2013新东方印建坤考研阅读理解技巧

阅读理解速成胜经（总论）

一、考研英语阅读的复习方法

阅读文章难句的方法：剥洋葱式句子结构分析法

在考研英语里长难句是我们读懂文章和翻译的核心障碍，要想读懂这样的长难句就不能按照普通的阅读方法从句子的第一单词开始来读，应该找到一个真确的被无数英、美国家的外国人潜意识里使用的读句子的方法来读。具体分为如下4步：

第一步、确定句子有几个洋葱(一个完整的句子为一个洋葱，有时一个句号却有好几个完整的句子)。确定的方法有：

1、看句子里有没有and，如果有看这个并列句是什么并列句，如果是句子并列就说明有2个或多个洋葱每个洋葱应该独立剥皮；

2、看句子里有没有but,yet，如果有就说明他们的前后是独立的，有2个或多个洋葱每个洋葱应该独立剥皮，但是也有特殊情况如But

I am a man.这个句子虽然有but，但是还是一个洋葱；

3、看句子里有没有特殊的标点符号，包括分号、冒号和破折号，如果有就说明他们前后的句子独立各自成为洋葱。

第二步、给句子剥皮。每构成一个独立的语法就构成一成皮。

第三步、把每层皮翻译成中文

第四步、把很多简单的中文句子组合成中文长句

注意：考研的翻译句子一般是可以分为四层的长句，一层0.5分。

例如She, who is her mother's daughter, is a girl of beauty which is envied by Lily whose ugliness is so famous in New York where there are so many poors who have a lot of children forbidden to go to school in which they can study how to live in the tedious world, which we all know.

解析：这个句子看起来很简单，其实很多学生却心中有千言万语不知道从何说起。按照剥洋葱句子结构分析的方式，如下：

第一步，因为这个句子没有and\\but\\yet，也没有特殊的标点符号。所以这个句子只有一个洋葱；

第二步，句子按照语法剥皮，分为如下①she is a girl ②of Beauty ③which is envied by

Lily ④whose ugliness is so

famous in New York ⑤where there are so many poors ⑥who have a lot of children ⑦forbidden to go to school ⑧in which they can study ⑨how to live in the tedious world ⑩which we all know ⑾who is her mother's daughter(插入语总是放到最后解决，翻译的时候可以用括号放在它前面的内容后)

第三步，把每个皮分别翻译为中文.(略)

第四步，把这些简单的中文组合成长句，这个时候就变成简单的中文文字游戏了。

阅读理解速成胜经（情感态度题）

情感态度题概述：情感态度题分为两种，即全文情感态度题和局部情感态度题。全文情感态度题，是指作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度；局部情感态度题，是指作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。

例如，假设一篇文章的论点是猪是所有动物中游泳最快的动物，并且为了证明这个论点，文章中的论据部分讲到了Smith先生说，“狗这个动物游泳也很快”。那么题目问我们作者对于猪是什么情感态度的题目就是全文情感态度题，因为它是作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度；而如果问的是作者对于狗的情感态度或Smith对于狗或猪的情感态度的什么的题目就是局部情感态度题，因为它们是作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。

考研的文章全部是来源于英美国家国内杂志上发表过的议论文，那么根据议论的特点议论的论点必须鲜明。如果一个论点不鲜明的文章投稿的话，报社自然是不会采用的，因为那是一篇很糟糕的议论文。而如果这个议论文谈论的话题是男女平等的问题的话，那么作者的情感态度必然是支持男女平等的。在美国国内是不会有人写支持男女不平等的文章的，更没有哪个报社敢刊登这样的“大逆不道”的文章的。所以因为我们考察的文章是议论文，这样就在某种程度上决定了我们在做情感态度题目的时候必须按照议论文的特征来解答。议论文的特征也正是情感态度题的命题的逻辑的缺陷，成为我们解题的关键。下面详细的讲解情感态度题的解题方法：

全文情感态度题

(一)情感态度题选项核心词汇

(1)必然不会成为正确答案的中性词：

①

indifferent,漠不关心的意思，这个词永远不能成为正确答案，因为如果作者对于论点谈论的话题不关心的话怎么可能去写一篇450字左右的文章呢？既然写了就一定是关心的；相近词汇有：disinterested, impassive;

②

suspicion,怀疑的意思，它的形容词是suspicious，议论文的论点必须是鲜明的，作者已经把文章写完了又怎么可能会依旧怀疑自己的论点呢？如果怀疑又怎么有自信把自己的文章邮寄到报社发表呢？报社又怎么可能发表呢？既然报社不可能发表那我们的命题者又是怎么找到文章的呢？所以这个词永远不会成为正确答案的；相近词汇有：questioned, questionable, puzzled, puzzling, gloomy;

③

neutral,中立的意思，议论文的论点必须有倾向性，必须鲜明，因此不选。

(2)必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词

①

sensitive,敏感的意思，这个词汇是万能选项，因为任何议论文作者必然是对论点谈论的对象是敏感的，否则就不会写这样的议论文了。因此这个选项是适合任何议论文的作者的全文情感态度的，只有在确定排除其他选项的情况下，才可以成为正确答案，一般是直接排除。因为万能选项不能考察考生的阅读理解文章的能力，如果可以成为正确答案的话，大家看见就选那这个题目出的还有什么意思？没有任何难度。它的相近词汇有：concerned;

②

biased,有偏见的意思，如果这个词是正确答案的话，也就是说命题者任何作者的观点是有偏见，即命题者是完全否认作者的这个文章的，而如果命题者已经完全否定了这个文章又怎么可能再把在他眼睛里的“垃圾”拿来考你呢？因此不选。相近词汇有：prejudice;

③

scared,害怕的意思，如果作者对于他自己谈论的话题很害怕他怎么会邮寄到报社去发表呢？不邮寄到报社，报社又怎么发表呢？因此也不可能成为正确的答案的。相近词汇有：afraid, fear;

(3)可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词

①

objective,客观的意思，有人要问具有褒义色彩的中性词和中性词有什么区别？它们的区别就是中性词没有任何的倾向性，而具有褒义色彩的中性词本身虽然是中性词，但是它们确实有褒义倾向的。因此可以成为正确的答案。

②impartial,公正的、没有偏袒的意思，解释同上。

③surprised,惊讶的意思，相近词汇有：amazed;

(4)可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词

①

critical,批评的意思，作者在写议论文的时候完全批评一个事物；

②approve，同意的意思，它的反意词是：disapprove;

③positive，积极的意思，它的反意词是： passive=negative；

④optimistic，乐观的意思，它的反意词是：pessimistic；

在考试中是不是说只有以上归纳的词汇成为全文情感态度题的选项呢？答案当然是否定的。考试中不可能只有以上的词汇成为选项的。以上的选项只是从历年真题中提炼出来的归纳和总结，具有代表意义。希望大家在以后的解题过程中把每个不在以上范围内的词汇根据以上的解析归纳到以上的范围内，这样有助于我们解题。

(二)情感态度题解题步骤

(1)看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；

(2)看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；

(3)看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；例如一个题目中的选项如下：A.

identical(一致的); B. similar(相似的); C.complementary(相互补充的); D.opposite(相反的);因此这个题目选择D；

(4)看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；

(5)看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；

(6)判断该对象的性质；

①

如果该对象与伦理道德观念相吻合，那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的褒义词的选项；比如尊师重道；

②

如果该对象与伦理道德观念不相吻合，那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的贬义词的选项；比如作奸犯科；

③

如果该对象与伦理道德观念没有关系，那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词；比如经济的增长或衰弱；

④

如果该对象与伦理道德的的关系还没有形成定论，那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词；比如安乐死，我们的道德观念不认为一个人支持安乐死就说他是邪恶的，也不会认为一个人反对安乐死就说他是残忍的，我们的道德观念而是允许发表任何言论。

注1：如果判断一个题目应该选择褒义词，但是选项中没有褒义词的时候应该选择具有褒义色彩的中性词；反之亦然；

注2：可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词成为正确答案的机率最大，其次是可以成为正确答案的褒义词，最后是可以成为正确答案的贬义词。

(三)情感态度题真题演示

例1. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .(1997) (A) opposition (B) suspicion (C) approval (D)indifference

【解析】我们在做全文情感态度题时要严格的按照以上的解题方法和步骤去解题，不能跳跃，换而言之，我们必须能够合上笔记本说出上面的所有内容才能确保我们在做这样的题目时万无一失。

第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了B和D；

第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；没有发现这样的词汇；

第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；也没有相近的选项；

第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留A和C；

第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即euthanasia(安乐死)。

第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然安乐死是属于与伦理道德的关系还没有形成定论的，所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。但是本题中没有可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词，因此根据注1应该选择褒义词，所以这个题目选C。

例2. The passage shows that the author is the present situation.(1997)

(A) critical of (B) puzzled by (C) disappointed at (D) amazed at

第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了B；

第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；没有发现这样的词汇；

第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；应该排除A和C，因为A是批评的意思，C是失望的意思；因为批评了怎么可能会不失望呢？失望了又怎么能不批评呢？所以它们是相近选项排除；

第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留D；

第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即present situation. 根据文章知道present situation是指经济相关的话题；

第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然经济相关的话题是属于与伦理道德没有关系的，所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。因此所以这个题目选D。

例3. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is .(1998)

(A) impartial (B) subjective (C) biased (D) puzzling

第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了D；

第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；据此排除了C；

第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；本题没有相近选项；

第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留A和B；

第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即“science vs. antiscience”，是指科学与反科学做斗争的话题；

第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然该对象与伦理道德观念相吻合，那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的褒义词的选项；但是根选项中没有褒义词，根据注1这个题目应该选A；

例4. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be .(1999)

(A) biased (B) indifferent (C) puzzling (D)objective

第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了B和C；

第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；据此排除了A；

第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；本题没有相近选项；

第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留D；

第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即issue，根据文章知道是指法庭对于消费者受到商品伤害后的处理案件的态度的发展史的话题；

第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然该对象与伦理道德的的关系还没有形成定论，那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词，所以选择D；

例5. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .(2001)

(A) optimistic (B) objective (C) pessimistic (D)biased

第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；本题中没有该选项；

第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此排除D；

第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；本题中没有这样的选项；

第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留A、B和C；

第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即new business wave根据文章知道new business wave是指经济相关的话题；

第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然经济相关的话题是属于与伦理道德没有关系的，所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。因此所以这个题目选B。

例6. From the text we can see that the writer seems .(2002)

(A) optimistic (B) sensitive. (C) gloomy (D) scared.

第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；本题中没有该选项；

第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此排除B、C和D；所以这个题目应该选择A

本章总结：以上的例题把从1994年到2005年的有关全文情感态度题全部列举了出来，如果一种解题的方法可以使用每一年的真题，那么我们有什么理由不相信它依旧使用2006呢？在大家做各个辅导老师出的模拟题的时候必然会发现我们这里讲的方法是不能通用在模拟题中的，这个不是说我们的方法不灵了，而是那个出模拟题的人没有对真题有深入的研究，是模拟题出的质量有问题，因此大家应该批判的去做模拟题。

局部情感态度题

在我国的考研英语阅读理解试卷中局部情感态度题极为罕见。在2003年和2004年连续两年各考了2题，但是此前并没有这样的题型，而且在2005的试卷中也没有考到。这个不能说明这样的题型不重要，相反只能说明局部情感态度题是非常重要的，而且根据往年的得分统计来看，该题型得分非常低。究其原因是什么？我们先来研究这个四个题目，最后再回答这个问题。

一、局部情感态度题与全文情感态度题的区别

两者其实虽然都是情感态度题，但是在本质上他们没有什么共同之处，在全文情感态度题里所有不可能成为正确答案的选项在这里都可以成为正确答案。而且他们的解题方法没有任何共同之处。他们唯一的共同点就是都是情感态度题。

二、局部情感态度题的解题步骤

(一)根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；

(二)在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；

(三)比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；

三、局部情感态度题历年真题解析

例1、In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.

Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining

which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year.

Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

52.What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?(2003)

(A)Indifferent. (B) Supportive. (C) Indignant. (D) Apprehensive.

【解析】：

第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；根据该题的题干，我们可以依据many captive shippers找到本题目的出题句(得分句)为最后一段的第一句话。

第二步：在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；在最后一段的第一句中我们找到了worry这个单词；

第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；发现D不仅有理解的意思，还有忧虑的意思，因此本题选D；

例2、It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the U. S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply

stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former

Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.

I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

58.The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of .(2003)

(A) strong disapproval (B) reserved consent (C) slight contempt (D) enthusiastic support

【解析】：

第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；根据该题的题干，我们可以依据Richard Lamm’s remark找到本题目的出题句(得分句)为第三段的最后一句话，但是这句话里并没有作者的情感态度，只有Richard Lamm的看法，因此本句不是出题句(得分句)，但是可以肯定的是出题句就是该句附近。我们发现在第四段第一句话说I would not go that far.这里的I就是指作者，that是指Richard Lamm的看法，所以本句才是真正的出题句；

第二步：在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；这个句子中没有一个单词是有感情色彩的，但是作为一个整体又是有感情色彩的，意思是作者不会和Richard Lamm走一样远的。不会走一样远并不是说不走，只是说没有走的那么远，所以作者对于Richard Lamm的看法是局部的同意和支持的；

第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；因此本题应该选择B；

例3、When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.

Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who

last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.

Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation? (2004)

(A) Optimistic. (B) Confused. (C) Carefree. (D) Panicked.

【解析】：

第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；我们发现本题根本就没有对应的出题句。因为文章中没有the public这个短语。在没有一样的词语的时候我们应该寻找一个近意词来替代。结果发现在文章倒数第二段的第一句话中的Consumers即是指大众，因此本句为出题句。

第二步：在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；在最后一段的第一句中我们找到了not

in despair这个词组，是没有绝望的意思；

第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；发现A是乐观的意思，是四个选项中意思最为接近的选项；

例4、Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a

counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”

“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness.

Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.

School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are(2004)

(A) identical. (B) similar. (C) complementary. (D)opposite.

【解析】：

第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；我们发现本题根本就没有对应的出题句。我们发现文章中没有一句话是即包括Ravish有包括Emerson的，但是我们能很轻易的找到Ravish在第二段的第一句话中，Emerson在第五段的第一句话中，因此这个题目的得分句是这个两句。

第二步：在出题句(或称得分句)中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；我们发现这个两句话的意思正好是相反的；

第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，我们只能选择D；另外因为这个题目中A、B、C的意思是相近的，所以同时排除，我们也可以知道这个题目选D。 阅读理解速成胜经（中心思想题）

中心思想题的概述：考研英语阅读中是否有中心思想题？传统的阅读理论中是有的，这一点是没有疑问的。但是在考研中准确的说是没有中心思想题的。因为大家应该还记得我们只有在小学的时候老师在讲语文课本时才会问我们一篇文章的中心思想的，但是到了初三以后老师就不再问我们文章的中心思想了，而是改问一篇文章的论点是什么？究其原因，因为从初三起我们学习的全部是议论文，对于议论文而言，我们只说它的论点是什么而不说它的中心思想是什么；小学学习的全是记叙文，只有记叙文才有中心思想。又因为上篇我们已经说过，所有考研的阅读理解的文章都是来源于美国国内发表的议论文，因此我们说在考研英语阅读中实际上是没有什么中心思想题的，只有论点题。但是我们的“大家”们一直认为有中心思想题，所以为了便于大家接受，我们在这里依旧把这样的论点题称为中心思想题。

中心思想题解题方法：我们的民族的历史文学里是没有议论文这样的文体的，或者说议论文是一个在近现代随着西方的炮火进入我们的文明的文学体裁。既然我们写议论文的模式是模仿西方的，那就是说我们在课堂上学到的写议论文的方法是完全和美国人写议论文的方法相吻合的。换句话说，就是，我们的论点写在什么地方那么美国人的论点也是写在那个位置。而我们在写议论文的时候论点有两种写法：一写在第一段第一句；二写在第一段最后一句。而且我们在文章结束的时候会在最后一段开头和结尾句写一些对第一段论点相呼应的句子。所以我们坚信，考研英语阅读的文章的论点必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中产生，而且最后一段首、末句对此论点予以呼应。也就是说，要找一篇文章的论点就看文章的首、末段的首、末句，它们共同指向的内容就是我们的论点。

因此，在考研英语中，要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找这个文章的论点，要找论点就看这个文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在这个4句话中产生。在很多时候我们在读完这个4句话后发现，我们即使把这个4句话翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点，这个时候不是说我们就没有办法找到答案了。事实上，在历年的真题里几乎所有的中心思想题我们都是不知道论点的，但是这个并不影响我们解题的。

这个时候我们应该进入第2个解题的思维：选择最佳答案，而不是正确答案。如果一个选项是文章讲到的内容，但是却不是这个4句话讲到的内容，我们依旧不能选这个选项，因为该选项不是论点，最多是个论据而已。如果一个选项这个4句话没有讲到，而且文章根本就没有在任何段落提到，那么也不选，属于和文章无关的选项，但是在考试中我们发现有很多人选择无关选项，究其原因，是因为其实考研英语阅读是没有正确答案的，只有最佳答案，有的时候4个选项都是正确或错误的，但你必须选择一个最为接近原文意思的选项，而在有3个错误1个无关的时候就有人会选择无关的，其实无关选项是永远不能做正确答案的。如果一个选项和原文的意思相反那么也不选。如果有2个选项和原文4句话的意思相符合，那么还要比较哪个选项的意思最为符合原文4句话的意思，选择最全面概括这个4句话的选项。

主旨大意题是中心思想题中的一种最为典型的题型。解题方法如上文。

例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the

demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of

businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

54.The passage is mainly about .(1994)

(A) how American goods are produced

(B) how American consumers buy their goods. (C) how American economic system works

(D) how American businessmen make their profits

解析：

第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；

第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了)；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；

第三步：A选项是原文讲到的选项，原文第一段最后一句话说that together determine what shall be produced and how

resources are used to produce it，因此A是正确的，但是我们不能立刻就选A，因为我们在找最佳答案，既然是最佳就要有4个选项的比较，完全有可能4个选项都是正确的，但是只能选择一个；B选项是原文第一段最后一句讲到的，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，因此B也是正确的，符合原文意思的；C选项原文四句话都讲到了，但是美国经济模式的运作的范围很显然大于这个4句话的范围。D选项在原文第一段的最后一句也讲到了desire of businessmen to maximize

profits，因此D也是正确符合原文意思的。4个选项都是正确的，但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的最后一句讲到了，很显然C选项概括了4句话的全部内容，因

此因该选择C。

例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it's already here.

While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold

and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are

relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.

Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

58. What is this passage mainly about? (1994)

(A) Approaches to the commercial use of computers.

(B) conveniences brought about by computers in business.

(C) Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. (D) Advantages of credit cards in business.

解析：

第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；

第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了)；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；

第三步：A的意思是电脑的商业使用的方法，文章在最后一段讲到了电脑的商业使用的问题，因此A是符合原文意思的；B的意思是商业中电脑带来的便利，原文讲到了B选项，明显的证明是bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers，所以B也是正确并符合原文意思的；C的意思是自动化在商业企业中的重要性，文章4句话没有讲到自动化的问题，更没有讲到什么重要性，因此C是和原文无关的选项；D的意思是商业中信用卡的重要性，文章在第一段的第一句话就讲到了信用卡，但是没有讲到信用卡的重要性，因此D也是无关选项；因此这个题目的答案必然在A和B中产生。这

个时候我们应该比较A和B有什么不同的地方。我们发现A强调的是“方法Approaches”而B强调的是“便利conveniences ”，很显然文章着重讲解的是电脑带来的便利，因此这个题目应该选B；

例3、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional

children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over

the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

61. This passage mainly deals with . (1994)

(A) the differences of children in their learning capabilities (B) the definition of exceptional children in modern society (C) the special educational programs for exceptional children (D) the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

解析：

第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；

第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了)；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；

第三步：A的意思是孩子在学习能力上的不同，但是文章的4句话并没有讲到学习能力

的问题，因此是无关选项；B的意思是例外的孩子(弱智儿童)在现代社会的定义，文章4句话虽然讲到了exceptional children，但是并没有给它下定义，因此也是无关选项；C的意思是针对exceptional children的特别的项目，文章在最后一段讲到了这个问题；D的意思是调整教育以适应那些exceptional children的必要性，文章也讲到了；因此答案必然在C和D中产生，那就比较它们的不同，发现一个强调项目，一个强调必要性，而文章的4句话是强调必要性的多一点，因此应该选D；

例4、Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.

The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe.

When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).

20. The passage is mainly about . (1998)

(A) the features of volcanic activities

(B) the importance of the theory about drifting plates (C) the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies (D) the process of the formation of volcanoes

解析：

第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；

第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思(限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了)；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；

第三步：A的意思是火山运动的特征，该4句论点句并没有讲到这个问题，因此属于无关选项；B的意思是漂流板块理论的重要性，4句论点句也没有谈到漂流板块的问题，同A；C的意思是hot spots在地球物理学研究中的重要性，文章讲到了hot spots的重要性，那么讲到地球物理学了吗？其实火山运动不就是地球物理学的一部分吗？因此看一个选项讲到没有，不应该仅仅看有没有一样的单词文章中出现没有，而且还要看相近意思的单词或句子出现没有，因此C是符合原文意思的正确选项，但是不能立刻选择，因为我们找的是最佳答案；D的意思是火山构成的过程，虽然这个4句话讲到了火山，但是没有谈及火山构成过程的问题，属于无关选项；因此这个题目应该选C。

新题型速成胜经(7选5填空题）

2005年考研开始考7选5填空题，该题型中有2个误导选项需要考生予以排除，难度系数是4种新题型中最高的。

一、怎么考

(1)大纲规定

7选5填空题，是2005年考研英语试卷中首次增加的一种新题型。本题型分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词，其中有5段空白处——空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段末，一般情况下不会是文章的第一句或最后一句，但是这个也不是绝对的。选项部分为7段文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个句子，也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回文章中相应的5段空白处。

从考试大纲和考试大纲分析，以及2005年的真题来看，考查的文章依旧是以说明文和议论文为主。由于考查的是篇章结构，因此文章脉络清晰，层次分明，格式具有代表性，各段之间联系紧密，段中有过渡句及表示不同逻辑关系的信号词等，这是考生正确答题的基础。可以预见，在将来考查7选5填空题的考查中，文章的题材依旧将会集中在经济、法律、教育、科普以及社会类说明文和议论文中。所以广大考生们在条件允许的情况下，应该尽量多阅读相关的文章，以适应这种文章的风格和结构。

(2)命题形式

①段首：即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段首；

②段中：即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段中；

③段末：即5个题目全部是出现在某段的段末；

④段落：即5个题目全部是文章中的某个段落；

⑤混合：即5个题目既有出现在段首的、段中的，也有在段未的，还有是整个段落的。

二、怎么学

(1)研习真题，强化大纲：认真研究2005年真题，仔细分析《考试大纲》和《考试分析》里的相关理论部分和例题，从中寻觅解答此类题型的切入点；只有在掌握了正确的解题方法的前提条件下去做大量的练习才能起到事半功倍的作用。

这种题型难度比较大，主要考查考生的逻辑能力，要求考生能够弄清楚文章的结构安排和段落关系，将选项和空白处上下文连接起来。

(2)题型分类，专项突破：考生需要按照前面的5种题型分项强化自己的每一种题型的解题技能。

(3)大量练习，迅速提升：Practice makes perfect! 考生需要在掌握了正确的阅读和解答方法后做大量的练习去强化自己。

三、怎么解

此类题目主要是考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体性特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的整体和微观结构。

(1)解题方法

①段落主旨解题法

A.段落的主旨句一般不是事实，也不是真理，更不是个人的嗜好，而应该是本段落需要证明的论点；段落的开头句通常就是本段的主旨句；

B.如果题目出现在段落的中间，一般段落的中间句是对本段论点的论证和说明，所以应该参照本段的主旨句去从选项中选择一个阐述、说明论点的选项；

C.如果题目出现在段落的末尾，那么正确的选项一般是对整个段落的总结，并且这个总结是与本段主旨句相呼应的。当然在少数情况下，尾句也可以作为过渡句引起下文或者是排比和举例子等细节内容。

②文章结构解题法

因为阅读理解的文章全部是议论文或说明文，这就决定了这些文章本身的叙述和展开方

式，弄清楚这些文章的结构自然在选择答案时就简单了许多：

A.问题解答型：此类文章，一般采用原因性结构，然后分析其成因，包括主观的、客观的、直接的、间接的等；

B.现象解释型：此类文章，一般采用释义性结构，解释某一事物、现象、科学理论等，通常用举例子，打比方等方法来进行阐述论证；

C.结论说明型：此类文章，一般采用比较性结构，把人或事物的功能、特点等进行比较从而引出一个结论；

D.新老观点型：此类文章，一般采用驳斥性结构，通常这样的文章会先阐述说明一个观点，然后对这个观点进行驳斥，再进一步分析这个观点的正负面，最后阐明自己的观点；

所以，建议广大的考生在正式做题之前知晓所考文章的类型。

③复现关系解题法

复现，是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。复现关系，主要是指同义复现、近义复现、反义复现、平行结构复现、搭配复现等。

④无关连词解题法

其实，这种方法是一种反正法。即把所有选项中的连词找出，在考生已经通读全文知道文章大意的基础上判断含有特定连词的选项是否在意思上和其所在段落相吻合，否则就予以排除。

⑤逻辑关系解题法

逻辑关系主要有：并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等：

A.并列递进关系：标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等；

B.转折关系：标志词汇有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等；

C.因果关系：标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等；

D.解释关系：标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等。

(2)解题步骤

A.第一步：通读全文，尤其是首末段，迅速得知文章的主旨大意;

B.第二步：通读选项，在每个选项下边用笔标记本选项的大致中文意思，以做到心中有数，至少应该能知道可以供考生选择的选项的意思范围，并且在很短的时间里找到考生想找到的选项；

C.第三步：回到文章中的空白处，分析空白处的上下文，结合前面的解题方法得出需要的选项；

D.第四步：把自己选择的选项带入原文，检测是否文章前后连贯，检测所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。

(3)解题技巧

A.“就近原则”，在文章空白处的上下文中寻找解题的线索；

B.“时间原则”，出现时间、年代等词语时，要注意文章中的时间和选项中的时间的对应关系；

C.“代词原则”，指示代词，因为是指代前面的内容，所以一般不能作为段落的开头；

D.“相近原则”，如果有两个选项非常的相似，那么其中一个往往是正确答案；

E.“重复原则”，如果一个选项中的单词与文章中的单词重复比较多或意思相近的比较多，那么这个选项往往就是正确答案；

F.“排除原则”：做7选5填空的时候，建议大家最好使用排除原则，由易到难地去解题。 四、大纲样题(Sample One)

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.

41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate.

42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water

action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.

43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming.The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses.They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 44). Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

[B]Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex,and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. [F]When an animal dies,the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

［试题分析］

本篇是一篇科普文章，介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构比较清晰，首先用一般性的介绍来引入史前类动物和记载它们形体和活动的化石，接下来的几段就逐渐按照进化的顺序来一一介绍各种动物。

具体分析一下五个空白处的内容。

41.首先来看一下空白处的上下文。上文讲的是许多生物都已经灭绝，没有后代生活在这个世界上。下文讲的是化石使我们了解了这些生物的形态。可以推断，空白处是一个衔接的句子，应该是从生物到化石介绍的过渡，再看选项中，［A］［B］［E］都提到了这两方面内容，但［A］［E］谈的是具体的一些生物，不是这段泛泛而谈的所有生物，因此不契合。［B］是正确答案。

42.本题考查寻找特征词的能力。在该题中，根据就近原则在该题后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”为特征词。“the fossils”说明“fossils”一词是至少是第二次出现，因为它前面加了定冠词the，通过仔细观察并不难发现，42以及其前面的内容中都没有fossils，这就确定fossils一词必定出现在41，42中。根据意群相一致原则，在42中必定要与“water action”同现或复现的语言点。综上所述，有同时满足以上两个条件的选项才是正确答案。虽然[G]项一开始就有“how fossils are preserved”, 但是[G]项讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织转化形式，没有提及水的活动。选项［F］中就多次提到水在化石形成过程中的重要作用，与上下文相符合。

43.本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，这就证明在43前面的句子中应当与also后的crablike creatures相并列，即空白处显然有关于另一动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级高级变化(进化)中的动物。[E]项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found.”,符合文章写作的顺序。[B]项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。

44.本题选择的特征词是these以及与其具有同指关系的ammonites 和They 。通过阅读44以后的两个句子不难发现，these，ammonites ，They是指同一事物，意即有“shell”的事物。同时44后一开始就有“Of these,...”,也就是说，空白部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，答案只能是[A]。由于文中有了“The first animals”,为避免句式上的重复，作者改变句子起始的模式。这种做法很多见，因而也是考生阅读和写作中应该注意的。

45.该题目是一道简单试题，一方面这是一道段落题，这就决定了有可能选最长的选项为答案，另一方面根据就近原则在下一段首句中发现的About 75 million years ago成为我们解题的关键。从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段，动物都在不断地进化，而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,这里需要有一个“交代”。只有[C]项符合这一条件；同时，“reptile”在本题空白处前文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有[C]项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是[C]。

答案：41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C 新题型速成胜经(5选5排序题）

5选5排序题是4个新题型中相对而言最为简单的一种，它着重考查考生对文章内部结构和逻辑关系的把握程度。

一、怎么考

(1)大纲规定

在一篇长度约为500600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已经被打乱。要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(78个)重新排序，其中23个段落在文章中的文字已经给出。这就要求考生在阅读各个段落时要把握它们的中心大意，并将各段的大意整合，理清它们之间的逻辑顺序。

(2)命题形式

文章的两段已经给出，命题者将其余的5个段落打乱，从而要求考生将这5个段落重新排序。

二、怎么学

(1)研习大纲，精析样题：认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定，仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题，从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态，从而发现解答此类题型的方法。

考试分析中指出，该题型是一个排序题，要求考生将一组段落排序，使其意思通顺。

从考试分析可以看出，命题者设立这种题型的目的在于考查考生的逻辑分析能力，也考查其综合概括能力。因此，在做这种题的时候，找出段落之间的逻辑关系至为重要。考生始终要记住，这篇文章已经成形，是命题者故意将次序打乱。一篇完整的文章先写什么后写什么，肯定遵循着一定的章法，或者是事件的先后顺序，或者是因果顺序等等。那么要做的就是通读这些选项，明了整篇文章的大致结构，然后结合细节将这些段落归位。首先要掌握各段落的大意，掌握了各段大意，那么整篇文章大概在叙述什么也就清楚了，也就能分析出这篇文章整体的一个脉络；接着要根据已经给出的两段未打乱顺序的原文来顺藤摸瓜，看看与之相契合的是哪个段落；然后根据选好的段落再继续选择下面的段落。每选出一个段落，就是往前进的方向走了一步，就好像拼图一样，每拼出一块就为下一块打下了基础。要注意的一点就是，要充分利用一些表示逻辑关系的细节，如一些表示逻辑关系的词语，字里行间的意思等等。从文章的整体出发，抓住细节，最后回到整体，这样就是一个合理的轮回。

从样题解析中可以看出，基本的做题方法就是“顺藤摸瓜”，这也是逻辑题一般采取的手段。样题解析一开始从给出的首段出发，根据首段的信息来推断接下来的段落应该是讲述什么方面的，然后从选项中筛选、判断。筛选出来以后再根据细节进行检查。接着根据已经选出的段落再推断下一个段落，如此一步步完成排序。要注意的就是，样题中的题型是给出首尾段的，考生要做好心理准备，就是有可能考题会给出其他中间的段落。这种情况下，考生就要分辨出那一段是文章的开头，再结合给出的段落进行排序。

(2)大量练习，寻求突破：因为排序题在我们小学语文考试中经常考查，换句话说，我们现在其实考查的还是小学时常考的那种排序题；不同的是，我们现在考查的时候给题目换了件“外衣”，即考查用英文包装了的语文排序题。面对这样的题目，首先在心理上要打个胜仗，因为我们已经做过很多这样的练习了，现在是换汤不换药，以前的方法可以拿过来用。要注意的就是现在面对的文章是说英语国家的作者写的，要注意他们逻辑、思维习惯和我们的不同。没有其他的办法，就是要大量做题，从中逐渐掌握规律。

三、怎么解

此类题型主要考查文章的逻辑关系，对于考生从整个文章结构上把握写作脉络的能力要求比较高。

(1)解题方法

①文章结构解题法

因为阅读理解的文章全部是议论文或说明文，这就决定了这些文章本身的叙述和展开方式，弄清楚这些文章的结构自然在选择答案时就简单了许多：

A.问题解答型：此类文章，一般采用原因性结构，然后分析其成因，包括主观的、客观的、直接的、间接的等。那么文章的首段应该是提出问题，接下来就是具体的原因；原因也应该有相应的次序，考生可以自己判断进行选择。

B.现象解释型：此类文章，一般采用释义性结构，解释某一事物、现象、科学理论等，通常用举例子、打比方等方法来进行阐述论证。这种文章首段一般是摆明现象，然后进行解

释和阐述。

C.结论说明型：此类文章，一般采用比较性结构，把人或事物的功能、特点等进行比较从而引出一个结论。这种文章对比性比较强，那么肯定是一方面一方面地进行比较，考生要分清这种不同进行排序。

D.新老观点型：此类文章，一般采用驳斥性结构，通常这样的文章会先阐述说明一个观点，然后对这个观点进行驳斥，再进一步分析这个观点的正负面，最后阐明自己的观点。考生就要根据这种先后关系进行推断、排序。

所以，建议广大的考生在正式做题之前知晓所考文章的类型。

②逻辑关系解题法

逻辑关系主要有：并列递进关系、转折关系、因果关系、解释关系、例证关系、定义关系等：

A.并列递进关系：标志词汇有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等；

B.转折关系：标志词汇有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等；

C.因果关系：标志词汇有 for, because, since, therefore等；

D.解释关系：标志词汇有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等；

熟悉表示不同逻辑关系的词语后，考生就可以在掌握各段落大意的前提下，根据这些细节词语来推断彼此之间的关系，然后进行排序。

(2)解题步骤

A. 第一步：阅读已经固定的段落。如果固定段落是首末段，那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意，还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去，防止引起不必要的混乱；如果固定段落没有首段，那么就要阅读选项后选出首段，然后结合已知段落来确定全文大意和大致结构。

B.第二步： 阅读选项，并用笔在每个选项下方标注本选项的中文意思(大概意思就可以)，从而明确整个文章的大致内容，了解各个选项之间的内在逻辑关系；

C.第三步：确定语篇模式，排列各个选项的顺序；

D.第四步：把自己已经选好的顺序带进文章里检查答案是否合理。

(3)解题技巧

A.“同一原则”：因为排序题是5选5，所以如果五道题目全部选择同一个答案的话，那么你至少可以做对一道，获得2分。当然，这个方法只建议大家在时间不够或自己根本就看不懂文章不知道如何解答的情况下使用；

B.“排除原则”： 这种题目往往只需要做对四个就可以了，最后一个答案不用做就水到渠成；

C.“局部同一原则”：也就是说，当考生在5个题目中只有1个或2个或3个确定的情况下，就把剩余的所有题目均选同一个选项，这样至少可以选对一道题。否则极有可能剩余的题目全部猜错，考研的每一分都相当宝贵，不要浪费；

D.“无序原则”：因为考生经常会遇到前面的题目不会做的情况，所以建议大家不用按照题目的顺序答题。 四、大纲样题(Sample Two)

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

［A］I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and

I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t—it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.

［B］Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and intervetions that get noticed.

［C］I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.

［D］“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair—too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”

［E］The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor. ［F］So I just don’t know What to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.

［G］A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation—how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion. Order:

G→41→42→43→44→45→F

［试题分析］

样题中共有七个段落，其中已给出篇首和篇尾段落。首先我们看一下已知段落。首段说的是整个文章的背景，一个大都市的市政厅举行全市各部门管理、行政人员的研讨会，其中有一个研讨会的主题是如何发动公务员做好工作。这个研讨会上一个警察局警长的难题成了讨论的焦点。尾段是一个引语：“所以我不知道该怎么办。多年来我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望这次研讨会能给我的难题带来些启发，能帮我应对未来的工作。”然后我们再看一下其余的选项，发现都是引语，可以推断，除第一段外剩下的部分都是警长说的话。尾段似乎是

一个结语，第一段是介绍背景，那么第二段应该是话语的开端。接着，我们将选项，即其余的五段都通读一遍。[A]大意是说警长不知道采取什么样的措施才能调动起警员的积极性，因为面临许多困难；[B]大意是为什么警长说警员不能因为报告写得不好而得不到提升；[C]大意是警长叙说起警员对实际工作的爱好；[D]是说将报告作为评判警员表现的标准不太合理，实施效果不明显；[E]大意是讲述警长碰到的具体难题是什么。

那么我们首先来看第二段，已经推断出第二段是发言的开始，而由第一段可知是警长讲述难题，那么就需要在选项中辨别哪个关于这个问题发言的开始了。[C][E]都提到了problem这个词，但[E]一开始就讲警员回到警察局什么的，显得很突兀；而[C]感觉像一个娓娓道来的故事，比较切合。

由第二段来推断第三段，第二段第一句是说警长的难题出在警员身上，而接下来讲述了警员们喜欢自己的工作，这是正面的表现；可以推断，真正问题应该在后面，选项中[E]就是讲的一个难题，而且开头和上文连接自然，“一回到警局问题就来了”，正好形成一个转折。

由第三段来推断第四段，第三段最后一句是“写得不好的报告给我们带来的损失最大”。[A][B][D]中[A]是针对这种情况采取的措施,比较符合逻辑关系。

由第四段来推断第五段，第四段是说采取的措施，剩下的选项中[B]是解释无法实施解雇措施；[D]是说将撰写报告作为警员表现标准没有效果，可以看出，[B]和上段联系更为紧密，说了措施后马上就说出这种措施的不可实施的方面。

剩下的[D]选项就是第六段了，再看[D]和最后一段的衔接如何。最后一段是警长向大家求助，而第六段是说措施无效。因为措施无效才会向别人求助，逻辑关系上成立。

考生在做这样的题型时，如果没有把握，可以多列出几种可能的顺序，然后根据这些顺序重读文章，看是否思路顺畅。

［答案］41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D 新题型速成胜经(6选5论点找论据）

6选5论点找论据，主要考查的是考生对文章段落内部分论点与支持该分论点的论据的匹配。在很大程度上反映出考生写议论文的水平。

一、怎么考

(1)大纲规定

在一篇长度约500词的文章后有6段文字。这些文字分别是对文章中某一部分的阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章的内容，从这6个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字填入文章的空白处。

(2)命题形式

这个题型主要的形式就是文章中给出五个论点，文章末尾有六个选项，其中五个是用来分别阐述这五个论点的，要求将选项与原文论点一一对应。需要说明的是，选项并不一定都是具体的事例，也可能是进一步的阐释和说明。样题中只是给出其中一种可能性，本书的练习题将列出各种可能出现的形式供考生参考。

二、怎么学

(1)参透用意，依题施法：认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定，仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题，从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态，从而发现解答此类题型的方法。

考试分析指出，这一题型主要是考查考生把握论点论据一致性的能力。如样题所示，该题型要求考生根据文章内容，从多个选项中找到能支持相应论点的论据。这就要求考生理解各个论点的重点和含义，并能找出与论点一致的依据。

从分析中可以看出，命题组出这样的题，目的在于考察考生的演绎能力，就是给出论点，要求考生根据论点拓展开来，或是找出可以说明该论点的例子(如考试样题)，或是找出进一步的阐释和论证。重要的一点就是要明确这些论据是从原文中抽出来的，论点和论据是一体的，要始终保持语段的一致性。论据是为论点服务的，论据不仅要和论点相关，而且还要可以证明论点。命题组会给出六个备选答案，其中多余的那个也肯定与本文中的小论点有关。一定要提高警惕，这些和论点有点关系但并不能说明论点的，只是一些“假朋友”，注意要抵制他们的“诱惑”。而除去这个假朋友以外的五个选项，也会因其叙述的内容相关联而容易被混淆，要始终清醒地明确只相关不行，必须要能说明这个论点。

从考试分析中样题的具体分析可以看出，命题者十分注意考查考生对文章的整体把握能力，提醒考生注意不能直接根据小标题(即论点)来找论据，而是要结合正文理解来进行选择。因此，考生不能过于投机取巧，起码要做到通读全文，然后再回到论点来进行选择。要记住，不能过于贸然。

(2)依法练习，寻求突破：论据题，实际上就是根据文章中已经明示的论点从选项中寻找支持该论点的论据。在做练习时，一定要明确本题的主旨是考查考生对语段一致性的把握，

要始终在“一致”这个大原则下做题，逐渐熟悉这种题型的解题思路和方法。只有通过大量的做题，才能发现其中的思路，才能找到“感觉”。

三、怎么解

这类题目主要是考查考生区分论点、论据，把握论点论据一致性的能力。

(1)解题步骤

A.第一步,阅读六个选项，在每个选项下方标注该选项的中文意思的几个关键词,做到解题前就已经心中有数,对备选的几个论据有个大概把握。对于谈论相似主体的选项，需区别内容的相同处和不同处，并牢记体现不同处的关键词语。

B.第二步，通读全文，精读标题以及解释标题的文字，在阅读标题及其解释性文字的同时应该将后面的论据逐一与选项相对照。

C.第三步，再次将选项与文中已选择的标题进行比较，检查它们是否是一致的。

(2)解题技巧

A.“排除原则”：解题时要使用排除法逐一缩小可供选择的范围。

B.“黑体原则”：始终要抓住黑体字以及其解释，根据黑体字以及其解释一定可以选出答案。

四、大纲样题(Sample Three)

Directions:

You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview.

There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional”resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.

It’s handy to have a “tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers. 41. Put yourself first:

In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.

42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:

Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.

Toot your own horn!

Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it. 43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief! Remember that “brevity is the best policy.” 44.Turn bad news into good:

Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. 45.Never apologize:

If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working as being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education. The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t

worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.

Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for your?

［A］A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:“Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”

［B］One resume I received included the following:“invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.”Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words.

［C］For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.

［D］An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement“Ready to learn though not so well educated”.

［E］One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.

［F］A woman once told me about a cashflow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered,“It wasn’t important.”What she was really saying of course was“I’m not important.”

［试题分析］

这是一篇如何写好个人简历的文章。

首先，我们要通读全文，了解大意。作者在文中强调了这么一点：简历应该要引起招聘者的兴趣，应该是有趣的，具有个性的，同时又能与招聘要求吻合的。在文章中，作者给出了写简历时的一些诀窍，每个诀窍都提炼出一个小标题，给出解释和举例。考生应该明确一点，这些小标题不一定等同于论点或段落总结句。小标题一般都较短，只看小标题不参考其解释，就会出现“只见树木，不见森林”的现象，很容易出现偏颇。因此，考生碰到这种情况时，一定要保持冷静，不要急于求成，而是应该结合正文理解观点的含义，然后再结合小标题提炼出论点，最后再去和选项结合。

第一点，“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己置于第一位。什么意思呢？下面的句子进行了解释，“要想让自己的简历使人读起来富有激情，那么你首先要对自己有自信”。再看选项中哪个例子能进一步说明这一点呢？从选项中可以发现，有些例子是成功的例子，有些是不成功的例子。那么就有可能从正反两方面举例了，［F］就是一个反例，证明了第一个观点。作者通过例子说明，不要认为自己做过的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人别人又怎么会重视呢？

第二点，“Sell what you can do,not who you are ”。字面意思是给别人展示你能干什么，而不是你是什么样的人。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的解释是这样的：“要学会把自己的个性和成就转变限制到某个具体技能领域中，世界上有至少5000种技能领域”(意思是，这么多技能中，总有一种和你自己的经验相吻合)。再带着这个观点来看后面的选项，文后的例子中［C］项是这么说的：“例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。”这就是把一般的个性特征和相关的技能领域结合起来的例子。

第三点，“Be specific,be concrete,and be brief!”意思就是说要简洁、具体。可以推断，相关的例子应该是表现出简历具体、简洁的一面。哪个选项说明了这一点呢？［B］项描写一位女士仅用了34个词就把重点说明白了，这反映的是简洁这一特色。

第四点，“Turn bad news into good”字面意思是将坏消息变成好消息。下面解释道：“每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事，那么从积极、正面的角度去看。”可以看出，这点就是要让应聘者把自己不利的方面换一种表达方式，变不利为有利。［A］选项描述了一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇，这本来是工作经历中不太好的一

面，但是这位女士谈起此事时提到这么一句，“校长说了，如果政府的资金够的话，她第一个重聘的就是我”，从而变不利为有利，使人看到她的优势。

第五点，“Never apologize”字面意思是不要道歉。下面的文字举例说明了，不要为自己的弱势感到自卑，要看到弱势中的发光点；也不要提及严重影响求职的方面，可以适当避讳。个人简历不是进行道歉的地方。［D］项以一个失败的例子说明了这一点：作者的一位朋友在简历中写了“好学，但教育程度不高”，这点正好和解释中的一点吻合：“如果你没有接受过专业训练或高等教育，就不要提及教育这个方面。”

［答案］41.F 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.D

考研英语应试学理论研究连载七：新题型速成胜经（6选5论据找论点）

一、怎么考？

（1）大纲规定

在一篇长度约500词的文章前有6个概括句或小标题。这些标题分别是对文章某一部分的概括。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题填入文章的空白处。

（2）命题形式

该题型一般是一篇有七个段落的文章，除首末两段外，其余五个段落每段前都有一个空格，要求考生从选项中选出可以概括这个段落的句子或短语，充当这个段落的小标题。选项共有五个，多余的一个也是和某个段落内容有关，但并不一定是这个段落的概括，可能只是其中一部分的概括，这点要引起注意。

二、怎么学？

（1）以纲为准，依题定法：认真阅读2006年考试大纲和考试分析里有关本题型的相关规定，

仔细分析、反复研究考试分析里的样题，从样题的分析中去寻找和探究命题者的心态，从而发现解答此类题型的方法。

考试分析中指出，该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意，进行概括总结的能力。如样题所示，该题型要求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。其实，就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。

从考试分析中可以看出，这个题型的目的在于检测考生的归纳能力。其实这种能力的练习我们已经做过许多，最典型的就是中学语文课文中的概括每段大意练习；还有就是我们平常做阅读理解时碰到的某个段落说明了什么这种练习。因此，这种概括能力我们每个人都有，这种练习也不陌生。不同的就是现在面对的是一些英语文章，而且大意都已给出，只是要求与各段相配。虽然语言不同，但是做法是相同的，就是通读文章的每一段，分析清楚重点说的是什么，然后对之进行归纳总结，再和选项配对。

考试的样题分析也是这样进行的，首先通读全文，明晰文中讲了几个主体意思。然后再细看每个段落，每个段落分别说明了一个方面，将这个方面的大意概括出来。最后再看选项，将选项与概括出的大意相对照，选出一致的答案。基本方法就是这样。

（2）大量练习，掌握规律：主旨题，实际上就是根据文章中已经给出的论据去从选项中去寻找支持该论据的论点。这样的题型，就是要掌握一定的方法，也就是提炼、概括的方法，然后做大量练习，逐渐掌握规律。 二、 怎么解？

(1)解题步骤

A． 看选项，从选项中就可以推断出相关段落大致的内容是关于什么的。

B． 读所考段落，抓住每段主题句和核心词汇。正确答案常常是主题句的改写。 C． 将从段落中提炼出的主题句和选项相对照，选出答案。

（2）解题技巧

A. “重点词原则”：阅读整个段落，将段落中的重点词句找出，重点词句主要是指： a反复出现的词 b括号里的词 c引号里的词

B.“干扰排除原则”：段落中未展开详细例证说明的选项往往是干扰选项，应该予以排除； C. “排除原则”：某段话的答案确定后，将该选项划去，以防止影响其他题目的作答。

四、大纲样题

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

［A］What to do as a student?

［B］Various definitions of plagiarism ［C］Ideas should always be sourced. ［D］Ignorance can be forgiven.

［E］Plagiarism is equivalent to theft. ［F］The consequences of plagiarism

Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person.s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated,plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloinning, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.” 41

The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities,

the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 42

Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequentces may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. 43

Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished. 44

Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography--are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged. 45

The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others

and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention. The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

[试题分析]

首先，通读全文，了解大意。这篇文章是关于抄袭的，介绍了抄袭的形式，以及如何合理引用、避免抄袭的建议。

然后，再具体看每段文章各自说明的重点。文章第1段是解释抄袭是怎么回事。第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案，“The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.” 中penalties是plagiarism的结果，而在6个选项中， F项中的The consequences of plagiarism (抄袭的后果)刚好与penalties相对应。第３段又说到，学生们应该避免抄袭，而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况：偶然、无知和故意。这段主要将抄袭限制在学生身上，选项中Ａ提到了学生，与这段内容一致。接下来的三段是对学生三种抄袭情况的进一步说明。第４段是关于偶然因疏忽抄袭的，提到原因是不知道出处，并且提到这种抄袭是最不恶劣的，选项Ｃ是说出处问题，Ｄ是说这种忽视可以谅解，是关于惩罚的，似乎两个选项都有关系。再看第５段，强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源，如果没有标注，免不了要受到抨击。因此选项Ｃ最能体现这一点，最为切合。那么利用排除法，４３题选A。再看43题所处段落中说，这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种，是可以饶恕的，所以D选项最贴切。

[答案］41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45

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