英语句子成分的划分及练习(1)

句子成分(Members of

a Sentence)

什么叫句子成分代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语

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呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现

(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。

英语句子的基本结列式如下：

一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

英语五种基本句型

系＋表）

三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）

四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

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谓语：谓语由动词基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ 构成，是英语时态、语（主＋谓） 主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！

态变化的主角，一般在

主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做

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不及物动词，后面可以3. The universe │跟副词、介词短语、状remains. 宇宙语从句等。 Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词） 1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。 2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。

长存。

4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。

5. Who │cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的

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没有什么关系。

7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个半个小时。

8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。

基本句型 二： Ｓ ＶＰ （主＋系＋表）

完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等

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属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel

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good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻

Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ

1. This │is │an English-Chinese

dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。

2. The dinner │smells │good.

午餐的气味很好。 that they are short of 3. He │fell │in love. money. 麻烦的是他们 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮 6. The trouble│is │

缺少钱。

7. Our well │has gone │ dry. 我们井干枯了。

8. His face │turned │ red. 他的脸红了。 There be 结构：

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There be 表示‘存在词‘那里’。 有’。这里的there没有

实际意义，不可与副词基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ ‘there那里’混淆。 Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 此结构后跟名词，表示此句型句子的共同‘（存在）有某事物’ 特点是：谓语动词都具

试比较：There is a 有实义，都是主语产生boy there.（那儿有一个的动作，但不能表达完男孩。）/前一个there无整的意思，必须跟有一实意，后一个there为副个宾语，即动作的承受

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者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her 之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ

thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。

3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。

4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

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5. They │ate │what 认犯了错误。 was left over. 他们吃了 剩饭。 基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ 6. He │said │\ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾morning.\他说：\早上＋直宾） 好！\有些及物动词可以7. I │want │to have a 有两个宾语，如：givecup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 给，pass递，bring带，8. He │admits │that show显示。这两个宾语he was mistaken. 他承通常一个指人，为间接

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宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.

强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：

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Show this house to Mr.Smith.

若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）

1. She │ordered │

herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。

2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。

3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。

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4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。

5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片

6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。

7. I │told │him │

that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。

基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

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此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。

宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说

明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。

名词/代词宾格 + 名词 The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.

名词/代词宾格 + 形容词

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New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.

名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语

I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式

The teacher ask the

students to close the him │manager. 他们任windows./老师让学生们命他当经理。 关上窗户. 2. They │painted │the 名词/代词宾格 + 分词 door │green. 他们把

I saw a cat running 门漆成绿色

across the road./我看见3. This │set │them 一只猫正在跑过马路. │thinking. 这使得他们 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ要细想一想。 （宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补） 4. They │found │the 1. They │appointed │house │deserted. 他们

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发现那房子无人居住。 5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？

6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去 7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。

8. I │saw │them │

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getting on the bus. 我看见他们正在上那辆公共汽车。

但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰

语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语

一、 定语：定语是对名

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词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作

定语时，则定语通常置boy./Tom是个英俊的男后。副词用作定语时须孩。 放在名词之后。 There is a good boy./有形容词作定语： 个乖男孩。

The little boy needs a 数词作定语相当于形容blue pen.(little修饰名词词： boy；blue修饰名词pen.）Two boys need two /小男孩需要一支兰色pens./两个男孩需要两的钢笔。 支钢笔。

Tom is a handsome The two boys are

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students./这两个男孩是学生。

There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。

代词或名词所有格作定语：

His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。

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His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。

There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。

The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。

名词作定语：

The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠

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笔。

It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。

There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。

副词作定语：

The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一

支钢笔。

The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语：

The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。

The boy to write this

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letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。

The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。

There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨

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天买的钢笔。

The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。

There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、

条件、时间、地点、让目的的状语一般位于句步、方向、程度、目的子两头，强调时放在句等。 首，地点状语一般须在

状语在句子中的位时间状语之前；一些表置很灵活，常见情况为：示不确定时间（如：通常在句子基本结构之often）或程度（如：后，强调时放在句首；almost）的副词状语通常修饰形容词或副词时，位于be动词、助动词、通常位于被修饰的词之情态动词之后，动词之前；表示时间、地点、前。

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有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时in the

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classroom为地点状语），

最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\\'

副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）

The boy needs very

much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）

The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs

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a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）

介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）

Before his mother,Tom is

always a boy./在母亲面笔。（表示伴随状态） 前,汤姆总是一个男孩Having to finish his 子.(条件状语) homework,the boy needs On Sundays,there is no a pen./因为不得不完成student in the 作业，男孩需要一支笔。classroom./星期天,教室（原因状语） 里没有学生.(时间状语) Frightened,he sits there 分词（短语）作状语： soundlessly./（因为）受He sits there,asking for a 了惊吓，他无声地坐在pen./他坐在那儿要一支那儿。（原因状语）

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不定式作状语：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）

To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.

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名词作状语：

Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：

时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句

、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从

句

三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：

We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）

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We all are students. / (all

是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）

四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,

等。 情态词,表示说话人的肯定词yes 语气（多作为修饰全句否定词no 的状语）:perhaps也称呼语：称呼人的用语。 许,maybe大概,acturely插入语：一些句中插入实际上,certainly当然，的 I think , I believe,等。 等。 如: The story,I think,has

never come to the end./五、分词独立结构：分我相信,这个故事还远词作状语时其逻辑主语没结束. 与句子的主语一致! 否

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则应有自己的逻辑主up. 语，构成分词独立结构。 解析：错句中分词例： studying没有自带逻辑错句：Studying hard,your 主语，则其逻辑主语就score will go up. 是句子的主语，既your 正确：(1) Studying score . 显然做study的hard,you can make your 应是人，不应是your score go up. score（分数）. 正确句(1)或 (2)If you study 更正了句子的主语,使hard,your score will go 其与分词逻辑主语一致

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( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略. 如：

Game (being) over,he

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went home.

He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 如：

① The teacher with two With nothing to do,he of his students is walking into the classroom.

fell asleep soon./无事可② There is an old man

coming here.

做，他很快就睡着了。 ③ The useful dictionary

was given by my mother

The teacher came in,with last year.

④ To do today's

glasses on his nose./老师homework without the

teacher's help is very

进来了，戴着一付眼镜。difficult.

(二) 选出句中谓语的中

（注意，此句on his nose心词（10分， 10分钟）

① I don't like the picture on the wall. 不可省略！）

don't B. 句子成分练A. like C. 习题( 一 ) D. wall (一). 指出下列句中主picture The days get longer 语的中心词（4分， 4②and longer when summer 分钟）

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comes. homework yesterday.

A. get B. A. Tom B. didn't longer C. C. do D. his days D. summer homework

③ Do you usually go to ⑦ What I want to tell school by bus? you is this.

A. Do B. A. want B. to tell usually C. you D. is C.go D. bus ⑧ We had better send ④ There will be a for a doctor.

meeting at the library A. We B. had this afternoon. C. send D. doctor A. will be B. ⑨ He is interested in meeting C. music.

the library D. afternoon A. is B. ⑤ Did the twins have interested C. in porridge for their D. music breakfast? ⑩ Whom did you give A.Did B. twins my book to?

C. have D. breakfast A. give B.did ⑥ Tom didn't do his C. whom D. book

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(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） ① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge

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and you will find the museum on the left.

⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.

⑩ They didn't know who \Christmas\ really is.

(四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟） ① The old man was feeling very tired.

② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

(五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟） ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟）

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the

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reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） ① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the ③ Mr Li is going to motorbike was travelling teach us history next too fast. term.

⑤ With the medicine ④ Here is a pen.Give it box under her arm, Miss to Tom. Li hurried off. ⑤ Did he leave any ⑥ She loves the library message for me? because she loves books. 答案

⑦ I am afraid that if (一)① teacher ② man you've lost it, you must ③ dictionary ④ To pay for it. do

⑧ The students (二)① B② A ③ C followed Uncle Wang to ④ A ⑤ C see the other machine. ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C (八) 划出句中的直接⑨ A⑩ A 宾语和间接宾语（5分， (三)①homework. ②5分钟） English. ③attention ① Please tell us a story. ④ words ⑤to go ② My father bought a swimming ⑥ he new bike for me last was ill. ⑦ him week. monitor ⑧bridge

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museum⑨ it ②Every night ③ school. ⑩ when he was who\eleven.

Christmas\ ④ too fast. ⑤ (四)①tired. ②With the medicine worried ③yellow. box under her arm ④interested ⑤the ⑥ because she first loves books. ⑦ if (五)① family ②you’ve lost it ⑧ given③third ④ to see the other some ⑤ machine.

downstairs ⑥ of (八)① us, 间接宾语 the other shoe! a story, 直接宾语

(六)①to read ② me, 间接宾语 a newspapers and new bike, 直接宾语 ③ books ②to take us, 间接宾语 history, the boy ③ 直接宾语 difficult ④ Lily ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, ⑤ get on the bus 直接宾语 ⑤ me, 间接⑥ playing football 宾语 message, 直接宾(七)① on her face. 语

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句子成分

练习题( 二 )

指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：

1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather . 2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated. 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow . 6.We are sure that we shall succeed . 7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 8.There are many film

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that I’d like to see. 9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ? 10.I have a lot of work to do . 11. Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it . 12. I said it in fun . 13. We can send a car over to fetch you . 14. She had to work standing up . 15. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .

16. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try . 17. The bus arrived ten minutes late . 18. We should serve the

people heart and soul. 19. Spring coming on , the tree turned green . 20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky . 21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting . 22. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today . 23. It was in the library that I come today . 24. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working . 25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 句子成分练

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习题( 三 )

A

1、 ___ six years since I

began to study English.

A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was

2 、___ in the room at

that time.

A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3 、IT'S very noisy

outside. ___ is going on?

A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4、 ___ in English in

class every day is important.

A. Speak B. Talking have shown D. are C. Saying D. To tell showing

5 、There must be____ 2、 Your son must be a

6 、1、

near the factory. A. book store C. books a book store B. store D. Although it's raining stores books hard, working ___ fields. in are still the A. they but since they C. they they B. and D. The doctor as well as B the nurses ___ great concern patients. for the A. show B. shows C. 40

clever boy, ___ he? A. is B. isn't 3、must D. mustn't center, ___ last year, The computer C. is among very popular

this school. students in A. C. opened open B. D. opening being 4 、opened today, I ___ go to the shop lot of food at home.

for there is a A. mustn't B. had to 5 、C. can't D. needn't A. get B. is C. seem

Don't ___ excited.

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