应用语言学chapter4 syntax exercises

I. Choose the best answer.

1. _____refers to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur together in a sentence. A. Syntagmatic relations B. Hypotactic relations C. Paradigmatic relations D. Paratactic relations

2. For structuralists,____is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. A. Coordinate construction B. Subordinate construction C. Endocentric construction D. Exocentric construction

3. Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is _____Analysis.

A. Internal component B. Innate capacity C. Internal constituent D. Immediate Constituent

4. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to ______construction. A. Endocentric B. Exocentric C. Subordinate D. Coordinate

5. ______refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.

A. Conjoining B. Embedding C. Concord D. Government

6. ______is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrast as singular, duel, plural, etc. A. Category B. Number C. Gender D. Case 7. Which one of them is not the cohesive device?___

A. Ellipsis B. Reference C. Substitution D. Subject

8. _____refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents rather than the subject were considered together.

A. Subject B. Object C. Predicate D. Complement

9. Which of the following is not included in the three classes of syntactic relations?

A. Positional relations B. Relations of co-occurrence C. Relations of expansion D. Relations of substitutability 10. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in____. A. Transformational generative grammar B. Systematic functional grammar C. Traditional grammar D. Structural grammar

11. The agent of the sentence “Sam was hit by a truck running behind a car” is____.

A. A car B. Sam C. A truck D. None of the above

12. The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by Swiss linguist ____in the beginning of the twentieth century. A. Chomsky B. Halliday C, Saussure D. Fillmore II. Fill in the blanks.

1. IC is the short form of immediate____used in the study of syntax.

2. ____refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. 3. Coordination and subordination belong to _____construction. 4. A______sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.

5. _____deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.

6. Positional relation, or______, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.

7. Different linguistic theories first differ in their treatment of sentence structure. In terms of syntax, there are some representative approaches: the traditional approach, the structural approach, the generative approach,_________etc.

8. Syntactic relations include______,_______and ___________. 9. Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation, therefore, involves a great deal of the study of the word, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of function of words in terms of subject, predicate, etc. These parts of speech and functions are sometimes called______. 10. Gender is a grammatical category dividing nouns into classes basically characterizable in reference to sex. Gender is also mostly a category of nouns and pronouns. The grammatical gender includes

feminine, masculine and______.

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