语言学Chapter 5 Meaning 练习

Chapter 5 Meaning

I. Choose the best answer (20%).

1. We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view B. contextualism C. the naming theory D. behaviorism 2. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

3. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features.

A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 4.Alive” and “dead” are ______________.

A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms

C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above

5. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense

6. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 7. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms 8. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features

9. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___（ ） A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms

10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.（ ） A. +animate， +male， +human， -adult B. +animate， +male， +human， +adult C. +animate， -male， +human， -adult D. +animate， -male， +human， +adult

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(10%)

11.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself. For example, within British English or American English.

12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. While reference deals with the inherent meaning

of the linguistic form.

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.

15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

19. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. III. Fill in the blanks.(20%)

21.__________ can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

25. When two words are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.

26.__________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

27.__________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.(20%) 31.Entailment 32.Proposition

33.Componential analysis 34.Reference

V. Answer the following questions.(20%)

35.What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?

Dogs. cats. pets. parrots; trunk, branches. tree. roots （青岛海洋大学，1999） 36.What are the three kinds of antonymy? （武汉大学，2004） VI. Analyze the following situation.(20%)

37.For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by (a) words and (b) words and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words. (1) a. bachelor. man. son. paperboy. pope. chief b. bull. rooster. drake. ram

(2) a. table. stone. pencil. cup. house. ship. car b. milk. alcohol. rice. soup

(3) a. book. temple. mountain. road. tractor

b. idea. love. charity. sincerity. bravery. fear （青岛海洋大学，1999） Key: I.

1~10 B BBCAADBBB

II. 11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT III.

21.Semantics22.direct 23.Reference24.synonyms 25.homophones26.Relational 27.Componential28.selectional 29.argument30.naming IV.

31.Entailment.It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication).and it can be clarified with the following sentences: a.Tom divorced Jane. b. Jane was Tom’s wife.

In terms of truth value.the following relationships exist between these two sentences.when A is true.B must be also true; when B is false.A must also be false.When B is true.A may be true or false.Therefore we can say A entails B.

32.Proposition.It is the result of the abstraction of sentences.which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning.For example.the two sentences.Caesar invaded Gaul” and.Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold the same proposition.

33.Compositional analysis.It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.or semantic features.For example.the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components.HUMAN.YOUNG and MALE.Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN.YOUNG and FEMALE.

34.Reference.It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. V. 35.

Hyponymy.metonymy or part-whole relationship 36.

(Omit.) VI. 37.

(1)The (a) words and (b) words are male.

The (a) words are human.while the (b) words are non-human. (2)The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.

The (a) words are instrumental.while the (b) words are edible. (3)The (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual. The (a) words are material.while the (b) words are spiritual.

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/h6yx.html