高中英语选修 7 unit 4语法限制性定语从句精讲精练

语法精讲精练限制性定语从句选修 7 unit 4

一、概念：

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句。定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 二、相关知识点精讲：

1、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that：这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(作宾语)

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

2、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于\介词+ which\结构,因此常常和\介词+ which\结构交替使用。例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和\介词+ which\引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如：

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

3、判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 关系词的选择：根据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语) 。

定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 注：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5、介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。

3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的\介词+关系词\结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例

如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.＝This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?＝Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

6、as, which非限制性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. /The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

注：as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： ①as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 7、先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever可以用anyone who或no matter who代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替) 8、what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1)what = the thing which；whatever = anything,如：What you want has been sent here. /Whatever you want makes no difference to me.

2)who= the person that；whoever= anyone who,如：Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。

3)that和what

当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。

例如：I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。 What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。 9、关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况：

①引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. ②介词后不能用。例如：

We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 ①在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

②在不定代词,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 ③先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。

④先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. ⑤先行词既有人,又有物时。

例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

四、考题展现（2011-2006年各地试题中的限制性定语从句题）

1. She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction______ has taken more than three years. （2011·江西卷）A. for which B.with which C. of which D.to which

【解析】先行词the construction 和the museum 之间是所属关系，故选C。 2. The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination. （2011·全国新课标卷）A. that B. which C. whose D. what

【解析】先行词the writer与story之间是所属关系，故选C。

3. A bank is the place ____they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain . （2011·浙江卷）A. when B. that C. where D. there

【解析】先行词the place表示地点，且把它还原到从句中作地点状语，故选C。

4. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other. (2011·山东卷)A. they B. where C. what D. that

【解析】先行词streets and small houses表示地点，但它们作从句的主语，故选D。 5.（2011·福建卷）24. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.A. which B. where C. what D. who 【解析】先行词an atmosphere指物，作从句的主语，故选A。

6. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed

gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose

【解析】先行词为planet，表示地点，故用where。所以答案是B。

7. I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. （2010湖南）

A. who B. where C. when D. which

【解析】该空引导定语从句修饰表示人的先行词the students，且在从句中作met的宾语，故选关系代词who，即A项。

8.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.（2010江西） A where B who C which D what 【解析】先行词为centre, she would stay for an hour 不缺宾语或主语, 故要填状语, 表地点用where。故答案是A。

9. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen. （2010山东） A. that B. which C. whose D. What 【解析】句意应为“那就是那台零部件小得几乎看不见的新机器。”空格处引导定语从句并且在从句中作定语使用，所以使用whose，即答案是C。

10. Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which

【解析】考察介词+which的用法。=Wind power is an ancient source of energy which\\that we may return to in the near future. 故本题选C。

11. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?（2010天津） You should try the barber’s I go. It’s only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that

【解析】句中the barber’s 是先行词，从句中go 是不及物动词，所选关系代词在从句中作状语，所以要用where。故本题选C。 12. The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. （2010江苏）A. that B. it C. what D. which 【解析】选D，定语从句表示咖啡屋的墙

13. The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. （2010陕西） A. where B. which C. its D. Whose

【解析】所填词引导定语从句，先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中做roof的定语，用关系代词whose，选D。其余选项与题意不符。

14. I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault. （2010全国II） A. who B. that C. as D. what

【解析】不定代词something作主语，用that引导。故答案是B。

15. My mother was so proud of all ________（我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.（2010湖北） (do) 【解析】先行词是 “all”的时候，定语从句只能由 “that”引导，又因为主句是一般过去时，“我”所做的事情是过去已经完成的事情，所以要用过去完成时。答案：that I had done

16. ________(正如我们强调的那样)many times, “serve the people” is our first policy. (stress) 【解析】当句子以整个主句作为先行词，又放在主句前的非限定性定语从句只能由 “as”来引导，主句的内容作定语从句谓语动词的宾语。答案：As we have stressed

17. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. （2010北京）A. what B. whose C. which D. that

【解析】不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子们会很快发胖。较简单。本定语从句不缺成分，为主系表结构，因此只能在考虑填关系副词。A中的What不能引导定语从句。选B. whose谁的，符合题意。

18. In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world. （2010重庆）A. where B. which C. whose D. that

【解析】 development与先行词cities之间是所属关系，所以选whose。句意是：在中国，城市的数量在增加，城市的发展被全世界意识到。答案C。 【巩固练习】

1.He is waiting for a bus _____he can go to Beijing. A. where B. that C. which D. in which

2.He is such a lazy man_____nobody wants to work with _____. A. as; him B. that; / C. as; / D. whom; him

3. We are living in an age _____many things are done on computers and the Internet. A. where B. when C. which D. while

4.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D. whose

5. At last the soldiers reached _____the locals called the Golden Triangle. A. that B. where C. when D. what

6. The way he did it was different ____we were used to.

A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which

7.The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ____they are being trained.

A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which

8.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ___people were eaten by the tiger.

A. in which B. by which C. which D. that

9. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf,_____five are mine. A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which

10.George Orwell, ____was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name

11. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ____, of course, made the others envy him.

A. who B. that C. what D. which

12. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ____they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom

13.____is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As C. That D. What

14.The United States is made up of 50 states, one of ____is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean.

A. them B. those C. which D. whose

15. The factory products half a million pairs of shoes every year, ____80% are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that

16. Anyway, that evening, ____I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachwl’s place. A. when B. where C. what D. which

17. There are two buildings, ____stands nearly a hundred feet high.

A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 18. ______is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As

19.I work in a business ____almost every one is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that

20.There was _____time ____I hated to go to school. A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when

21. What surprised me was not what he said but ____he said it.

A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which

22. Compare this diagram____that one and you will find the productionn rose_____20%. A. with; to B. with; by C. by; with D. by; to

23. The young couple quarrelled and quarrelled; their connection was becoming _____. A. good B. close C. far D. loose

Keys: 1-5. DCBBD 6-10.CDACD 11-15. DDBCA16-20. DDDCB 21-23. ABD

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