2014年职称英语理工类A - 完形填空11-15篇 - 字典版重点标注 - 图文

Composer 1 germson （理工类）14年完形填空 towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t 第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for impose construction standards that could reduce Unprepared Cities （气候变化给不备城市带来heating and air conditioning needs. They don't 重大风险） emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile A new examination of urban policies has been use. In fact, many local governments are carried out recently by Patricia Romero taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in urges them to change their idle policies climate change and urban development．She and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful warns that many of the world’s fast-growing effects of climate change on cities.. urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of 第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could changing climate．Her work also concludes that Neutralize Heart Risk (快餐加免费降胆固醇most cities are failing to reduce emissions of 药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险) carbon dioxide and other greenhouse Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free gases．These gases are known to affect the of charge so that customers can reduce the heart atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at issue and poses profound threats to the growing Imperial College London suggest in a new cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But study． too few cities are developing effective strategies Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy ”LDL” to protect their residents.\cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has Cities are major sources of proven them to be highly effective at lowering a greenhouse gases．And urban populations are person’s heart attack risk . likely to be among those most severely affected In a paper published in the American Journal of by future climate change. Lankao’s findings Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues highlight ways in which city-residents are calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase interventions that could offer immediate and in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger longer-term benefits． and drinking a milkshake． The locations and dense construction Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung patterns of cities often place their populations at Institute at Imperial College London，who is the greater risk for natural disasters. Potential senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut threats associated with climate include storm out a11 of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of weather can heat heavily paved cities more than your possibility of having a heart attack. Taking surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the events can be more serious in an urban same degree as a fast food meal increases it.” environment．For example，a prolonged heat “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many wave can increase existing levels of air unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they pollution，causing widespread health like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may lack health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to basic facilities such as drinking water or a make risk-reducing statins available just as easily dependable network of roads，are especially as the unhealthy condiments that are provided vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per poorer countries live in substandard housing customer 一not much different to a sachet of without access to reliable drinking water，sugar.” Dr Francis said． roads and basic services. When people engage in risky behaviours like Local governments, driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take therefore ,should take measures to protect their measures that lower their risk, 1ike wearing a residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Composer 2 germson Taking a statin is a rational way of lowering water, they could make thicker cells that largely some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a 第十三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More solar thermal energy collector, they also found Heat, More Light （更有效的太阳能系统：更that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted 多热量，更强灯光） the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or percent. PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but 第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's until now they haven’t been very good at the Waters（鲨鱼有益于地球水系） heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone It is hard to get people to think of sharks as solar thermal collector. That’s because they anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline to attack people frequently. But these fish2 silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate perform a valuable service for earth's waters more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to and for human beings. Yet business and sport gather heat. fishing3 are threatening their existence Some That’s a problem of economics. Good solar sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth hot-water systems can harvest much more energy Warm weather may influence both fish and than a solar-electric system at a substantially shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: because of their warm waters. Experts say photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. where people also swim. In fact, most sharks In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They professor of materials science and engineering, are thought to mistake a person for a sea has devised a solution in the form of a better animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His people should not swim in the ocean when the research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from sun goes down or comes up. Those are the Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak times when sharks are looking for food. and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Experts also say that bright colors and shiny Canada. jewelry may cause sharks to attack. Most solar panels are made with crystalline A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4' It silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of can find small amounts of substances in water, amorphous silicon, commonly known as such as blood, body liquids and chemicals thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much produced by animals. These powerful electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and senses help sharks fred their food. Sharks eat cheaper. And, because they require much less fish, any other sharks, and plants that live in silicon, they have a greener footprint. the ocean. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are Medical researchers want to learn more about the vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the shark's body defense, and immune systems form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. against disease. Researchers know that sharks “That means that their efficiency drops when recover quickly from injuries. They study the you expose them to light—pretty much the worst shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains, disease. which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels Sharks are important for the world's oceans make up only a small fraction of the market. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting However, Pearce and his team found a way to activities mean that the numbers of other fish in engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by ocean waters do not become too great This incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of protects the plants and other forms of life that PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film exist in the oceans. silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal 第十五篇“Liquefaction” Key to Much of operating temperatures, near the boiling point of Japanese Earthquake Damage （“液化”是日本 Composer 3 germson 地震破坏的关键） younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled Japan caused a significant level of soil ground. The \sediments, in geologic \terms, may be those deposited within the past its widespread severity, a new analysis shows. 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, \seen localized3 examples of soil that describes much of downtown Portland, the liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the Portland International Airport and other cities. distance and extent of damage in Japan were Anything near a river and old flood plains is a unusually severe,\said Scott Ashford, a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 State University5. \structures were tilted bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. and sinking into the sediments,\Ashford said. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been \reinforced to prevent collapse. Japan has pipelines6, crippling the utilities and suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 infrastructure these communities need to earthquake, but Japanese construction standards function. We saw some places that sank as much helped prevent many buildings from collapse as four feet.\---even as they tilted and sank into the ground. Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse . But most earthquakes are much shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this. \such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,\said. \it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable.\The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts. \no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar events ,\Ashford said. \construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.\Ashford pointed out that northern California have

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