外文文献翻译(研究建设项目的工程造价)

科技文献翻译

题 目： 研究建设项目的工程造价

学 院： 土木建筑学院 专业名称： 工程管理 班级学号： 12112221 学生姓名： 廖力 指导教师： 李鹏炜

2016年3月

外文翻译（译文）

研究建设项目的工程造价

摘要

在工程建设中，中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理，并合理确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。

在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程，分离的控制现状的基础上，通过建设成本控制的基本理论为指导，探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用，阐述了存在的问题在施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响，提出了建设成本控制应体现在施工前期，整个施工过程中的成本控制，然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。 关键词：建设成本，成本控制，项目 1.研究的意义

在中国，现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的，并在1980s.Traditional施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额，从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法，这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。 在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面，即建设成本和施工成本控制方法的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革，到现在为止，计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的方法主要是控制结算及施工成本，这仅仅是事后算账的方法的改变，并不能满足节约资源，提高工作的目的。近年来，发达国家对项目投资的要求已经提前计划来控制，并在一个事件，其效果已被证明是有效的中间控制。实际上一个科学的方法应该是，施工成本控制的方法和事前事后可以消除或徒劳或低效率和不必要的资源退化和方法之前或在事件发生后实施建设项目的应用减少劳动力。

考虑到上述情况，学术界提出了成本管理，早在20世纪80年代的全过程控制的理念。他们开始重视建设项目前期管理和主动进行成本管理。随后，于2003年7月1日，实施<<成本估算为规范建设工程工程量清单>>的象征，中国的成本估算已进入一个崭新的新时代，随着市场经济的发展规则的情况。从那时起，概念和中国成本管理的方法被确实与国际社会一体化。

失去了建设项目投资控制是中国固定投资领域的一个普遍现象。建设项目消耗了相

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当多的人力，物力和机器，具有投资大，建设周期长，以及强大的合成，因此它与所有政党建设的经济利益相关的，意味着很多国家经济。目前，在中国工程建设领域，存在技术和经济分离的现状。大多数工程师和技术人员往往把建设成本融资和初步预算人员的责任，并错误地认为它无关的自己。在开展项目的过程中，他们通常只专注于质量控制和进度控制，而忽视了在建项目的投资控制。如果技术人员忽视建设成本，和那些谁是负责建设成本都在建设成本连接相关的技术建设无知识，那么就很难让他们合理确定和有效控制工程造价。施工监理投资控制是指管理活动的项目，它试图以确保实现项目的投资目标提供满意的质量和进度的前提下，实现整个国家。投资目标设定为通过项目建设的全过程建设实践的进一步进展，施工成本控制运行的不同阶段，但它应该到的关键点突出。显然，建设成本控制的关键在于投资决策和设计阶段施工前，而投资决策作出后，关键在于设计。建设项目的生命周期包括建设成本和之后的建设项目投入使用的经常性开支，并丢弃和拆卸费用等项目的使用期。据一些西方国家的分析，通常设计成本仅为达建设项目生命周期的不到1％。然而，它是该占建设成本影响超过75％的小于1％的成本。因此，显然的是，设计质量是整个项目建设的好处是至关重要的。

很长一段时间，项目建设的前期工程施工成本控制已经在中国被忽略，同时控制工程造价的主要精力都集中在审核施工图预算，工程结算成本和施工过程中沉降流水帐。虽然这有它的作用，毕竟，这并没有从遭受损失和获得一半的结果有两倍的努力后，采取预防措施的区别。为了有效地控制建设成本，控制的重点应坚决转移到前期施工阶段。目前，我们应采取一切煞费苦心地把握这个显著阶段，从而达到事半功倍的效果。

本文旨在分析在通过理论方法和施工成本管理的实践研究整个工期成本控制存在的问题。特别是，在建设前期的成本控制问题值得我们的研究，使我们可以探索相应的改革措施，以提供施工项目成本控制提供一些参考。

其中概算超过估计的建设项目的情况下，预算超概算，结算超预算，是在中国固定资产投资的一种普遍现象。这是失控的建设成本增加了投资的压力，增加了建设成本，减少投资收益，影响投资决策，而且，在很大程度上，浪费国家财政，所以很容易导致腐败行为或违法行为。 20世纪50年代以来的中间，总结基本建设战线几十年的实践经验的基础上，我们进行了一系列的工程建设领域的改革。特别是自1988年5月，我们已逐步实施建设监理制度在全国各地，这已经在逆转失去在执行期间建设项目的控制权的现象一定的积极作用。然而，由于该系统仍处于起步阶段，还没有出现大批的专业和社会监督队伍。此外，在其施工监理进行的项目，存在着普

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遍现象，如监督和经济方面忽视的技术问题“，在施工阶段强调质量控制和投资控制的忽视”和“重点监管“。在现实中，监管的权利往往被局限在技术方面的管理，而经济方面的管理是牢牢地掌握在所有者的控制权。同时，滞后现有工程造价管理体系的后面为失去建设成本控制的主要原因。因此，作为一个整体，在建设工程造价失控的现象还相当严重，因此有必要进行进一步的研究，并就目前的建设成本管理和因素的主要因素进一步分析在建设项目的所有阶段的影响施工成本。 2.初步研究内容

针对目前的“建设工程造价的全过程控制”的主题，并根据大量的有关决定，并在国内和国外施工项目成本控制的文献综述，本文的作者收集了大量了一些有关省，经过调查城市的报告和数据。随后，笔者进行了以下工作。

1）分析建设项目投资的制定和找出在建设项目的所有阶段失去对施工成本控制的主要原因。

2）研究和分析现状和目前的建设成本管理存在的问题，并在确定和施工成本控制研究这些问题的影响。

3）提出了有效的途径和方法，从决策阶段的建设项目的价值工程良好的应用，设计阶段，施工阶段，施工阶段的竣工验收。

4）要明确意义，必要性和建设项目成本控制的可行性，为改善中国的工程造价管理提供建议。

2.1施工成本控制理论和管理模式

根据新的成本控制理论，造价工程师都是“专业人士谁承担成本估算，成本控制，营销策划，科学管理”。由造价工程师从事的领域包括等方面的项目管理，项目规划，进度管理和项目建设的盈利能力分析等及其生产工艺。造价工程师超过生命周期的支出，物业设施和生产及与总成本的管理技术建设项目的生产控制提供服务。 2.2中国目前工程造价管理模式和理论 2.2.1政府直接调控

考虑到配额的发展历程，可以发现，配额应运而生，发展，成为中华人民共和国的成立后计划经济的发展逐渐成熟。自从中国进行了投资系统集中管理模式，很长一段时间，政府不仅是宏观政策的厂商，但微型项目建设的参与者。因此，计划经济的色彩密集统一的配额能够提供强大的方法和手段，为政府进行宏观投资调控和微观建设项目管理。

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2.2.2当前建设成本估值基础

建设成本计算的基本材料通常包括工程造价定额，工程造价定额费用，成本指数，基本单价，数量计算规则和相关的经济规则，由政府主管部门出具的政策等，包括估计指数（概算指标），概算定额，预算定额（综合预算定额），费用定额（标准），劳动定额，劳动日规范，材料，设备的预算价格，一个项目的直接价格指数，原材料价格指数和成本指数。而且还包括在近两年的消耗定额和物品清单计价标准。 2.2.3当前建设成本估价模型

估值模型是工程造价管理的一个基本方面。工程造价管理是政府行为，而估值模型是一个国家的手段来管理和控制建设成本。目前有两个中国建筑估值模型，即根据定额计价模式和一个根据法案的数量。 2.2.3.1根据配额估值模型

根据定额计价模式是在从计划经济向市场经济的过渡时期采取的有效模式。根据配额通过估值模型工程造价的确定防止高估的估值和收购标准，价格压到一定程度，由于预算定额标准化的消费率和各种文件规定的人力，物力，设备单价和各种服务费规范，这反映了规范性，统一性和建设成本的合理性。然而，它具有在市场竞争中抑制效果，是不利于的建筑企业，以提高其技术，加强其管理和提高其劳动效率和市场竞争力。

2.2.3.2根据工程量清单计价模型

根据工程量清单计价模式是最近提出的建设成本确定模式。在这种模式下，政府仅仅是统一项目编码，项目名称，数量的测量和测量规则的单位。各施工企业都有自决权根据要约自身情况来报出的价格，并在招标的过程中由此形成的建筑产品价格。 2.3在实施过程中成本控制

长期以来，技术，经济一直在工程建设领域分开。由计划经济体制的约束，有没有在我们的工程师和技术人员的头脑经济的概念，因为他们认为降低建设成本，作为财务人员的责任：在没有做自己。然而，金融和初步预算人员的主要职责是按照财务制度行事。通常情况下，他们不熟悉施工工艺，并了解项目的设计，建设内容及实施建设的各个关系的变化很少，甚至没有。在这种情况下，他们别无选择，只能机械地锻炼身体，或从财务角度看，这会导致技术和经济的相互分离的审计费用。他们只是做他们做什么，这反映了不利已完成一期工程量的价格，因此很难合理有效地控制建设成本。

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1988, we have gradually implemented the system of construction supervision all over the country, which has had some positive effects upon reversing the phenomenon of losing control of a construction project in the implementation period. However, because that system is still in its starting stage, there hasn’t appeared a large batch of professional and socialized supervision teams. In addition, in projects in which construction supervision is carried out, there exist general phenomena, such as “emphasis on quality control at the construction stage and neglect of investment control”, and “emphasis on technical aspects of supervision and neglect of economic aspects of supervision”. In reality, rights of supervision tend to be confined to management of technical aspects, while management of economic aspects is firmly in control of proprietors. Meanwhile, lagging behind of existing construction cost management system is the primary cause for losing control of construction cost. Therefore, as a whole, the phenomenon of losing control over construction project cost is still quite serious, so it is necessary to conduct further study and make further analysis on major factors of current construction cost management and factors at all stages of a construction project that affect construction cost. 2. Primary study content

Aiming at the subject of “control of whole-process of construction project cost”, and based on lots of literature reviews about determination and control of construction project cost both at home and abroad, the author of this paper has collected extensively some relevant provincial and city reports and data after investigation. Afterwards, the author conducts the following work.

1) To analyze formulation of construction project investment and to find out primary reasons for losing control over construction cost at all stages of a construction project. 2) To study and analyze status quo and existing issues of current construction cost management, and study influences of these issues upon determination and control of a construction cost.

3) To put forward effective approaches and methods as well application of value engineering of a construction project from its decision-making stage, design stage, construction stage to the final acceptance of construction stage.

4) To make clear significance, necessity and feasibility of cost control of a construction project so as to provide recommendations for improvement of construction cost management in China.

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2.1 Construction cost control theory and management mode

According to the new cost control theory, cost engineers are “professional persons who undertake cost estimate, cost control, marketing planning and scientific management”. Fields undertaken by cost engineers include such aspects as project management, project planning, progress management and profitability analysis etc of a project construction and its production process. Cost engineers offer service for control over life cycle expenditure, property facilities and production & manufacture of a construction project with their management technique with an overall cost.

2.2 Current construction cost management model and theories in China 2.2.1 Direct regulation and control of the government

Considering development process of quota, it can be discovered that quota has come into being, developed and become mature gradually with development of planned economy after foundation of PRC. Since China has carried out centralized management model of investment system for a long time, the government is not only a maker of macropolicy, but a participant of micro-project construction. Therefore, a unified quota with dense colour of planned economy is able to provide powerful methods and means for the government to carry out macro-investment regulation and control and micro-construction project management.

2.2.2 Valuation basis for current construction cost

Basic materials for calculation of construction cost usually include construction cost quota, construction cost expense quota, cost index, basic unit price, quantities calculation rule and relevant economic rules and policies issued by competent departments of the government, etc. It includes index of estimate (budgetary estimate index), budgetary estimate quota, budgetary quota (comprehensive budgetary quota), expense quota (standard), labor quota, working-day norm, materials, budgetary price of facilities, direct price index of a project, material price index and cost index. And also included is valuation criterion of consumption quota and list of items in recent two years. 2.2.3 Valuation model of current construction cost

Valuation model is a basic aspect of construction cost management. Construction cost management is a governmental behavior, while valuation model is a means for a country to manage and control construction cost. There are two construction valuation models at

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present in China, namely, valuation model according to quota and one according to bill of quantities.

2.2.3.1 Valuation model according to quota

Valuation model according to quota is an effective model adopted during the transition period from planned economy to market economy. Determination of construction cost through valuation model according to quota prevents overrated valuation and standards and prices pressed down to some extent, because budgetary quota standardizes rate of consumption and a variety of documents stipulate manpower, materials, unit price of machines and all sorts of service fee norms, which reflects normativity, unitarity and rationality of construction cost. However, it has an inhibited effect upon market competition, and is not favorable for a construction enterprise to improve its technique, strengthen its management and enhance its labor efficiency and market competition. 2.2.3.2 Valuation model according to bill of quantities

Valuation model according to bill of quantities is a construction cost determination model proposed recently. In this model, the government merely unifies project code, project name, unit of measurement and measurement rule of quantities. Each construction enterprise has its self-determination to quote a price according to its own situation in a tender offer, and price of building products is formed thereby in the process of bidding. 2.3 Cost control in the process of implementation

For a long time, technique and economy has been separated in the field of project construction. Restrained by the planned economy, there lacks the economic concept in the minds of our engineers and technicians, because they regard reduction of construction cost as a duty of financial personnel which has nothing to do with themselves. However, the primary responsibility of financial and preliminary budget personnel is to act in accordance with financial system. Usually, they are not familiar with construction technique, and know little or even nothing about changes of various relations in project design, construction content and implementation of construction. Under such a circumstance, they have no choice but to mechanically work out or audit the expenditure from a financial perspective, which results in mutual separation of technique and economy. They just do what they do, which negatively reflects price of quantities of a project that has been completed, so it is difficult to control construction cost rationally and effectively.

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2.4 Control of cost in the process of construction

Implementation stage of a construction project is a stage which requires the most assets in the whole process of a project construction, and is also a vital stage for pecuniary resources to transform into building entities. Cost control at the implementation stage refers to confine construction cost within a scheduled control scope through a scientific cost control theory and method on the condition of ensuring project quality and time limit. The process of generation of a building entity is inreversible, so if effective automatic control and precontrol cannot be conducted over construction cost, then economic loss might be caused that cannot be made up for.

2.5 Analysis of major factors that affect construction cost at the stage of implementation

Implementation stage of a project refers to the period from completion of construction documents design and examination and submission to the construction party to the final completion acceptance of the project and until it is put into use. According to the basic operation procedure of the implementation stage of a construction project, formation of a construction cost has to undergo such major aspects as bidding, contract signing and management, joint auditing of a shop drawing, investigation of a construction management plan, material management and completion settlement, etc. All these aspects affect construction cost settlement to different degrees. In that process, after evolving from budgetary price, price for successful bidding, refurbishing cost for a contract, the construction cost is finally determined in the form of settlement price for project completion. Factors affecting construction cost are various, but from the perspective of analysis of cost formation, there are primarily the following reasons.

1) Influences of a project bidding. Bidding can determine price for successful bidding, while contract price is determined on the basis of price for successful bidding. If something goes wrong with bidding, then it might result in distortion of the price for bidding, and it is impossible to provide accurate and reliable foundation for cost control, and even result in losing control over the cost.

2) Influences of contract signing and management. Determination of a contract price further makes precise target of cost control, and an initial draft of a contract term provides correct foundation and principles for cost control. After signing of a contract, contract items are regarded as foundation, which will have strict contract control over design

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changes at the construction stage, project measurement, payment of a construction debt, and construction compensation, etc, and which will ensure realization of a control target. Therefore, losing control over signing and management of a contract will necessarily result in losing control over construction cost.

3) Influences of examination of construction management plan. Construction management plan is one of important foundations for determine a project bidding price and contract price. In the process of construction, adjustment of a contract price should also be determined according to construction management plan, because quality of construction management plan will directly affect quality and progress of a project. Therefore, losing control over examination of construction management plan will bring extremely unfavorable influences upon control over construction cost.

4) Influences of material management. On one hand, material price is an important component of bidding price and contract price. On the other hand, material expense accounts for a large proportion in construction cost, because price of materials determine construction cost. Therefore, losing control over material management will necessarily result in losing control over construction cost.

5) Influences of settlement, examination and verification of a project completion. Settlement, examination and verification is the final stage of a construction cost control at the implementation stage. A strict and meticulous settlement, examination and verification can ensure accuracy and authenticity of settlement cost of a project.

According to previous analysis, we believe that all aspects of cost control can have effect upon formation of construction cost, among which bidding of a project, contract signing and management, examination of a construction management plan and management of materials all have decisive effects upon formation of construction cost, and are vital aspects in cost construction at the implementation stage of a project, so neglect of these four aspects is a direct cause for losing control over construction cost.

In this paper, the author summarizes relevant issues in construction cost control at the decision-making stage of a construction project, at the design stage and construction stage, and puts forward principles or resolutions for handing such issues. Especially, as a method of combination of technique and economics, application of value engineering is elaborated at all stages, so that construction cost gets effective controlled. This paper cannot conclude all such issues existing, and also resolutions to resolve these issues cannot cover and

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contain everything, but with development of construction, new issues and new trains of thought will continue to emerge.

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