虚拟语气

虚拟语气

虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。

一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用

1.在虚拟条件句中的运用

根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 条件状语从句 主 主句 动词过去式(be用were) would/should/could/might + 动词原形 had + 过去分词 should /would/could/might + have + 过 去分词 与将来事实相反 动词过去式 were to do + 动词原形 should +动词原形 would/should/could/might + 动词原形 （1）表示与现在事实相反

If I had enough money now, I would lend it to you. If I were you,I should accept the invitation. （2）表示与过去事实相反

If he had taken your advice, he wouldn?t have made such a bad mistake. If you had come earlier,you couldn′t/wouldn′t have missed the bus. （3）表示与将来事实相反

I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.

If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. 2. 错综时间条件句

有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间并不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应按各自动作时间搭配相应的结构形式。

If we hadn?t been working hard in the past few years,things wouldn?t be going so smoothly.

If you had reviewed the lesson, you would answer the question now. 3. 虚拟条件句的省略

如果条件句中有were, had, should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were, had或should置于句首,构成倒装句。

Had I been

（= If I had been ） in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.

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Should there be （= If there should be） a drought， what should we do at that time ？

【注意】在此结构中had为助动词，若为谓语动词，则不能省略，倒装。

If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. =had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. If I had time, I would go with you. （不能省略，倒装） 4. 含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语（如：with，otherwise，or, without，but for，under）上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。

对现在的虚拟：would+do；

对过去的虚拟：would/could + have done.

Without/But for his help, we wouldn′t have made such great progress. =If we hadn′t got his help, we wouldn′t have made such great progress. Under different circumstances, I would have said yes. = If circumstances had been different, I would have said yes. 在不同的情况下，我就会同意了。

I couldn’t have gone through that bitter period without your generous help. 没有你的慷慨帮助，我不可能度过那段艰难的时光。

5. as if/as though，even if/even though引导的状语从句有时用虚拟语气（谓语动词多用倒退一个时间段的方式来表达虚拟语气）。

（1）若从句表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语动词用一般过去时

The man speaks as if he were a foreigner. Even though/if I were rich, I would work.

（2）若从句表示与过去事实相反，从句谓语动词用had + 过去分词

The speaker told us a lot about that country as though he had been there many times They talked as if they had been good friends for years.

（3））若从句表示 将来的可能性不大，从句谓语用would/ could/might + 动词原形

He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad. 【注意】

as if/as though，even if/even though从句表达的内容若为事实或可能性很大，用正常时态来描述。

It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起来象要下雨。（下雨的可能性很大。） The meat tastes as it has already gone bad.

二、虚拟语气在名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句中的运用

在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气，表示愿望、建议或命令等。根据虚拟语气的形式不同，虚拟语气可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。 （一）should + 动词原形

这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的，should可

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以省略。其具体运用体现在：

1. 在suggest ， order， demand ， propose， command，require, request， desire，insist, urge, advise, prefer,等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。

The leader ordered that the task（should） be finished as soon as possible. He proposed that we （should）deal with the problem by the view of development. 【总结】 一坚持 insist

二命令 order， command 三建议suggest ，advise, propose 四要求 require, request, demand ，desire 【注意】

(1)suggest 作“暗示，表明”讲时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当suggest当“建议”讲时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。

His smile suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。

He suggests that she should leave the house at once.

(2) insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”讲时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist当“坚持要求”讲时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。

Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

I insisted that you give me my money back. 我坚持要求你把钱还给我。

2. 与suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion，advice, idea, order，demand，proposal, requirement, request, plan等的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。

My proposal is that we（should） set a deadline for handing in the plan. His suggestion that we (should) go to London is nice. 3. 虚拟语气用于主语从句

(1) It is + 形容词+ that + (should) +动词原形

用于这一句型的形容词有necessary，essential，important，strange，natural，strange, impossible等；还有与表示提议，要求，命令等动词有关的形容词，如desirable, urgent, advisable, preferable等。

It is necessary that the badly wounded man（should） be treated immediately. (2) It is +名词+ that + (should) +动词原形

用于这一句型的名词有a pity, a shame, no wonder等。

It is a pity that he should fall off his bike. 很遗憾，他竟然从自行车上摔下来了。 (3) It is + 过去分词+ that + (should) +动词原形

用于这一句型的过去分词就是表示提议，要求，命令等动词的过去分词，如 suggested ,

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ordered，demanded，proposed，desired, advised, required, requested, urged等。

It’s

It’s suggested that the plan be carried out. （二）过去时态类

有一些词或短语后接的句子，也要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态（如：一般过去时、过去完成时等）来体现的。 1. wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其主要形式有三种： 表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish +主语+动词过去式； 表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish +主语+had+过去分词；

表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish +主语+ would/should/could/might +动词原形。

I wish I knew everything in the world.

He wished he had never been involved in such affairs. I wish we could go to the seaside some day.

2. 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well（不妨，最好） 和would prefer（宁愿，更喜欢） 等后面所跟的从句中，也可用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“宁愿”、“但愿”。其形式为：

① “would rather ( would sooner … ）＋主语＋过去式，表示现在或将来的情况 ② “would rather ( would sooner … ）＋主语＋过去完成时”表示过去的情况

The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office. I would rather I had not told him the bad news. 3. 由if only（要是…就好了）引导的感叹句。

与现在或将来事实相反的愿望：过去式或would/could+动词原形 与过去事实相反的愿望：had + 过去分词

If only I had passed the test！ =How I wish I had passed the test！ If only it stopped raining！ = How I wish it stopped raining！

4. It is(about/high) time… 后的定语从句中，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该是…的时候了”。

It is time we went out for a walk.

It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.

5. in case, lest, for fear that引导的状语从句中用虚拟语气。其形式通常为:“… lest (in case, for fear that) +主语+should+动词原形”。lest, for fear that句中的should 可以省去，in case 句中的should 通常不省去。

She called him lest he should go out.

They left early for fear that they would meet him.

requested that we (should)

keep the stability of the society for the people’s peaceful life.

三、虚拟语气的其它用法

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在英语中，一些表示建议、请求、劝告、愿望、祈祷、祝福或诅咒的句子，也需要使用虚拟语气。

God save me. 上帝救我。 May you be lucky！

Long live the People′s Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁！

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