英语写作

第二部分写作

第四章应用文写作（小作文）

第二节题 型 分 析(下）

二、备忘录

备忘录是一种正式的专业文件。它结构清晰、阅读方便、传递迅速，经常为公司或团体用于各部门之间传递信息、提醒和督促对方做某事。大多数备忘录的特点是简明扼要，但它们同时也应具备优秀应用文的其他写作原则：面向你的读者，表达清楚且准确。 备忘录通常提出请求或发布人们对某个具体问题的迅速反应。备忘录简洁短小，各部分题目虽然看上去有些唐突，但它们可以使读者对事情有个大致了解并快速做出反应。

备忘录有约定俗成的结构和格式，一般由五个部分组成：To: 收文人From: 发文人Date: 日期Subject: 事由，内容只需要用名词或动名词等少数几个词，甚至一个词做简略陈述。 Message: 正文，直入主题，列出最重要的信息或结论。

备忘录的特点是不拘礼节，重视信息的准确、清楚。交代的事情应该简明扼要，一段话说明一个意思。备忘录一般不用签名，也无需盖章。另外，备忘录中也可以称呼语及结尾敬语。 模板句型

I have the honor to inform you that? 我很荣幸地通知您??

I would like to remind you that our office is in want of a new English typewriter.

我想提醒您一下，我们办公室急需一部英文打字机。

I have several proposals for cutting down the cost. 关于降低成本我有几个建议。

In response to your request for? I have to inform you that we can not approve it.

对于你??的请求，我不得不告诉你我们不能批准。

This is further to your memo dated June 6, 2007, in which you proposed that employees adopt the “punch in” system.

回复你2007年6月6日关于员工实行打卡考勤制度的备忘录。

The board of directors approved your proposal at the meeting last week. 董事会在上周的会议上通过了你的建议。

I believe these changes will decrease the product cost. 我相信这些改革会降低成本的。

Please let me know your response to these suggestions. 我想知道你对于这些建议的看法。

Please feel free to contact me if you need further information. 如果需要更多信息请随时与我联系。

I highly appreciate your considerations to these proposals. 我期待你能考虑一下这些建议。

经典范文

Date: October 15, 2007To: All studentsFrom: Li MingSubject: Journalist Position Available for the Summer SemesterThe student newspaper is currently looking for a journalist for the summer semester. Applicants should currently be studying at the university, and should preferably have at least two years writing experience.The successful applicant will be expected to write two articles every week on happenings in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. The salary for the position is negotiable and will be based on experience. If you are interested, please send your resume to the campus newspaper office.

练习

You are organizing an investigation about the decoration of the reading-room. Write a memo to be posted on the bulletin board inviting your fellow students to join. Your memo should ask for suggestions.

参考范文

Date: May 9, 2008 To: all students From: Li Ming, Student Union Subject: Reading room improvements Reading room improvements are now being planned. We are interested in learning your preference for colors to be used in redecorating, furniture and equipment desired. Please take a few minutes to respond to this questionnaire. Please feel free to make additional signed or unsigned comments at the bottom of this memo. Return your completed questionnaire before Friday. 三、摘要

摘要是对原始文件或文章基本要义进行简明重述的文体形式，所用语言文字应尽量简洁。考生不需加入任何主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。要写好一篇文章的概要应考生应具备两种基本能力。首先应具备理解原文，掌握全文中心思想的能力；其次应具有用简练的语言将原文的中心思想表达出来的能力。一般说来，概要的篇幅为原文的1/4至1/5，因此在写摘要时务必注意语言的概括和精练。摘要题型写作是难度非常大的一种写作形式，考生写作时可遵循以下两个步骤：

1 阅读原文

阅读原文是摘要写作的基础，首先要通读原文，读懂、读通，以获取主旨要义。在阅读过程中必须明确考生的任务是遵循原文概括文章重点，不要主观改变文章逻辑顺序或侧重点也不能包括原文未涉及到的内容。

2 摘要编写

摘要写作过程中，首先，要明确摘要的长度不应超过原文的三分之一，一般是文章的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。其次，一定要用自己的语言来写,切忌直接生搬硬套原文。再次，逻辑顺序应于原文相符，主要内容要完整，使读者读完摘要能清楚了解文章大意。要取得这一完整连贯，就应该使用一些连接词（linkwords），如but，and，however，also等连接要点；同样，也可使用诸如since，though，even if，when，after，before等词。最后，对原文材料的处理应做到省略细节，删减事例，简化描述，避免重复。

模板句型

This paper mainly deals with? 这篇论文主要是写??

This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)? 这篇文章的强调的主题是??

This essay presents knowledge that? 这篇短文主要是讲关于??的知识。

This thesis discusses/analyzes? This paper provides an overview of? 这篇文章综述了??

This article compares?and summarizes key findings. 这篇文章比较了??并总结了主要的发现。

This paper presents up-to-date information on? 这篇论文介绍了关于??的最新信息。

This article not only describes?but also suggests? 这篇文章不仅描述了??而且建议??

This paper provides a method of ? 这篇为??提供了方法。

This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze? 这篇文章介绍一种分析??的可行程序。

This paper is devoted to examining the role of? 这篇论文致力于研究??的作用。

This paper reflects the state of the art in? 这篇论文展示了??目前的情况。

This article reviews the techniques used in? 这篇文章综述了??领域采用的技术。

The writer of this essay tries to explore ?本文作者试图探讨??

The aim/purpose/objective of this paper is to determine? 本文的目的/目标是为了决定??

经典范文

Directions： Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words. We continue to share with our remotest ancestors

the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way： we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of ones own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.（246 words）

原文要点

1continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors2avoid talking about death3.talk about death when millions of people die4.become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and the death rates are almost equal5.peoples fearfulness6.seem to control nature7.avoid death

参考摘要

People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.（84 words） 练习

Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words. We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great

distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of ones own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.

参考范文

People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84 words) 四、便笺

便笺篇幅短小，通常只用于熟人、亲人、朋友和同事等之间对于近一两天内将发生事情的联系，表达临时的询问、留言、通知、请假、要求、借款、道歉、告别等。便笺形式简单，通常不写信头、信内地址等内容。只包括日期，称呼，正文，署名等项。开头的称呼通常直接写名字，省略Dear。称呼和最后的署名都比较简单随意。 模板句型I wonder if you can? 我想知道您是否能??

I assure you that I will? 我向您保证我将??

f possible, please give me a call and I will? 如果可以，请打电话给我，我将??

With many thanks, 非常感谢??

Received from?the sum of five thousand Yuan for tuition. 今收到某某人五千元学费。

I.O.Y. one thousand Yuan, to be paid back within two months with annual interest at four percent. 我欠你一千元，两个月内付清，年息4%。

Borrowed from the Department library the following books? 本人从系图书馆借出以下书籍?? 经典范文

Mar. 8thDear Mike,I wonder if you can lend me your notebook for European history. I am in the process of preparing my exam, and need to consult the book now and then for some information. Thus I might need to keep the notebook for about two months , and I hope that

would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain it in good condition. If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the notebook. With many thanks, Li Ming 练习

Direction: You want to ask for a leave. Leave a note to Mr. Wang which contains how many days you want to leave and the reason why you want to ask for a leave. 参考范文

Mr. Wang, I beg to apply for three days leave of absence from the 7th to the 9th. I have to return home to see my grandmother, who is now deadly ill. I shall be very grateful if you will allow my absence. Yours respectfully,Zhang Lin 五、通知

通知分为书面和口头两种。书面通知文体比较正式，正文前一般写上Notice字样，通知单位的名称可写在通知的前面或右下角，日期一般写在左下角。口头通知文体则比较随便，通常由称呼、具体内容构成，末尾可以给出通知单位。发布通知的人、发布通知的时间，也可以略去此部分。

模板句型

There will be a meeting in...

定于在……处召开会议。

In has been decided by the board of directions that? 经董事会决定??

All the teachers are requested to meet in the college conference room at?

要求全体教师于??在会议室开会。 经典例文

Notice A meeting will be held at 2 oclock on Friday, Jan. 30th in the conference room in the office building to discuss the financial program of the company. All the department heads are requested to attend it on time and every one present must prepare a copy if suggestions for the program. Administrative officeJanuary 26th, 2008 练习

Directions: Write a notice on behalf of the headmaster office to tell all the students the plan of Tree Planting Day which should include when and where to plant trees and how to go there. 参考范文

Notice Tomorrow is Tree Planting Day. It is warm. The students will

have no classes. We shall plant trees in the park instead. We will meet at the school gate at 7:00 sharp in the morning and go there on foot. We will have lunch there. Please bring some water and food with you. Headmaster OfficeMar. 11, 2008 六、报告

报告是下级部门就某件事情向上级部门和领导汇报工作、反映情况、提出建议等使用的上行公文。就其内容实质来说，可分为信息类报告和分析类报告。信息类报告在日常事务中经常发生，其目的是通报信息和情况，一般要求准确、正确、完整、简明扼要。分析类报告在语言和格式上则更正式、复杂，其目的在于对某问题或情况进行调查、研究、分析、评估或论证后提出结论，篇幅一般较长。报告的写作主要有以下要求：

1写好一份报告，撰写人首先要对所要写的内容有充分的了解。写作时，应尽量多用被动语态，少用第一人称，以免主观、冒昧。

2一般英文报告都可采用书信格式。

3.报告要有明确的中心思想、清楚的段落层次和合理的结构安排。

模板句型

The report is hereby made to ask for the approval of the board for the solution of the problem. 请董事会批准这件事的解决方案。

This report will summarize? 本报告将总结??

The report provides an introduction to? 本报告介绍了??

The operation on? is under smooth way. ??的运行很正常。

This report only provides guidelines they can use to assess their own needs.

本报告尽为他们评估自身需求提供一些指导。

May I have your approval of?by the end of this month? 月底之前我能得到您就??的批准吗？

We will fulfill the task ahead of time. 我们将提前完成任务。

Upon the request of the committee, weve conducted the report. 应委员会的请求，我们完成了这份报告。 经典例文

To: Professor Bao From: Jia Jie Date: October 21, 2008 Subject: First progress report on research paper This is the first of the two progress reports you asked me to submit about my research

paper on the advantages and disadvantages of advertisement. Last week, I gathered information from library materials and from an interview. Of the ten references listed on my proposal, I found only six, for others I will go to search in a larger library. As far as interview concerned, I had an extended interview with Professor Lin Li of Chinese Department, who gave me a brief introduction of the development the advertisement and answered my questions. I hope to use these in my paper. Starting tomorrow, I will begin organizing my paper. I will be able to submit a rough draft by the end of this month. Sincerely yours,Wan Lin 练习：

Directions: Write a report to Mr. Liu He about the car accident on the Yangtze River Bridge which should include the cause of the accident and the damage. 参考范文

To：Mr. Liu He From：Li Gang

Subject：Car Accident ，No Casualties. Date：April 28，2008

Yesterday evening two cars collided in thick fog on The Yangtze River Bridge in Wuhan. One was a trunk carrying lumber，apparently on its way to Wuchang. The other was a private car on its way to Xiangfan. However，because of the weather conditions，the drivers did not realize the danger until a few seconds before the collision took place. Consequently，there was no time for them to prevent the accident. Fortunately，there were no casualties among the drivers or passengers，but both cars suffered badly damages.

A spokesman for the transportation authorities said that a committee would be set up to determine the cause of the collision.

Sincerely yours， Chen Yang

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