语言学chapter4课后答案

I. Choose the best answer.

1. _____refers to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur together in a sentence. A. Syntagmatic relations B. Hypotactic relations C. Paradigmatic relations D. Paratactic relations

2. For structuralists,____is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. A. Coordinate construction B. Subordinate construction C. Endocentric construction D. Exocentric construction

3. Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, w

Chapter 4 Syntax

（部分练习要求画树形图，这里只作初步的替代性的成分划分，仅供参考）

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Adv V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Infl V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the ap

Chapter 4 Syntax句法学 一、本章纲要

Chapter 4 Syntax 1.Syntax as a system of rules 2. Sentence structure 2.1 The basic components of a sentence 2.2 Types of sentences 2.2.1 The simple sentence 2.2.2 The coordinate sentence 2.2.3 The complex sentence 2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures 2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence 2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a 2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure 3. Syntactic categories 3.1 Lexical categories 3.2 Phrasal categories 4. Grammatical relations 5. Combinational rules 5.1

Chapter 4 Syntax句法学 一、本章纲要

Chapter 4 Syntax 1.Syntax as a system of rules 2. Sentence structure 2.1 The basic components of a sentence 2.2 Types of sentences 2.2.1 The simple sentence 2.2.2 The coordinate sentence 2.2.3 The complex sentence 2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures 2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence 2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a 2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure 3. Syntactic categories 3.1 Lexical categories 3.2 Phrasal categories 4. Grammatical relations 5. Combinational rules 5.1

第四章 汇编语言程序设计

4-1 若晶振为12MHz，试编制延时2ms和1s子程序。

4-2 将20H单元中8位无符号数，转换成3为BCD码并存放在30H（百位）和31H（十位）

单元中。

4-3 将30H单元内的2个BCD数相乘，乘积位BCD数，并把乘积存放在31H单元。 4-4 试求21H和20H单元中16位带符号二进制补数码的绝对值，并送回20H和21H单元，

高位在先，低位在后

4-5 试求内部RAM30H～37H单元中8个无符号数的算术平均值，结果存入38H单元。 4-6 试编一数据块搬迁程序。将外部RAM2000H～204FH单元中的数，移入内部RAM30H～7FH

单元中。

4-7 在内部RAM的BLOCK开始的单元中有一无符号数据块，数据块长度存入LEN单元。试

编程求其中的最小数并存入MINI单元。

4-8 在内部RAM的BLOCK开始的单元中有一带符号数据块其长度存入LEN单元。试编程求

其中正数和负数的代数和，并分别存入PSUM与MSUM指向的单元中。

4-9 在内部RAM的BLOCK开始的单元中有一无符号数据块，其长度存入LEN单元。试编程

重新按递增次序排列，并存入原存储区

4-10 试编程将（R2

P7 3. Discuss the relation of arbitrariness and rules?

Words are arbitrary in form, but they are not random in their use. Although the link between form and meaning is arbitrary, there existed certain relationship between them, which can be called rules. The individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community.

P12

3.Please explain the primacy of human language over animal

communication.

Human language is primary over animal communication in the follo

语义学

语义学是对语言单位，尤其是词和句子意义的研究。

1.“意义”的意义

G.Leech提出7种意义：概念意义，内涵意义，社会意义，感情意义，反射意义，搭配意义，主题意义。G.Leech的概念意义包括两个方面：涵义和指称。涵义和指称的区别类似内涵与外延：前者指一个实体的抽象属性，后者指拥有这些属性的具体实体。每个单词都有涵义，即概念意义，否则他们无法使用或理解，但并非每个单词都有指称。

2.指称论（命名论）：该理论把词语意义与词所指或词所代表的事物联系起来。该理论对于解释专有名词或在现实中有所指的名词时很有效。但其无法指称抽象概念。有时同一东西会有不同词语的表达。

3.概念论。代表是语义三角说。该理论认为，词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，而是以抽象的概念为中介。

4，语境论认为应该在具体语境中研究词的意义. 语境包括情景语境和上下文两种。

5.行为主义理论认为词的意义是说话者说话得情景及听话人的反应

6.意义关系

词语词之间的主要意义关系：相同关系，相反关系，包含关系

a.同义关系。完全同义关系很少，所谓的同一都依赖语境，并总在某方面不同。（方言，内涵，文体等）

b.反义关系主要包括：等级反义关系，互补反义关系，关系反义关系。

1）等级反义的特点：第一，否定一方并不

[资料]《语言学纲要》课后思考题答案

语言学纲要思考题（第一章）

Ø 第一章 语言的社会功能

1. 什么是语言？

从语言学的角度看，我们主要侧重于从语言的社会功能角度来认识考察语言。从语言的社会功能看，人类语言虽然多种多样，但归结起来功能都是相同的，即作为交际工具和思维工具。按照我们的教材给语言下一个定义就是；语言是人类最重要的交际工具，也是思维的工具。

2. 语言的作用是什么，举例说明。

1) 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

人类传递信息，进行交际和交流思想，除了使用语言外，还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等，在一定场合使用，可以弥补语言的一些不足，但是这些交际工具使用范围有限，有的仅用于特定的范围，最重要的是，这些交际工具，都离不开语言，都是在语言的基础上产生的，是辅助语言进行交际的，没有语言，这些手段的存在没有任何意义。（即为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具。）

2) 语言是人类的思维工具。

语言不但是人类的交际工具，同时也是人类思维的工具，是认识成果的贮存所。思维过程离不开语言，需要借助语言来进行比较、分析、综合等一系列活动，需要借助语言来形成思想，利用语言把它储存在头脑中，再借助语言把思想表达出来，传达给听话人，

Chapter 1

Introduction

1. De?ne the following terms brie?y.

(1) linguistics: the scienti?c or systematic study of language.

(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it

relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.

(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters)

combine to fo

Chapter 4 Economy Recent History of British Economy * Economic decline

* After World War II, the British economy experienced a period of great difficulty and relative economic decline. Causes

* two World Wars-great economic loss

* the era of the British Empire was over-decolonization (losses of raw material & market) * military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s) Policies

* \

* an economy in which there is some public ownership as well as privately owned business

* During the 20t