语言学chapter5 meaning exercises

I. Choose the best answer.

1. Which pair of antonyms does not belong to gradable antonyms?______ A. good, bad B. hit, miss C. long, short D. small, big

2. The verb “take” can be analyzed in the following way according to the componential analysis._____

A. take=CAUSE(x, (HAVE(x, y))) B. take=CAUSE(x, (~HAVE(x, y))) C. take=CAUSE(x, (BECOME(x, y))) D.take=CAUSE(x, (~BECOME(x, y))) 3. _______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types. A. Hyponymy B. Antonymy C. Polysemy D. Synonymy

4. According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics , ______makes up the central part.

A. conceptual meaning B. connotative meaning C. social meaning D. thematic meaning

5. Of the following______does not belong to the three sub-types of antonymy. A. gradable antonymy B.converse antonymy C. complementary antonymy D. complete antonymy

6. The sense relation which holds the pair of words beef-meat is_______. A. synonymy B. hyponymy C. homonymy D. converse antonymy

7. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and_______relation.

A. exclusiveness B. conclusiveness C. inclusiveness D. deduction 8. “Can I borrow your bike?”______ “You have a bike.”

A. is synonymous with B.is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. ______is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features, semantic components or semes. A. prediction analysis B. componential analysis C. phonemic analysis D. grammatical analysis

10. ______deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. reference B. concept C. semantics D. sense

11. When the word “root” means “part of plant that keeps fit firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil”, the meaning is _____meaning. A. connotative B. conceptual C. sense D. semantics

12. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by____respectively.

A. Synonymy antonymy hyponymy B. Homonymy antonymy hyponymy C. Synonymy antonymy homonymy D. Homonymy hyponymy antonymy 13. By componential analysis, BECOME(x, (~ALIVE(x))) is an explanation of ____. A. die B. dead C. kill D. murder

14. The sense relationship between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is______.

A. synonymy B. antonymy C. entailment D. presupposition

15. More specifically, ____is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.

A. pragmatics B. semantics C. syntax D. phonology

16. In the semantic triangle by Ogden and Richards, the SYMBOL refers to____. A. the linguistic units (words, phrases) B. the object in the world of experience C. concept D. idea

17. The words with more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects are called____.

A. dialectal synonyms B. collocational synonyms C. stylistic synonyms D. emotive synonyms

18. The word “table” has at least six meanings such as “a piece of furniture”, “all the people seated at a table”, etc. It can be called____.

A. polysemy B. homonymy C. hyponymy D. antonymy 19. The relation between “dog” and “animal” is that of_____.

A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy

20. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called____.

A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. homonymy 21. The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ______. A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. According to G. Leech, ____meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.

2. According to G. Leech, ____meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.

3. In the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the ____theory.

4. _____is the technical name for the sameness relation.

5. Terms like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are ____of the term “fruit”.

6. “Mary gave a book to Jack” is synonymous with “Jack____a book from Mary”. 7. Antonyms like “husband” and “wife” are____antonyms. 8. _______=PARENT(x, y) & MALE(x) 9. _______=CHILD(x, y) & MALE(x)

10. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: _____and_______.

11. ______logic, also called predicate calculus, studies the internal structure of simple propositions.

12. ______opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

III. True or false

1. After comparing “they stopped at the end of the corridor.” with “at the end of the corridor, they stopped.” , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.

2. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. 3. Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices.

4. Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct.

5. “Tulip”, “rose” and “violet” are all included in the notion of “flower”. Therefore, they are superordinates of “flower”.

6. The two words “borrow” and “lend” are antonyms but the two sentences “Jane lent some money to Jack” and “Jack borrowed some money from Jane” are synonymous.

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