Unit Five Some American Types(Max Lerner)

Which character types do you find in China？ Dig up details about these types. Unit Five Some American Types (Max Lerner) 1 Seventeenth-century England produced a number of books on Characters depicting English society through the typical personality patterns of the era. Trying something of the same soil for contemporary America, the first fact one encounters遭遇 is the slighter emphasis on a number of character types than stand out elsewhere in Western society: to be sure, they are to be found in America as well, but they are not characteristically American. One thinks of the scholar, the aesthete审美家, the priest or “parson,” the “aristocratic” Army officer, the revolutionary student, the civil servant, the male schoolteacher, the marriage broker, the courtesan, the mystic, the saint. Anyone familiar with European literature will recognize these characters as stock literary types and therefore as social types. Each of them represents a point of convergence汇聚，集合 for character and society. Anyone familiar with American literature will know that it contains stock portraits of its own which express social types. I want to use these traditional types as backdrops背景 and stress some of the social roles that are new and still in process of formation.在形成的过程中 十七世纪英格兰制作了许多英语书通过典型的人格描绘社会角色模式的时代。尝试一些相同的土壤对当代美国,第一个事实一遇到哪怕犯是强调一些字符类型比其它地方脱颖而出在西方社会:可以肯定的是,他们是在美国被发现,但是他们不是美国特有的。一个认为的学者,审美家,牧师或“牧师”、“贵族”军官,革命的学生,公务员,男教师,婚姻介绍所,情妇、神秘、圣。熟悉欧洲文学会认出这些字符作为股票文学类型,因此作为社会类型。他们中的每一个代表一个收敛点为字符和社会。熟悉美国文学就知道它包含股票的肖像自己表达社会类型。我想用这些传统类型作为背景和压力的一些社会新的角色仍在形成的过程。

2 Thus there is the fixer固定器，调停者, who seems an organic product of a society in which the middleman中间人，经纪人，调解人 function eats away the productive one. He may be public-relations man or influence peddler小贩，传播者; he may get your traffic fine settled, or he may be able - whatever the commodity - to “get it for you wholesale. “He is contemptuous 轻蔑的，侮辱的of those who take the formal rules seriously; he knows how to cut corners - financial, political, administrative, or moral. At best there is something of the iconoclast偶像破坏者，提倡打破旧习的人 in him, an unfold quality far removed from the European personality types that always obey authority服从权威. At worst he becomes what the English call a \or cultural procurer.

因此有同样的人似乎是一个有机产品的社会中间人函数会侵蚀生产。他可能是公关人或影响小贩;他可能会让你的交通罚款,或者他可能是解决能力——无论大宗商品——“把它给你批发。“他蔑视那些采取正式规则严重;他知道如何去走捷径——金融、政治、行政、或道德。充其量有东西在他的偶像破坏者,一个不屈的品质远离欧洲的人格类型,总是服从权威。最坏的终于成为了英语称“游手好闲的人”或文化拉皮条者。

3 Related to the fixer is the inside dopester预测结果的人 as Riesman has termed him. He is not disillusioned because he has never allowed himself the luxury of illusions. In the 1920s and 1930s he consumed the literature of “debunking揭穿，暴露”; in the current era he knows everything that takes place in the financial centers of Wall Street, the political centers of Capitol Hill, and the communications centers of Madison Avenue - yet among all the things he knows there is little he believes in. His skepticism怀疑的态度 is not the wisdom which deflates pretentiousness 自负，自命不凡but that of the rejecting man who knows ahead of time that there is “nothing in it” whatever the \ In short, he is “hep”.

相关的固定器是内部预测结果者作为来茨漫已经称为他。他不是幻灭,因为他从来不允许自己奢侈的幻想。在1920年代和1930年代他烧毁了文学的“揭穿”;在当前时代他什么都知道发生在华尔街的金融中心,政治中心的国会山,和通信中心麦迪逊大道的——但是在所有的事情他知道没有他相信。他的怀疑态度不是漏气的智慧,狂妄的,但拒绝人提前知道是“什么都没有”无论“它”可能是。简而言之,他是“玫瑰”。

4 Another link leads to the neutral man. He expresses the devaluing tendency in a culture that tries to avoid commitments承诺，保证. Fearful of being caught in the crosscurrents反对意见，相反的趋势 of conflict that may endanger his safety or status, he has a horror of what he calls “controversial figures”- and anyone becomes \ dopester are the products of a middle's society, so the neutral man is the product of a technological one. The technician's detachment分离，拆开，超然 from everything except effective results becomes - in the realm领域，范围 of character -- - an ethical vacuum that strips剥夺 the results of much of their meaning. 另一个链接指向中立的人。他表达了在一个文化贬值趋势试图避免的承诺。害怕被抓住在冲突的分歧,可能危及他的安全或地位,他有一个恐怖的他所谓的“有争议的人物”——和任何人就变成了“有争议的“如果他是攻击。作为调停者和内部预测结果者是产品的一个中产阶级社会,所以中性人是产品的技术问题。技术员的脱离一切除了有效的结果变得——领域中的角色——一个道德真空,剥夺他们的大部分结果的意义。

5 From the neutral man to the conformist尊奉着，循规蹈矩 is a short step. Although he is not neutral - in fact, he may be militantly好斗的partisan - his partisanship is on the side of the big battalions. He lives in terror of being caught in a minority where his insecurity will be conspicuous. He gains a sense of stature by joining the dominant group, as he gains security by making himself indistinguishable from that group. Anxious to efface抹掉 any unique traits 特性of his own, he exacts conformity符合 from others. He fears ideas whose newness means they are not yet accepted, but once they are firmly established he fights for them with a courage born of the knowledge thatthere is no danger in championing them. He hates foreigners and immigrants. When he talks of the “American way,” he sees a world in which other cultures have become replicas复制 of his own.

从中性人墨守成规的是一个简短的步骤。虽然他不是中立的——事实上,他可能是好斗的党派——他的党派之争在强者那一边。他生活在恐惧被困在一个少数

民族,他的不安全感会引人注目。他赢得了一个意义上的地位加入占主导地位的集团,因为他获得安全通过使自己区别集团。急于抹去任何他自己的独特特征,他要求别人的整合。他担心想法的新奇不被接受,但是一旦他们牢固确立，他将为他们奋斗与勇气出生的知识thatthere没有支持他们的危险。他讨厌外国人和移民。当他谈到“美国的方式,”他看到一个世界,其他文化已经成为他自己的复制品。 6 It is often hard to distinguish the conformist from the routineer. Essentially he is a man in uniform, sometimes literally, always symbolically. The big public-service corporations -- railroads, air lines, public utilities -- require their employees to wear uniforms that will imprint印记，加特征 a common image of the enterprise as a whole. City employees, such as policemen and firemen, wear uniforms. Gas-station 加油站attendants, hotel clerks, bellhops旅馆侍者, must similarly keep their appearance within prescribed 规定的limits. Even the sales force in big department stores or the typists 打字员and stenographers速记员 in big corporations tend toward the same uniformity. There are very few young Americans who are likely to escape the uniform of the Armed Services. With the uniform goes an urge toward pride of status and a routineering habit of mind. There is the confidence that comes of belonging to a large organization and sharing symbolically in its bigness 伟大and power. There is a sense of security having grooves凹槽 with which to move. This is true on every level of corporate business enterprise, from the white-collar employee to “the man in the gray flannel 法兰绒suit,%uniforms instead of wearing them. Even outside the government and corporate bureaus there are signs of American life becoming bureaucratized, in a stress on forms and routines, on “going through channels.”

通常很难区分墨守成规的职员。基本上他是一个穿制服的男人,有时就真的总是象征性地。大的公共服务公司——铁路、航空公司、公共事业——要求员工穿制服,将一个通用的图像印企业作为一个整体。城市的员工,比如警察和消防员,穿制服。考察服务员、酒店职员,旅馆侍应，必须保持他们的外表在规定的限制。即使销售力大百货商店或打字员和速记员在大公司倾向于相同的一致性。很少有年轻的美国人可能逃脱制服的武装部队。与制服是一种冲动的状态和向骄傲routineering的思维习惯。有信心,是属于一个大型组织和共享象征性地在它的伟大和权力。有一种安全感有凹槽的举动。这是真正的在每个级别的公司企业,从白领员工“穿灰色法兰绒外套的男人”,尽管它终止了短暂的顶级高管创建制服,而不是穿着它们。甚至在政府和企业部门有迹象表明,美国人的生活变得官僚化,在强调形式和例程,在“经历渠道。”

7 Unlike the conformist or routineer, the status seeker may possess a resourceful energy and even originality, but he directs these qualities toward gaining status. What he wants is a secure nich合适的职位 in a society whose men are constantly being pulled upward or trodden down踏平. Scott Fitzgerald has portrayed a heartbreaking 心碎的case history of this character type in The Great Gatsby, whose charm and energy are invested花费fruitlessly徒劳的 in an effort to achieve social position. The novels of J. P. Marquand are embroideries刺绣 of a similar theme, narrated through the mind of one who already has status and is confronted by the risk of losing it. At various social levels the status seeker becomes a “joiner结合者\associations which give him symbolic standing.

与循规蹈矩或职员,状态导引头可能拥有一个资源丰富的能源,甚至创意,但他指导这些品质对获得状态。他想要的是一个安全的利基在社会的男人不断地拉向上或践踏。斯科特?菲茨杰拉德描绘一个令人心碎的病历的字符类型在《了不起的盖茨比》,他的魅力和能源投资徒劳地为了获得社会地位。小说的j.p. Marquand是刺绣的一个类似的主题,叙述透过思想的人已经地位和面对失去它的风险。在各种社会水平状态导引头变成了一个“工匠”的联想而给他象征性的站。

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