lexicology exercise

Chapter 1: Test

I.Multiple choices

1. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

A. a minimal free form B. a smallest meaningful unit C. an element which can not be further analyzed D. a grammatically minimal form

2. Which of the following statements is Not correct? A. A word can be formed by two free morphemes

B. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morpheme C. A word can be formed by two bound morphemes D. A word can be formed by any two affixes.

3. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always _______________.

A. logical B. arbitrary C. inherent D. automatic

4. In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds, which shows __________.

A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established. B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaning

C. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of convention D. the concepts are not really the same

5. The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over the years.

A. systematically B. arbitrarily C. logically D. rapidly 6. The English alphabet was adopted from _______. A. Anglo-Saxon B. the Romans C. Greek D. Sanscrit 7. Words may fall into ___________.

the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency content words and functional words by notion native words and borrowed words by origin. All of the above.

8. Functional words do _______ work of expression in English on average than content words.

A. far more B. less

C. equal d. similar

9. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number amounting roughly_________. A. 20,000 to 30,000 B. 50,000 to 60,000

C. 40,000 to 50,000 D. 70,000 to 80,000

10. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______of the modern English vocabulary.

A. 50 percent B. 50 percent C. 80 percent D. 65 percent

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. A dog is called a ―dog‖ because the sound and the three letters that make up the word automatically suggest the animal in question.

2. A word is a smallest meaningful unit that has a sound unity and a grammatical function. 3. The written form of a language is the written record of the oral form, therefore the written form agrees with the oral form.

4. The speech of Old English was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 5. The early scribes created some of the differences between sounds and forms.

6. In English, even those spellings which appear to be irregular may have more regularity than we realize.

7. Vocabulary is a term that can only be used to refer to the total number of words in a language.

8. As the chief function of functional words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.

9. Native words of English are words brought to Britain because of the Norman Conquest, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.

10.What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.

I. Multiple choices

1. A 2.D 3.B 4. C 5.D 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.C

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false

1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T

Chapter 2: Test I. Multiple choices

1. The Indo-European language family consists of________. A. all the languages in Europe and India

B. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe. C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.

D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East 2. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______. A. A highly inflected language. B. A highly developed language. C. A very difficult language.

D. A language of leveled endings.

3. The Eastern set of Indo-European language family includes such languages as _____.

A. Polish, Welsh and Hindi B. English, French and Russian C. German, Persian and Irish

D. Armenian, Albanian and Bulgarian

4. The Germanic family consists of the four European languages: __________. A. Slovenian, Czech, Romany and Italic

B. Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish C. Scottish, Irish, Welsh and Breton D. Portuguese, Italian, English and German

5. _________ only made a small contribution to the English vocabulary. A. Latin B. Celtic C. Danish D. Spanish

6. The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________. A. Anglo-Saxons B. French speaking Normans C. Celts D. Jutes

7. English is more closely related to ____________. German than French. French to German Welsh than German Irish than Dutch

8. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of _______. A. translation-loans B. semantic loans C. word formation D. borrowings

9. Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.

A. Celtic B. Germanic C. Roman D. Irish 10. English has evolved from ___________.

A. an analytic language to a synthetic language B. a Celtic language to a British language

C. analytic language to a less inflectional language D. a synthetic language to an analytic language

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. English language is the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.

2. Old English was a language of full endings while Middle English was one of leveled endings.

3. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.

4. In modern English period, borrowing is no longer an important channel of vocabulary expansion.

5. In earlier stages of English, French, Latin, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors to the expansion of English vocabulary.

6. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest which brought many Latin words into the English language.

7. In the Middle English period, Wycliff and Shakespeare made great contributions to the elevation of the social status of the English language.

8. Old English has a vocabulary of about 20,000 to 90,000 words. 9. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Modern English.

10.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the English

vocabulary.

I. Multiple choices

1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.B 6. C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.D II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1.F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8.F 9. F 10. F

Chapter3: Test I. Multiple choices

1.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the position in a word, are termed .

A. phonemes B. allomorphs C. morphs D. phones

2. In the words \-er\.

A. prefixes B. suffixes

C. free morphemes D. bound morphemes

3. is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to be used in combination with other morphemes to make words. A. Free root B. Bound root

C. Morpheme D. Bound morpheme

4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as .

A. morphemes B. derivational morphemes C. inflectional morphemes D. suffixes

5. is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity.

A. Stem B. Root C. Morpheme D. Affix

6. A may consist of a single morpheme as in \morphemes as in a compound like \

A. stem, root, root B. root, stem, stem C. stem, stem, root D. root, root, stem

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. A word is the smallest unit of a language which stands alone to convey meaning. 2. Allomorphs usually occur at random, because they are not phonetically conditioned and unpredictable.

3. We might as well say free morphemes are free roots.

4. Words made up of only bound morphemes are rare in English. 5. In English, bound roots are either Latin or French. I. Multiple Choices

1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.D II. True or False

1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F

III. Define terms

morpheme: a minimal meaningful unit of a language. allomorph: one of the variants that realize a morpheme.

bound morpheme: a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme. free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone. affix: a morpheme attached to a stem or root.

inflectional affix: an affix that indicates grammatical relationships. derivational affix: an affix that forms new words with a stem or root. root: what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes. stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

chapter 4: Test I. Multiple choices

1. The new words produced from shortening including clipping and acronyms amount to of all the new words.

A. 30% to 40% B. 28% to 30% C. 8% to 10% D. 1% to 5%

2. is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .

A. derivation, affixation B. affixation, derivation C. derivative, affixation D. affixation, derivative 3.\. A. pejorative prefixes B. negative prefixes

C. reservative prefixes D. miscellaneous prefixes 4. \ . A. prefixes of orientation B. prefixes of attitude

C. prefixes of degree or size D. prefixes of time and order 5. belong to pejorative prefixes.

A. anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- B. auto-, neo-, pan-, vice- C. de-, dis-, un- D. mal-, mis-, pseudo- 6. \ .

A. for Europe B. against Europe C. the whole of Europe D. former Europe

7.\. A. concrete deverbal nouns B. concrete denominal nouns C. abstract denominal nouns D. abstract deverbal nouns 8. \ . A. Deverbal nouns B. Denominal nouns C. De-adjective nouns D. De-adverb nouns 9. belong to deverbal suffixes.

A. -able, -ive B. -ly, -ward C. -ate, -en D. -ful, -less,

10. When we use %unexpected winner\ .

A. a green 'hand, a 'black horse B. a 'green hand, a 'black horse C. a green 'hand, a black 'horse D. a 'green hand, a black 'horse

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