G类讲义

1）雅思考试的定义

英文全称：International English Language Testing System 英文简称：IELTS

考试功能：是为打算到英语国家学习、工作或定居的人们设臵的英语水平考试。

2）雅思考试的内容 分为4个板块： 口语（Speaking） 听力（Listening） 阅读（Reading） 写作（Writing） 3.2 八个数据说雅思阅读

1) 2类：A类&G类 2) 1小时

3) 5 篇文章(三个section,文章四短一长) 4) 500; 750-900字数/篇---上升趋势（1150） 5) 13--14---题目/篇 6) 40---总题量

7) 34-35---7分；阅读满分---9分。详见下表。

IELTS阅读评分标准（A类） 答对题数 39-40 37-38 35-36 33-34 30-32 27-29 23-26 20-22 16-19 13-15 10-12 6-9 4-5 3 2 1 得分 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1 IELTS阅读评分标准（G类） 答对题数 40 39 38 36-37 34-35 32-33 30-31 26-29 23-25 19-22 15-18 12-14 8-11 5-7 2-4 1 得分 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1

3.3 材料来源

1) Magazines（economics, national geographic etc.） 2) Journals学术期刊 3) Books

4) Newspapers (times)

3.4 文章类型

1) 记叙文Narrative （包括历史题材的时间脉络型）

2) 说明文Descriptive （说明型） 3) 议论文Argumentative （立论型）

3.5常考话题

3.5.1 Academic Reading

A类： the text are on topics of general interest. At least one text contains detailed logical argument. ? Economy ? Education

? Science and Technology ? Medicine ? Environment ? Culture ? Energy

? Animals and plants

Among the above, there are 6 frequently tested topics. They are: 1)自然科学：自然科学实验（报告）：

test/experiment/subject(项目：project) 主题、主 语、受试者

2)社会科学：社会发展史、社会学、人文科学（报告）

常用调查统计方法：

Interview/survey/investigation(police)- Data/statistics-methodology-conclusion 3)动植物：ants(termite), reptile(land

tortoise/sea turtle), amphibian, dinosaur, dolphin, crustacean，willow(柳树),orchid(兰花),canation(康乃馨),sunflower(向日葵).

4)地球故事：灾难、地震、火山喷发、暴风雪、沙尘暴、气候变暖……

5)绿色环保：新能源 solar energy, wind energy, tide energy……

6)人物传记( biography、属于narrative) 举例：剑桥9 p.17 William Henry Perkin-the man who invented synthetic dyes 请重视这六大话题相关词汇的积累 多关注和涉猎相关话题的原版文章

3.5.2 General Training Reading

G类：The texts are taken from notices, advertisements, leaflets, newspapers, instruction, manuals, books and magazines.(contains texts relevant to basic linguistic survival)

? Notice

? Advertisements (recruitment advertising) ? Leaflets

? Newspapers (Renting Info.) ? Instruction Manuals ? Books ? Magazines

4．阅读题型

（※以下排列方式按照2013年度雅思阅读出题频率）

4.1判断题

Discrimination (雅思逢场必考的特色题型，中国学生普遍存在F/NG总混淆) 4.2 配对题

Matching/Classification

从2000年闪亮登场的?五星级难题?。

? 传统matching（也叫?事物及其特征搭配?，细节考察）包括人物----理论、机构----发明、事物----特点（或所处年代）

? 变种matching (也叫?信息与其段落出处匹配题?，或?从属匹配?。因其考察细节和段意，故我给它取名叫?东北乱炖?)

4.3 语法填空

1)Complete the sentences/notes叫做?句子填空?或叫做?主观原文摘词填空?

2)Complete the sentences with the correct ending ?客观有选项补充句子?

3)Summary?摘要总结?（按照主客观出题方式可分为?客 观有选项的摘要?，比较难；以及?主观无选项摘要?，较简单。按照出题范围可以分为?某一段摘要?，?某几段摘要?，以及?全文摘要?）

summary with wordbank summary without wordbank Summary 某一段 某几段 全文 4.4 Multiple choice选择题

单选（四选一） 多选（多选多）

4.5 段落小标题匹配List of headings

难

4.6 简答题Short-answer questions

简单

4.7填图填表流程图Table/Diagram/Flowchart

简单

5. 六大阅读“神器”

5.1 第一大神器---阅读方式

合理高效的阅读方式

? Reading with purpose ?带着目的去阅读?题目问什么 我们找什么 目标是得分-----先读题后读文 ? 认清不同的题型，如选择题、填空题和配对题等7大题型，并运用下面阅读技巧（如?略读?和?跳读?）来迅速定位答案。

1）略读(Skimming)

When we skim a text we read very quickly. We just look at the headings and subheadings and the first lines of each section or paragraph. We also notice the key words throughout the text. Our purpose is to understand the gist-the general idea of the text.

利用略读技巧，快速定位以下项目以帮助寻找全文和各个段落的主旨大意。

----主题句：在段落中能够让人辨识出讨论重点的句子，通常为每个段落的第一句。

----类似说法：题目中的关键词以同义词或类似说法的形式出现在正文中。

----重复出现的字词：在通篇文章中重复出现的与话题或主题相关有任何字词。

----一连串的例子：一连串事例的前面通常为重点所在。 ----文章的结构：通常段落或文章的布局会向考生提示需要加以注意的重要信息，例如：标题、引言、图表和结论。

----指示代词和限定词：this(这个)、that(那个)、these(这些)、those(那些)等词代表先前段落或文章中曾提及的概念，这些指示代词和限定词可以帮助考生了解段落或文章的要点。

2）跳读（Scanning）

When we scan a text we are looking for a specific piece of information or specific words. We ignore information that is not relevant to our purpose. Scanning is a useful strategy to apply when the question ask for specific factual information. It is also a useful strategy to use to find the section of a text about which a question is asked 利用“跳读”技巧迅速捕捉以下项目以帮助寻找全文和各个段落的特定细节。

-------关键词：正文中与标题意思相同或相近的词汇。 -------数字、日期和名字：正文中任何表示数字、日期和人名的表达。

-------关联词：正文中任何承前启后的表达，如原因、对比、后果或举例等。

-------个人意见：正文中任何用来表达个人信念或偏好的用语。

3）精读(Intensive reading) read carefully and thoroughly 主要适用于平时英语学习以及做完题分析总结，不适于考试。

5.2 第二大神器---定位神器（KEY WORDS）

1）Key words=关键词（定位词）

即可以帮助定位答案出现段落或句子的定位信息词，一般包括：数字、年份、名氏、机构组织名称、地点名称等。

2）要求

在题目和文章中遇到KWY WORDS 都需要予以标注，更有助于检索到题目的正确答案

5.3第三大神器---秩序神器

顺序和乱序（orderly？or disorder？） 1）难易程度以及处理方式

顺序题型简单，按照文章顺序双向交互式阅读即可。乱序题型很难，在对原文不了解的情况下很难判断信息的出现

段落。故可先臵之不理，答完顺序再答之。

2）哪些顺序哪些乱序？

除了matching 和heading 都是顺序题型即记住?两个ing为乱序?即可

3）用处举例

判断题（顺序题型）第一题中的KEY WORDS 以及最后一题中的KEY WORDS 可以帮助我们定位到这一组题在原文大致的出题范围。

5.4第四大神器---同义替换

paraphrase(同义替换)也是所有雅思阅读考题的命题 规律。

1）定义

同意替换就是指在原文中，作者把题目中的KW衍伸为其相近的词、短语、短句和小故事，我们把这种情况成为狡猾的A--B呈现。当然，做题中我们也会在文章浏览过程中发现题目中KW的原词呈现，这就是简单老实的A--A呈现。

题--文

“老实”的A----A呈现：原词

题目KW Chinese 文章KW Chinese\\China

Pendulum clock FAA Pendulum clock Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) Dr. Broca Professor Pretty Dr. Paul Broca Professor Jules Pretty ※AA呈现是阅读定位的关键

“狡猾”的A----B呈现：词性变化 同、近义词

解释说明的句子或短语 小故事 题目KW dependent resemble farming 文章KW Dependence/depend on/reliant/rely on Like(常考) Agriculture/grow plants and herd animals People prefer to… people’s preferences a developed system a sophisticated number system of numbering elderly people who Feelings of loneliness may cause rises in felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones In general, people The average person in the seventh century in seven-century Europe had poor counting ability. in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!剑6 p.48 ※AB呈现考察的是理解力

levels of stress hormones 5.5第五大神器---‘but’其实很重要

5.6第六大神器：标点符号、黑体斜体粗体的妙用

?：?代表： ?－?代表： ?？?代表： ?‘ ’?代表： 黑体斜体粗体: 斜体：

6. 阅读考试必备六大素质

6.1基础词汇语法架构+特色考点词

巧记词汇 快速高效 （词汇上） ?剥笋原理?抓大放小 （语法上）

真题放送

例1 We may envy their achievements and fame, but we

should also recognize the price they may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top. （摘自剑桥

真题8 P.71 ）

例2 Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the

triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises.（摘自剑桥真题9 P.26 ）

例3 The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted

and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.（摘

自剑桥真题8 P.73 ）

猜词七法 情况一： 情况二：

（1）定义法

该法在考试中应用比较普遍，多用于描述一个新领域、新专业、新单词。而且在文章首段出现的频率最高，因为一般文章首段通常都是为文本话题或标题下定义的。高频短语：…is…; …is called…; …is named…

例1：Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures

of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. (‘The Nature And Aims of Archaeology’ 剑4P92 )

例2：The seasonal impact of day length on physiological

responses is called photoperiodism. (‘The effects of light on plant and animal species’ 剑5 P94)

（2）符号法

无论是考试中还是剑桥系列，我们常发现某个单词或词组，乃至句子的前后常会出现一些特殊符号。譬如：破折号（ — ）、冒号（：）、小括号（）、引号（‘ ’），这些符号

都是帮助大家猜测生词的clue，它们的前后通常都是对生词的解释和说明。

例1：Generally, the rates have been modest (lower than bank

rates). (‘Micro-Enterprise Credit for street youth’ 剑4 P65)

例2：In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language

data - an informant.

（3）举例法

雅思阅读文章经常会在某个潜在生词后面，举出一系列的例子。此时，可根据例子，总结出共性。举例子的标志词：for example, for instance, such as, just like, e.g.

The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands. (‘The impact of Wilderness Tourism’ 剑5P86)

（4）关联词法

句子之间的关联词主要分为并列和转折，透露了两句之间表达的意思的方向性是否一致。我们完全可以通过已知的半句所表述的涵义，借助关联词，来推测另外半句的意思。

并列关系：

转折关系：

例1：International commerce was therefore dominated by

raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. (?Delivering The Goods?

剑6P22)

例2：For example, desert annual germinate, flower, and

seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs… (‘The effects of light on plant and animal species’ 剑5 P94)

（5）常识和上下文

常识和上下文也是猜词的一个有效途径。这里所指的常识是指涉及各领域、学科，平时积累而成，众所周知的知识、常理。

例1：The earliest method of making fire was through

friction. European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between their palms. (‘How Fire Leapt to Life’)

（6）同位语

同位语是指1个名词（或其它形式）对另1个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一

起，常出现在句子中间或者后面的位臵。

例1：One of the most important new methodologies is

biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. (‘How much higher? How much faster’ 剑4 P88)

（7）词根词缀法

以‘-ology’为后缀表示某学科。例如：archaeology(考古学), physiology（生理学）, psychology(心理学), zoology(动物学) 等。

友情提示：猜测生词的技巧是建立在基本的词汇量之上，所以烤鸭们万不可忽视单词记忆。

6.2 谋篇布局的认识

1）文章3种类型与3种结构 顺承式-----线性结构（时间顺序）

分类式-----树形结构（1、2段提出现象，后面表达各

种观点）

解题式-----塔形结构（先提出问题，再给出不同的解决方法）

2）文章构成

英文由骨、肉、血、神经4大部分构成

骨-----文章的结构主体、段落主体、作者的主要观点。 肉-----把握细节信息，辨别信息真伪。定位、阅读、

理解。 血-----词汇量。

神经-----逻辑关系（文字层面的推理，句子间和上下

文之间的关系）

? Identify the writer’s overall purpose. ? Identify and follow key arguments in a text. ? Distinguish the main idea from supporting details.

? Group pieces of information in a text in accordance with salient criteria.

6.3 西方社会文化历史知识

G类文章： 建议：

A类考生注意多读篇幅较长的科普文章或学术性议论文，建议每天坚持半小时以上浏览 www.nature.com , www.nationalgrographic.com,

www.economist.com,

www.newscientist.com等网站，它们的文风、常用词汇和句子结构与雅思A类阅读相似。

6.4 解题技巧

今后课上我们将讲到?否定词重心后移?，?常识判断法则?，?夹心饼干原则??套题模式??辨析主客观?等等解题方法和技巧。

弄清“意见”与“事实”？

6.5 时间掌控

6.6 细心+执着+守规矩

雅思不光考智商，也考情商、胆商。

看清指示： 字数要求 最后检查 答案誊写 数字书写

是非判断题精讲（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN）

7.1题型介绍

1）题型简介

2）题型设臵 3）题型顺序 4）题型特点 5)难度系数 6)出题频率及地位 7)题型难点

7.2 技巧点拨(破题原则)

1)定位准确 2)判断准确

7.3 TRUE的命题规则

1)同义转述

题目是原文的同义转述。包括使用到与题目关键词相关的

同义词 近义词 词性变化

not+反义结构（双重否定现象）

2)多段概括

题目是原文的多个段落的多个细节的总结、归纳与推测。

3)三同法则 序号 1 2 3 同句： 同段： 同篇： 命题原则 约占所有相对TRUE题概率 难度 50% 45% 5% 低 中 高

(1)同句法则

题目是对原文中1句话的同义替换改写。 例1：剑桥7，P25，第21题 文章标题：Make every drop count 原文：Food production has kept pace with soaring

populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food.

题目：Feeding increasing populations is possible due

primarily to improved irrigation systems.

答案：YES

例2：剑桥7，P51，第34题

文章标题：Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project 原文:Interesting facts regarding transport were found:

95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.

题目：The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the

household transport requirement as outside the local area

答案：YES

(2)同段法则

题目是对原文信息（相邻的2个句子或同一自然段中上下文信息）的归纳总结。

例1：剑桥7，P42，第1题

文章标题：Why pagodas don’t fall down 原文:In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes,

how have Japan’s tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings-500 or so wooden pagodas-remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years.

题目：Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400

years.

答案：YES

例2：剑桥8，P44，第9题

文章标题：Sheet glass manufacture:the float process 原文:The float process for making flat glass was invented

by Alistair Pilkington . This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pikington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rolls within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600℃), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500℃). The best metal for the job was tin.

题目：The metal used in the float process had to have

specific properties.

答案：True

(3) 同篇法则

题目是对原文中不同自然段中信息的归纳总结。 例1：剑桥8，P25，第24题

文章标题：Air traffic control in the USA 原文

E段……in general, from 365m above the ground and higher,

the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground……

G段……Uncontrolled air space is designated Class F…… 题目：Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365 m

and not near airports

答案：True

7.4 FALSE 的命题规则

1)反义词

举例：剑桥8 P25 第21题

文章标题：Air traffic control in the USA 原文：Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well

before the Grand Canyon disaster.

题目：Air traffic control started after the Grand Canyon

crash in 1956.

答案：False

2)偷换概念

例1: 剑桥8 P96 第20题

文章标题：Biological Control of Pests 原文: … biological control, involving the selective use

of natural enemies of the pest population…

题目：Biological control entails using synthetic

chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.

答案：No

例2: 剑7 P76 第28题

原文: Those confined to particular geographical areas,

such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded.

题目：Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because

they are outside the European Economic Community.

答案：No. 例3.

原文：Almost all the 200 fisheries monitored by the FAO

are fully exploited. One in three is depleted or heavily overexploited, almost all in the developed countries.

题目：Approximately one third of depleted fishing grounds

are in developing countries.

例4: 剑桥9 P19 第3题

文章标题：William Henry Perkin—the man who invented synthetic dyes 原文：At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College

of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention, and within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant.

题目：Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his

assistant.

答案：FALSE。

3)主客观不符（同前?辨析主客观?原则） 文：feel, think, believe……theory

assume (assumption)

题：evident, prove, object…… fact 例题

原文：During those years, most local people believed that

keeping butterflies could make a lot of money.

题目：Keeping butterflies were a way of making big money

then.

答案：FALSE.

4）原文中有限制条件成份而题目中无

原文：The internet was often criticized by the media as

a dangerous tool in the hands of young users.

题目：The internet was often regarded as a dangerous. 答案：FALSE.

5)绝对=不对（99%） ?可以蒙的FALSE?

一般情况下，当题目中包含有only, never, must, any, all, always 等绝对意义的词时，很有可能会选FALSE。

举例

原文：Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals

in the men’s Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union. (从冬季奥运会

开办以来， 在男子越野滑雪项目中，56块金牌中有55块是被北欧和前苏联的选手夺得的。)

题目：Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the men’

s Nordic skiing events in the Winter Olympics. (只有北欧选

手获得冬季奥运会男子越野滑雪项目的金牌。)

答案：FALSE。 反例 例1:剑7 P42 第1题

原文：Records show that only two have collapsed during

the past 1400 years.

题目：Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400

years.

答案：TRUE

例2 :剑4 P45 第13题

原文：So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages

will disappear over the next century.

题目：The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable. 答案：TRUE

例3: 剑4 P48 第23题

原文：In 1993, … published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended …Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses…

题目：All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints

答案：TRUE

7.5 NOT GIVEN的命题规则

1)无中生有：

2)题中有比较级而原文中没有。 3)主客观不符

常出现的形式为：在阅读文章中为人的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中成为了现实。

常见的表示目标、目的、愿望、誓言的词语有： ----Aim, object, objective, goal, aim at 目标 ----Purpose, motive, intention 目的 ----Hope, wish, desire, dream 愿望 ----Swear, pledge, vow, promise 誓言 例：

He vowed he would never come back. （说说而已） He never came back. (既定事实)

4)题目中的范围比原文中的要小。

总结一下：区分FALSE 和NOT GIVEN 的关键在于：

7.6 判断题解题步骤

步骤1：快速审题，划关键词。

必须划出的考点 关键词列表：

步骤2：记忆前两题的关键词 Why?

步骤3：若是文后第一大题，则从文中第一段开始快速扫读题目中的关键词（因为是顺序题型），找到相关语句后使用上述命题规则进行判断。若为最后一大题，则出题范围可能在文章中间或者靠后的段落。

步骤4：正确填写答案。 你肯定明白TRUE≠True≠YES。

7.7 贴心小提示

1）做题时一定要忠实于原文，抛开主观想法。 2） ?蒙?的哲学

1. 雅思文章写作结构综述

1）总--分

结构：

There is no denying that……

It is of the greatest importance to do /that…… Ect.

For example/instance, …… In a typical example, …… Not only……, but also…… A good case in point is…… Ect. 例1.

List of headings

i. Responsibilities of responding police officers ii. Perceived advantages of rapid response iii. Police response to public satisfaction

iv. Communicating response time to people requesting help v. When rapid response is and is not necessary vi. Role of technology in improving police response vii. Response time and success of response viii. Public demand for catching criminals

ix. Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious ones are the ability, of police to apply first-aid lifesaving techniques quickly and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who witness an emergency or crime, as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department, too, is enhanced if rapid response is consistent, and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say, rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force.

例2.

List of headings

i. Responsibilities of responding police officers ii. Perceived advantages of rapid response iii. Police response to public satisfaction

iv. Communicating response time to people requesting help v. When rapid response is and is not necessary vi. Role of technology in improving police response vii. Response time and success of response viii. Public demand for catching criminals

ix. Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

The effectiveness of response also needs to be seen in light of the nature of the crime. For example, when someone rings the police after discovering their television set has been stolen from their home, there is little point, in terms of identifying those responsible for the crime, in ensuring a very rapid response. It is common in such burglary or theft cases that the victim discovers the crime hours, days, even weeks after it has occurred. when the victim is directly involved in the crime, however, as in the case of a robbery, rapid response , provided the victim was quickly able to contact the police , is more likely to be advantageous. Based on statistics comparing crimes that are discovered and those in which the victim is directly involved, Speiman and Brown (1981) suggest that three in four calls to police need not be met with rapid response.

例3.

List of headings

i. The effect of changing demographics on organizations ii. Future changes in the European workforce iii. The unstructured interview and its validity iv. The person-skills match approach to selection

v. The implications of a poor person-environment fit vi. Some poor selection decisions vii. The validity of selection procedures viii. The person-environment fit

ix. Past and future demographic changes in Europe

x. Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational

failures

Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a police-man are about ￡20000(approx.US $30000).The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oil rig or in a nuclear plant could , in an emergency ,result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life . The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to result in low job satisfaction, lack of organization commitment and employee stress, which affect organizational outcome i. e. productivity, high labor turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i. e. physical, psychological and mental well-being.

2)分--总

结构： “……”

If…… / when…… Etc.

This is …… Therefore/thus…… Etc.

例1.

List of headings

Ⅰ The effect of changing demographics on organizations Ⅱ Future changes in the European workforce Ⅲ The unstructured interview and its validity Ⅳ The person-skills match approach to selection Ⅴ The implications of a poor person-environment fit Ⅵ Some poor selection decision Ⅶ The validity of selection procedures Ⅷ The person-environment fit

Ⅸ Past and future demographic changes in Europe Ⅹ

Adequate

and

inadequate

explanations

of

organizational failures

An organization is only as good as the people it employs.

Selecting the right person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational and professional qualification necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have the ability and predisposition to acquire them .This is a purely person /skill match approach to selection.

3)总--分--总

即前两类的组合。 例1.

List of headings i. 165 million year

ii. The body plan of archosarus iii. Dinosaurs-terrible lizards

iv. Classification according to pelvic anatomy v. Lizards and dinosaurs---two distinct super orders vi. The ouborders of Saurischia

vii. Unique body plan helps identify dinosaurs from other animals viii. Herbivore dinosaurs ix. Lepidosaurs x. Frills and shelves

xi. The origins of dinosaurs and lizards

xii. Bird-hipped dinosaurs

xiii. Skull bones distinguish dinosaurs from other archosaurs

All dinosaurs, whether large or small , quadrupedal or bipedal , fleet-footed

or

slow-moving

,shared

a

common

body

plan .Identification of this plan makes it possible to differentiate dinosaurs from any other types of animal , even other archosaurs（祖龙，古蜥） . Most significantly, in dinosaurs, the pelvis and femur had evolved so that the hind limbs were held vertically beneath the body, rather than sprawling out to the sides like the limbs of a lizard. The femur of a dinosaur had a sharply in-turned neck and a ball-shaped head, which slotted into a fully open acetabulum (吸盘，关节窝)or hip socket. A supra-ace-tabular crest helped prevent dislocation of the femur. The position of the knee joint, aligned below the acetabulum, made it possible for the whole hind limb to swing backwards and forwards. This unique combination of features gave dinosaurs what is known as a ‘fully improved gait’. Evolution of this highly efficient method of walking also developed in mammals, but among reptiles it occurred only in dinosaurs.

4）对比型

结构：

A……However, B…… A……, it is true, but B……

While /Although A……, more important is B…… Etc.

例1

It is widely believed that because cats prey on native birds they could bring about their extermination. But predation seldom leads to extinction in such a simplistic way. If it did there would be no animals left in Africa, as those big cats called lions would have eaten them all up.

例2.

List of headings

i. Decrease in food yields

ii. Drop in yield affected by reduction in research iii. Pollution ruining crops

iv. World at risk due to predicted food shortage v. Lack of international interest vi. Bid to retain Asian farmers vii. Desperate situation for Asian

viii. Environmental degradation due to changed farming methods

ix. Need to increase soil fertility

x. Population explosion compounds Asian problems xi. International commerce threatens Asian agricultural xii. Food shortages have wide effects

From the mid 1960s when the Green Revolution began, Asian food production doubled through a combination of high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification. From now on, growing enough food will depend almost entirely on increasing yield from the same, or smaller, area of land. However, a mysterious threat is emerging in the noticeably declining yield of rice from areas that have been most intensively famed. Unless scientists can unravel why this is so, food output in Asia may actually stagnate at a time when population will double.

例3.

List of headings

i. Responsibilities of responding police officers ii. Perceived advantages of rapid response iii. Police response to public satisfaction

iv. Communicating response time to people requesting help v. When rapid response is and is not necessary vi. Role of technology in improving police response vii. Response time and success of response viii. Public demand for catching criminals ix. Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

It becomes clear that the importance of response time in collecting evidence or catching criminals after a crime must be weighed against a variety of factors. Yet because police department officials assume the public strongly demands rapid response, they believe that every call to the police should be met with it. Studies have shown, however, that while the public wants quick response, more important is the information given by the police to the person asking for help. If a caller is told the police will arrive in five minutes but in fact it takes ten minutes or more. Waiting the extra time can be extremely frustrating. But if a caller is told he or she will have to wait 10 minutes and the police indeed arrive within that time. The caller is normally satisfied. Thus, rather than emphasizing rapid response, the focus of energies should be on establishing realistic expectations in the caller and making every attempt to meet them.

其他典例：剑6 P40

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