含蓄

篇一：谈含蓄式虚拟条件句

谈含蓄式虚拟条件句

语气是英语动词的一种形式，表达说话者的意图和态度。英语动词的语气可分为三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气是高考测试的重点，其变化的多样性和结构的复杂性增加了它的难度。我们不但要掌握虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用（这是关于虚拟语气的基本用法），还应该注意它在含蓄式虚拟条件句中的使用。

含蓄式虚拟条件句是非真实条件句的特殊表现形式，其特点是不使用if 引导的条件状语从句明确表示条件，而用含蓄的方式表达。

含蓄条件的表达方式主要有两种：1.短语、非时间状语从句、单个词等暗示条件，常见的有介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语及but , or , otherwise 等表示转折的词；2.上下文、单句等暗示条件。

这类题目解题的关键是先找到题句中给定的含蓄条件，并确定其是否为假设的非真实条件，然后再确定谓语动词的适当形式。

一、介词短语暗示条件

例1 Without your help, I couldn't have finished the work on time.

该句是简单句，其中Without your help 为介词短语，暗示条件，相当于明确的条件句 If it hadn't been your help 。这个句子是对过去的假设，因此，应用与过去事实相反的动词虚拟形式。又如：

Without the dreams of the youth , this invention would have been postponed (推迟) for a century.(If it hadn't been for the dreams of the youth )

例2 ____ the English examination , I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

A. In spite ofB. But forC. Because of D. As for

解析：答案为B。该句与上例类似，为与过去事实相反的含蓄式虚拟条件句，但测试重点不是选择恰当的动词形式，而是确定能正确表达假设条件的介词短语。所给的4个选项中，只有but for (要不是)合适，与其后名词构成的短语，相当于if it hadn't been for the English examination,表明与过去事实相反的条件。又如：

But for his advice, I couldn't have done it all by myself.(If it hadn't been for his advice)

二、分词短语暗示条件

例1 Having known in time, we ____ the plan from being carried out.

A. will have prevented B. would have prevented

C. must have preventedD. should have been prevented

解析：答案为B。题句中的Having known in time 是现在分词短语，作全句的状语，相当于非真实条件从句If they had known in time, 因此，谓语动词应选用与过去事实相反的虚拟形式B。A是将来完成时，不能与句子的状语搭配使用；C是情态动词must的完成式，表示对过去动作的猜测，如果把状语理解As we had known in time,选Ｃ语法上能讲得通，但句意不合逻辑；Ｄ是被动用法，不恰当。

题句译文：如果及时得知此事，我们当时就会阻止计划的执行。

又如：

Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.

(given more time = if she had been given more time)

Being a doctor , I could cure all patients suffering from cancer.

(being a doctor = if I were a doctor)

三、单个词暗示条件

例 : I was busy that day . Otherwise , I would have come to see you.

句意为：我那天很忙，要不然我就去看你了。

句中的Otherwise 是个暗示条件的单个词，相当于条件句子if I had not been busy that day ，这是一个与过去事实相反的条件句，所以后面用would have come。又如：

I am glad I studied. Otherwise , I would have failed . (otherwise = if I had not studied)

另外，除了副词otherwise 外，常见的还有连词or 等。如：

They liked the apartment or they wouldn't have stayed so long.(or = if they hadn't liked the apartment)

四、上下文暗示条件

例：I would have come to see you that day. Unfortunately , it was raining so hard . 译文：我本来打算在那天来看你的，不巧的是那天下大雨。

该句由两个简单句构成，后面的句子暗示条件，可转换成前一句的非真实条件从句 if it had not been raining so hard, 因此，应用表示过去虚拟的动词形式would have come 。

此类句子要分析出上下文暗示的虚拟条件，特别注意表示转折的词，如but , otherwise, or else等。又如：

I would have written to her, but I didn't know her address. (If I had known her address , I would...)

0 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I to the meeting.

A. cameB. would come C. had come D. would have come

Supposing the weather bad, where would they go?

A. will be B. isC. were D. be

13 If only I to my parents’ advice!

A. listening B. listen C. am listeningD. had listened

10. his English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday

A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for

11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice

A. followB. would followC. had followedD. have followed

43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.

A. would come B. came C. would have comeD. had come

54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

A. In spite of B. But forC. Because ofD. As for

55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

A. has received B. ought to have received

C. couldn’t have received D. shouldn’t have received

56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.

A. came B. would come C. would have come D. should be coming

57. He’s working hard for fear that he .

A. should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fall behindD. would fall behind

58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.

A. have been postponedB. has been postponed

C. postpone D. be postponed

1．He must have had an accident，or he then．

A．would have been here B．had to be here C．should be here D．would be here

4．Look at the terrible situation I am in！If only I your advice．

A．follow B．had followed C．would follow D．have followed

1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：

(1)W hat would I have done without you?如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)

(2) It would be easier to do it this way.这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)

(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)

(4) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help)

(5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)

(6) Alone, he would have been terrified.如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)

含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：

（1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。

the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.

A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。

But that she was afraid, she would have said no.

(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。

She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.

If only I had more money, I could buy a car.

(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：

The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。

Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。

（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。

I thought the childrenwhen we returned home, but they were still awake.

A. were sleepingB. would be sleepingC. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。

(4)形容词及其比较级

A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.

A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.

(5)分词短语

Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.

Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.

(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。

I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.

To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.

She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.

It would be easier to do it this way.

(7)名词短语和名词+and结构

A judicious man would not have committed suicide.

A diligent student would have worked harder.

(8)独立主格结构

All things considered, the price would be reasonable.

(9)定语从句

Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.

A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.

(10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：

I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.

(11)动词原形表示虚拟

动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。

God bless you!

All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.

She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).

If that be so, we shall take action at once.

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篇二：古诗中的“含蓄”和“寄托”

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古诗中的“含蓄”和“寄托”

作者：黎秀春

来源：《语数外学习·中旬》2013年第02期

中国古代诗歌是我国文学史上的一朵奇葩，之所以能如此美丽而永久地绽放光彩，是由其本身所具有的魅力决定的。我们鉴赏诗歌，应该从多个方面去探究，比如常常说的“言外之意”，就包含了两个方面的内容：一是含蓄，一是寄托。下面，我就这两方面谈谈自己的一些看法。

一、总括：诗歌中“含蓄”与“寄托”的区别

诗人欲言又止、欲说还休，读者只要通过引申想象，就能使诗意完整，这种“含不尽之意，见于言外”的写法，我们称之为“含蓄”。诗人没有说或者没有直说，我们需联系诗歌之外的内容才能明了作者的意思，这种“言在于此，意在于彼”的手法，我们称之为“寄托”。我们品味诗歌本身，便能体会“含蓄”的内容；“寄托”则必须联系诗外的东西才能体会。对“含蓄”而言，“言内之意”与“言外之意”就像“形”与“神”的关系；对“寄托”而言，“言内之意”与“言外之意”就像““形”与“影”的关系。

二、诗歌中的“含蓄”

“含蓄”一直是历代诗人创作诗歌的一个重要原则，昊景旭在《历代诗话》中对诗歌的含蓄作了很好的说明：“凡诗恶浅露而贵含蓄，浅露则陋，含蓄则令人再三吟嚼而有余味。久之，而其句与意之微乃可得而晰也。”诗歌的“含蓄”，主要表现在创造意象，通过诗中的意象去启迪读者，给读者以联想和想象的空间，让读者细细回味，逐步领悟诗歌的深层含义，从而了解作者的写作意图。以《诗经》中的《狡童》为例，我们来分析诗歌中的含蓄。诗有两节，第一节说：“彼狡童兮，不与我言兮。维子之故，使我不能餐兮。”第二节承接上节说：”彼狡童兮，不与我食兮。维子之故，使我不能息兮！”第一节里的“不与我言”不是路上相遇不说话，而是一起吃饭时，对“我”（抒情主人公，指妻子）不理不睬；第二节进一步说不再与“我”一起吃饭，“我”食不甘味，枕席难安。“我”不责怪彼（指丈夫）移情别恋，而是归咎于“子”（另一女子）的夺人所爱，不仅为失去丈夫而伤心，更忌恨夺爱的那个女人。从开始吃饭不与“我”说话，到不与“我”一起吃饭，我们可以想象到丈夫的夜不归宿，甚至连同床异梦也不可能做到了，虽然诗中未言，然而我们发挥想象，联系生活常识，从分析“形”而得知其中的“神”，完全能明了这内含的东西，这就是“含蓄”。

大凡男女感情破裂的原因有两种，即古语所谓的“见多情易厌，见少情易变”，就像吃东西一样，有的因为吃得太饱而撑死了，有的又因为没吃而饿死了。离别的时间久了，情感容易淡漠，身体的疏远必然导致心灵的疏远；天天厮守在一起又容易生嫌恶，过密的相处反而使心灵疏远，所以同床异梦，就像这首诗中所说的一样。这其中的含义作者虽未明言，只是寓于字里

篇三：含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式

含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式

所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句，其主要用法及表现形式可归纳如下：

1. 将条件隐含在不定式短语中

I would write to her, but I don’t know her address. 我会给她写信的，就是不知道她的地址。(=If I knew her address, I would write to her. But…)

To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。(=If you had studied harder, you…)

2. 将条件隐含在分词短语中

Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. 如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。(=If he had been born in better times, he would…)

Failing this time, what would you do？ 假若这次失败，那你怎么办？(=If you failed this time, what would…)

Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified. 要一个人单独在黑暗中行走，玛丽会感到十分害怕。(If Mary walked alone in the dark, she…)

3. 将条件隐含在介词短语中

But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。(=If it hadn’t been for your help, we…)

In different circumstances, I would have said yes. 在不同的情况下，我就会同意了。(=If circumstances had been different, I would…)

4. 将条件隐含在名词短语中

Any person who had behaved in that way would have been dismissed. 任何人这样做了都会被开除。(=If any person should behave in that way…, he would…)

A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时，你就见到这位著名的作家了。(If you had come a few hours earlier, you…)

5. 将条件隐含在某些连词中

I didn’t know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn’t have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。(or else=if I had known he was a cheat))

I’m really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. 我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。(other wise=if I were not so busy)

6. 将条件隐含在定语从句中

Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(=If anyone had seen that painting…)

7. 将条件隐含在一定的上下文中

You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(=If you wanted to, you might…) Don’t bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了，那会花太多时间。(=…If you read all these papers, It would take too long

独立主格用法详解

一、独立主格结构的形式

英语中，独立主格结构的形式有两类：一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：介词with / without后接名词或代词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。

A. 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词

1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如：

A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。

Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。

2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如：

The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。

Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。

3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如：

His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。

4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如：

The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。

5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如：

The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。

6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如(from )：

Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。

B. 介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词

1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词

He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。

2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词

He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。

3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语

The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。

4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词

Don’t brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。

5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式

With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。

6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词(from )

With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。

二、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。

1. 作时间状语

School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。

The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。

2. 作条件状语

It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。 Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话，就没有必要叫吴东了。

3. 作原因状语

The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了，我们就没有必要匆忙了。

Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了，杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。

4. 作伴随状语

Mr. Li comes here, with a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。

A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。

不定式、现在分词和过去分词作补语的比较

一、基本用法区别

当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程) 或现在分词(正在进行或一直处于某种状态) ；当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用过去分词。

He asked us to come here early the next day. 他叫我们第二天来早点。(未来) We saw him enter the room. 我们看到他进了那个房间。(全过程)

We saw him talking to her. 我们看到他在与她谈话。(正在进行)

She kept us waiting here for an hour. 她让我们在这等了一个小时了。(一直处于某种状态)

I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看到他被汤姆打了。(him与beaten是被动关系)

二、几点注意说明

(1) 通常用带to的不定式作宾补的动词很多，常见的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer 等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。

(2) 在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可。如：

He helped me (to) clean the room. 他帮我清扫房间。

(3) 在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. 。

译：我建议他不去那里。

误：I suggested him not to go there.

正：I suggested that he should not go there.

正：I advised him not to go there.

(4) want, wish 等后接 to be done 作宾补时，to be 可省略，直接过去分词作宾补。如：

When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么时候完成？

(5) 在使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带 to。在使役动词 make, let, have 后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。如：

They made Paul study English. 他们强迫保罗学习英语。

Paul was made to study English. 保罗被迫学习英语。

(6) 感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的(在被动式后作主补时要加to) 不定式(全过程) 或者现在分词作宾补(正在发生) ，是被动关系是时，用过去分词作宾补。

(7) 在with的宾语后，若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成或；若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行；若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，注意此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。如()：

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