝give sth to sb，buy sb sth＝buy sth for sb

主动语态：Amy gave me some books.＝Amy gave some books to me. 被动语态：I was given some books by Amy.或Some books were given to me by Amy. ⑵总结含有双宾语的动词短语变为被动语态的规则：可以把任何一个宾语作为被动语态的主语；如果把直接宾语(即物体)作为主语，动词和直接宾语之间要添加相应的介词to或for。主动语态中无论使用give sb sth 还是give sth to sb，一律按照上述句子改写，即：

give sb sth 或give sth to sb → sb be given sth或sth be given to sb，这类含有介词to或for的短语见下表 主动语态 被动语态 send sb sth或send sth to sb sb be sent sth或sth be sent to sb show sb sth或show sth to sb sb be shown sth或sth be shown to sb buy sb sth或buy sth for sb sb be bought sth或sth be bought for sb make sb sth或make sth for sb be made sth或sth be made for sb sb ⒉主谓宾＋省略to的不定式(即宾补)：使役动词变为被动语态时，原来省略的to一定要加上。 常见短语 ⑴make sb do sth→sb be made to do sth (主动语态不含to，被动语态必须带to。下同) ⑵hear sb do sth→sb be heard to do sth ⑶see sb do sth→sb be seen to do sth ⑷have sb do sth→sb be had to do sth

注意特殊例子：let sb do sth →sb be let do sth (主动语态和被动语态都不含to。)

e.g. He made the workers work 12 hours a day. → The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.

㈤主动形式表示被动意义：有些不及物动词(其主语大都指物)的主动语态可以表示被动意义。

⒈某些连系动词。这些动词有feel, taste, smell, sound, prove等。 ①The coffee smells delicious. ②The story proved quite false. ⒉某些可与well, easily, quickly等副词连用的不及物动词。 ①This kind of bikes sells well. ②This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind.

⒊某些可用于“主＋谓＋主补”结构中的不及物动词。e.g. The bag broke open. ⒋动名词在be worth doing句型中的主动形式表示被动含义。 ①His novels are so well worth reading that I want one. ②These stamps are worth collecting.

⒌动名词在need, want, require等动词后，主动形式表示被动含义。need doing＝need to be done

①The problem requires dealing with immediately. ②Her bike needed repairing. ⒍动词不定式的主动形式在too…to…句型中表示被动含义。The box is too heavy to carry.

⒎有些形容词后的动词不定式有被动含义。这些形容词有easy, difficult, heavy, nice, good, pleasant, important, useful, dangerous等。 ①Bad habits are easy to contract. ②English is difficult to learn.

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