高考英语第二轮语法复习全套讲稿

高考英语二轮语法讲稿

第一讲 现在完成时和现在完成进行时

Summary:

英语的动词时态有四种：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。现在完成时的构成公式为：have/has+过去分词；

现在完成进行时的构成公式为：have/has been +现在分词。 现在完成时的基本例句: 1) We have lived here since1995. 2) I have been to Japan twice. 3) Joan has just finished her homework

其中，(2)(3)描述的是过去发生而与现在情况有关的事物或状态，（1）描述的是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况。

▲ 总之，现在完成时表现的是从过去到现在的事情。 一、 现在完成时的形式 A→现在完成时的肯定句

句型：主语（I、we、you第三人称复数）+have+过去分词 主语（第三人称单数）+has+过去分词 例：1）I have been busy all the day.

2) My father has read today’s paper. 3) I have just written the letter. B→现在完成时的否定句

句型：主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词

例：1）The concert hasn’t/has not started yet.

2)They haven’t gotten to London yet. C→现在完成时的一般疑问句 例：1）Has the concert started?

2) Have you friend your homework? D→现在完成时的特殊疑问句，分两种情况 a. 疑问句词作主语时

句型：疑问句（主语）+have/has+过去分词+??？

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例：1）Who has/have bought these apples? 2)Who has made her so sad? B→疑问词作主语以外的成分时

句型：疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+??？ 例：1)How long have you live here?

2)How many times have you been to Spain? 二、现在完成时的用法 1、概述 形用法 式 继续 经验 完成 成果 意义 表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态 表示过去某一是可到现在的经验 表示现在刚完成的动作 表示现在是“做了??”的结果 have/has过去分词 例：1）继续 He has been sick since last week.

2) 经验 I have visited Tokyo twice. Have you ever been to Hawaii? 3) 完成 I have just finished my homework. Has he finished his work yet? 4) 结果 My father has become a lawyer. I have lost my dictionary. 下面分别阐述其用法 2、表示继续的现在完成时

例：1）肯定句：Li Ming’s elder brother has studied in Beijing university for about

three years.

2)否定句：We haven’t seen each other all this month. 3)疑问句：How long have you know your boy friend? A→基本用法

表示继续意义的现在完成时，说明过去的动作一直延续到现在，也就是说从过去某时开始 的动作、状态一直持续到现在。此时，往往用和现在有关的表示一段时间的时间状语。

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例：1）I began to study English three years ago.(过去试) 2）I still study English now.(现在式)

3）I have studied English since three years ago. 图示： 现在完成时 过去某时 Have+过去分词 现在时 ▲ 牢记：表继续的动词

have known 已经认识了 have studied 已经学习了

have worked ； have been to； have used ；have taught ；have stayed; have wanted to; have lived ▲ B→常用的时间状语

表示继续的现在完成时，常和下列时间状语连用 for+时间段 since+过去某时 all this week often today recently all day up to now 直到现在 so far 到目前为止 lately always till/until now in the past years these days this week

during the past （years、month） 3、表示经验的现在完成时

例：1）肯定句：I have seen the film three times.

2) 否定句：I’ve never seen the film. 3)疑问句：Have you ever been to U.K.? A→基本用法

表示经验的现在完成时，说明从过去起到现在的经验，即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。 B→常用的时间状语

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Often, ever, before, never, once, twice, times, many times C→ have/has been的用法

形式 意义 用法 经验 完成 经验 继续 Have/has been to 表示“曾经去过??” 表示“到 ? 去过了?” Have/has been in 表示“曾在??” 表示“一直在??” 例：a. have been to

I have been to the summer palace twice.(经验)

I have been to the museum to see the exhibition.(完成) b. have been in

Have you ever been in America?(经验)

We have been in home for the whole day.(继续) 插曲：be 动词的过去分词

Be动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数都要用been表示 例：We have been tired these days 区别：I am happy.（一般现在时） I was happy.（一般过去时） I have been happy.（现在完成时） 4．表示完成，结果的现在完成时

例：1）My father has just gone out.(结果) 2）I have closed the window.(完成) 3）Mr.Li has gone to Australia.(结果) A→表示完成的用法

I’ve just finished my homework. They have gone to GuiLin. B→表示结果的用法

例1、(1)I opened the door. (2)The door is open now.

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(3)I have opened the door. 例2、（1）John bought a dictionary. (2)Now John has a new dictionary. (3)John has bought a new dictionary. ▲牢记：表结果的现在完成时常见动词。

make become go come lose grow sell buy fall C→常见的时间状语（副词） already just yet→句末 句中

三、现在完成时的注意事项

1、just now和just的区别 just now用在一般过去时

just用在现在完成时

例：1）We had an English lesson just now.

2) We have just had an English lesson. 2、today等时间状语的运用

运用today，this morning，this afternoon等时间状语时，时态要根据说话的具体情况而定。

例：1）He didn’t do his homework this afternoon.他今天下午没有做功课。 He hasn’t done his homework this afternoon.他今天下午还没有做功课呢。 2）He arrived here a little late today,because he got up late and didn’t catch

the bus.

3)He has been very busy today.（截至到说话时，仍是在今天，他们很忙） 3、几种时态表示同一意思

例：1)He left china two years ago. 2)It is two years since he left china. 3)He has away from china for 2 years. 四、现在完成进行时

区别：现在完成时侧重于动作的结速或完成；而现在完成进行时侧重于动作的未结束和继

续进行。

例：1）I have opened the can.

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2) I have been writing the letter since then. 1、现在完成进行时的形式：

1）主动语态：主语+have/has+现在分词（doing） 2）被动语态：主语+have/has been+过去分词(done) 例：Have you been waiting for him all the day? 2、用法

a.在强调动作还未结束，还要继续下去时，不能用现在完成时，而要用现在完成进行时。 例：I’ve been writing the composition for two hours,but I haven’t finished it yet. b. 动作不包含持续意思的动词，要用现在完成进行时，表示延续到现在的动作。 例：The artist has been painting the painting.

c. 现在完成进行时也用来表示一种在现在以前这个阶段反复发生的事。 例：He has promsing me to help you.Hasn’t he done it? d. 有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。 1）表状态的动词 be， have，exist 2）表感情的动词 like，love，hate，detest 3）表示感觉的动词 see，hear，know，feel，sound 例：1）He has had a cold for a week.

2)I have heard the news since last week. 3、常用的时间状语：（与表继续的现在完成时相同）

for+时间；since; these years; recently; all the time; how long? 例：1）They have been talking all the night.

2) How long has it been raining?

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第2讲 被动语态 一、语态的基本概念和种类 语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。 如：主动句：They built this bridge. 被动句：This bridge was built by them. 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be +及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为系动词的变化完全一样。 英语主动语态的时态共有十种，而被动语态只有八种。 三、八种常用时态的被动语态举例 1. 一般现在时 A lot of books are kept in our school library. 我们学校图书馆有许多藏书。 2．一般过去时 A thief was caught last night. 一个小偷昨晚被抓了。 3．现在进行时 The watch is being repaired. 这块表正在修理。 4．过去进行时 The door was being painted at that time. 那时门还在油漆。 5．一般将来时 The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon. 班会下周六下午召开。 6．过去将来时 They said the work would be finished the next day. 他们说这项工作第二天就能完成。 7．现在完成时 My bag has been stolen. 我的包被偷了。 8．过去完成时 She said this airport had never been used. 她说这个机场没有使用过。 四、情态动词的被动语态 例：1)主动句：You must hand in your homework this afternoon. 被动句：Your homework must be handed in this afternoon. 2)主动句：I have to do the job myself. 被动句：The job has to be done by myself. 3)主动句：All of us ought to obey the rule. 被动句：The rule ought to be obeyed.(by all of us) 五、被动语态的用法 1．当不知道谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如： His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被热偷走了。 2. 在没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时，用被动语态。例如： China was librated in 1949. 第中国是一九四九年解放的。 7 页 共 47 页

3. 强调或突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。例如： The plan has already been made. 计划已经制订好了。 用被动语态时，如需同时指出动作的执行者，可用“介词by +动词执行者（宾格）”

第3讲 情态动词

一.情 态 动 词 的 定 义

情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。

We can be there on time tomorrow. 我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？ Shall we begin now? 我们现在就开始吗？

You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。

情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) . 二.情 态 动 词 的 位 置

情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中， 情态动词放在主语之前。

I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你，过来吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 你要什么？

How dare you treat us like that! 你怎么敢那样对待我们! 三.情 态 动 词 的 特 点 情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式可以用来表达更加客气、委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。 He could be here soon. 他很快就来。

We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。 四. 情态动词的语法特征：

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。 五.情 态 动 词 的 用 法

1. can (could) 表示说话人能, 可以, 同意, 准许, 以及客观条件许可, could 为 can 的过去式。

Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗 ? Could you help me, please? 请问, 你能帮助我吗? What can you do? 你能干点什么呢? Can you be sure? 你有把握吗?

can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。 He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。

With the teacher?s help, I shall be able to speak English correctly. 有老师的帮助, 我将能准确地讲英语。

2. may (might) “可以”，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。 You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去。 May I come in? 我可以进来吗?

May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗?

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You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿点衣服。

He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。

may 否定式为 may not, 缩写形式是 mayn?t。might 是may 的过去式，有两种用法，一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更加委婉、 客气或对可能性的怀疑。 He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来。 Might I borrow some money now? 我可以借点钱吗? He might be alive. 他可能还活着。

3. must “必须；应该；一定；准是”，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时， 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。

I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。 You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。 Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?

After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路, 你一定累了。 He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。

He had to go because of somebody?s calling him that day. 那天他要走，因为有人叫他。 值得注意的是：

（1）must + have + 过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。 He must have told my parents about it. 他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。 He must have received my letter now. 他现在一定收到我的信了。

It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again. 已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。

（2）must 和 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to “不得不,必须”，表示客观需要、客观条件只能如此。

You must do it now. 你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干) I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)

You must be here on time next time. 你下次一定要按时来。 I have to cook for my child. 我得给孩子做饭。 4. need “需要”，多用在否定式或疑问句中.

Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗? You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。

need 是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但 need 还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need 就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数， 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。

I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。 Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗? She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。

注意：“needn?t + have + 过去分词” 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。 You needn't have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。 5. dare “敢”，多用在否定或疑问句中。

The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。 Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗?

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dare 除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用， 用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。

Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢黑夜走路吗？

He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day. 他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。 6. ought “应当；应该”，后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。

You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar. 如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。

You ought to bring the child here. 你应该把孩子带来。

ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。 You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。 ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。 You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room. 你不应该把书带出阅览室。

7. will (would) 表决心、愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, 可用于各人称。 1）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。 e.g. a. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. b.He would come to see me when he was in Beijing. 2）表示意志，决心或愿望。

e.g. a. Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. b. He would not let me try it .

3）表示对对方的请求，用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，would的语气比will委碗,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。

e.g. a. would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station?

b. Would you like some cake?

4）would like = want to 想要 Would like to do = want to 想要 e. g. a Would you like to go with me?

8. shall, should 表示命令, 警告, 允诺, 征求, 劝告, 建议, 惊奇。 shall的用法

用于第一,第三人称征求对方的意愿

e.g. a. What shall I wear on the journey? b. When shall he be able to leave the hospital? should 的用法

1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和 e.g. a. What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办？ 2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。

e.g. a. We should (must) master a foreign language at least.

3).should 表示劝告，建议，命令，此时也可用ought to. 在疑问句中，通常用should代替 ought to.

4) should have done 表示过去应该做 而实际没有做 should not have done 表示过去不该做而实际做了． 9. have to＆must

1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既

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主观上的必要。

e.g. a. My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. (客观上需要做这件事)

b. He said that they must work hard. （主观上要做）

2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

e.g. a. He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3） 在否定结构中： don?t have to 表示“不必” mustn?t 表示 “禁止” e.g. a. You don‘t have to tell him about it. b. You mustn‘t tell him about it. 10.need&dare

这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。

1) 实义动词:need+ n. / to do sth

2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。 e.g. a. ----Need you go yet?

----Yes, I must. ----No, I needn't.

3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：

need doing = need to be done

11.should 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。 ---Ought he to go?

---Yes. I think he ought to.

表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。 12.had better表示\最好\

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth .had better not do It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. She'd better not play with the dog.

had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为\本来最好\。 You had better have come earlier. 六.情态动词的回答方式

问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Need you??Yes, I must. No,I needn‘t

Must you??Yes, I must. No, I needn’t./don’t have to. May I ?? Yes, of course. No, you mustn’t. Could you?? Yes, you can. No, you can’t. 七.情态动词表猜测

must 用于肯定句

can 用于否定句或疑问句

May 用于肯定句或否定句 should 用于肯定句 八.表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：

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1）情态动词+动词原形。

表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.

2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷 3）情态动词+动词完成时。 表示对过去情况的推测。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet. It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。 表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。 5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。 Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。 九.情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。

Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有\肯定\，\谅必\的意思。-

--Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. ---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth.本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示\不该做某事而做了\。You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。） ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 十.带to 的情态动词

带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to为六个,它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month? She didn‘t use to play tennis before she was fourteen. You ought not to have told her all about it. Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?

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例：Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm. A.have told B.tell

C.be telling D. having told

第4讲：定语从句

用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 一．词引导的定语从句

1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 例１：This is the detective who came from London.

例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例３：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例４：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. ２．关系代词的用法

(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears.

(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：

(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.

(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。

(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。

(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you? ３．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构

(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。

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“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。

(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 二．关系副词引导的定语从句 1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句

关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因

That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。 三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1．二者差异比较

限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据

(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：

1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited 四．As在定语从句中的用法

1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

（１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如： The elephant?s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. （３）the same? that与 the same ?as在意思上是不同的。 2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置

as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 五．学习定语从句的几个问题

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定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一，每年高考题对之均有考查。 (一)、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性

定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如： The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School. 但注意下列一组句子：

He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now.

如果\复数名词\后跟有定语从句，一般情况下\后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为one。 (二)、定语从句与强调结构

It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before.

第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。

Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。 Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that指代the watch) (三)、定语从句与并列结构

He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him. He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him. I've got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai.

第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons,在定语从名中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。 (四)、定语从句与状语从句

He found the books where he had put.

He found the books in the place where he had put.

第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。

This is such an interesting book that I'dlike to read it. This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read.

第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book的定语从句中read的宾语。 (五)、定语从句中的先行词

Is this book the one that you bought yesterday? Is this the book that you bought yesterday?

第一个句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one 是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday?

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(六)、定语从句与同位语从句

定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如： The news that we heard is not true.(定语从句)

The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位语从句) 另：在\从句\结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如： I have no idea when she will be back. 六、定语从句易犯小错误

由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下七种：

(一)、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如：

1．误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come． 正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come． 译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。

析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom，who或that。 2．误：The book that you need it is in the library． 正：The book that you need is in the library． 译：你需要的书在图书馆里。

析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。 (二)、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如： 1．误：Anyone who break the law will be punished． 正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished． 译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。

析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 2．误：Those who has finished may go home． 正：Those who have finished may go home． 译：做完了的人现在可以回家。

析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。

3．误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school． 正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school． 译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。

析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。 4．误：This is one of the rooms that is free now． 正：This is one of the rooms that are free now． 译：这是目前空着的房间之一。

析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。

(三)、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如：

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1．误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth． 正：Children who that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth． 译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。

析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 2．误：The key opens the bike is missing．

正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing． 译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。

析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 (四)、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如： 1．误：The house where he lives in needs repairing． 正：The house where he lives needs repairing． 或：The house he lives in needs repairing． 译：他住的房子需要修理。

析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。 2．误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing． 正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing． 或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing． 译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。

析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。

(五)、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。 1．误：I still remember the day when we spent together． 正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together． 译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。

析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。

2．误：This is the house where we lived in last year． 正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year． 译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。

析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。

(六)、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如：

1．误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ 正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？ 译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？

析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。 2．误：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late． 正：I don?t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．

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译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。

析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是缺少原因状语。

(七)、误将强调句型当定语从句。如：

1．误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out． 正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out． 译：大火发生在厨房。

析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。

2．误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？ 正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？ 译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？

析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night，you didn\come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。

七．定语从句的注意事项

1.一般说来，除了用定语从句解释名词或泛指外，先行词前应有定冠词the。

2.在限制性定语从句中which,whom,that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom,who,which不能省略。

3.在含有非限制性定语从句的复合句中从句与主句之间应该用逗号隔开。

4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.

hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。

5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引导的定语从句。而the reason that也是that引导的定语从句。that往往省略。

This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.

6.当主句中有who,which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who,which…which等重叠，定语从句用that引导。 Who is the man that is standing by the door?

Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 7.先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用that引导。

John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.

8.不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常省掉。 He is no longer the man that he was.

9.“one of＋可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数；而“one of＋可数名词复数”前有the，only或the only修饰，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。 He is one of the students who study very hard at school.

He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.

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第5讲 同位语从句

一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质

在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that,whether，what, which, who,when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在

fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,wish, promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion,等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。

例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。 二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句

1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用）

例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。

析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。

2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\是否\的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）

例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。 析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加\是否\的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。

3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\什么时候\、\什么地点\、\什么方式\等含义，应用when,where,how等词引导同位语从句。

例1：I have no idea when he will be back.

析：he will be back意义不完整，应加\什么时候\的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。

例2：I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.

析：he went home意义不完整，应加\如何\的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。

4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后肢。

如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想到敌人可能已经逃出城了。

三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限

同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。

区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。

如：The report that he was going to resign was false. 他将辞职的传闻是假的。

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因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。

例：Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海) A.while B.that C.when D.as

析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：

It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward. A.what B.that C.when D.as

析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。

第6讲：主谓一致

主谓一致指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.

可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.

一． 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意

事项: 1.

单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except,

besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.

如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.

No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了 两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐 2.

用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数,

否则用复数. 如:

The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)

A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)

用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 3.

不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:

Serving the people is my great happiness.

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为人民服务是我最大的幸福.

When we?ll go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了. 4.

用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.

Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙. 5.

each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:

Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说 6.

若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动

词仍用单数. 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们.

7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作

单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人.

None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急.

8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:

His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜.

9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.

10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:

Only one and a half apples is left on the table.

注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点.

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二． 内容一致原则:

1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:

The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车, 今天出售.

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了. Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的. Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了.

2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:

A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到.

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了. 3. 加减乘除用单数.如:

Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10.

4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:

Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离.

5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.

(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等. (3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:

The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他.

6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire. 三．就近原则

1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:

Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.

Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸

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Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢?

2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致. 如:

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔.

注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数.如: Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一.

The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数.

Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人.

第7讲 状语从句

一 定义：

A 状语主要是用来修饰动词和形容词的，以表明动作发生或状态存在的时间，地点，原因，等。

1．Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. 时间状语修饰began

2．The boy was praised for his bravery. 原因状语修饰was praised

B 状语从句 就是用一个句子来代替上面的时间状语和原因状语。

1.Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian.

When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.

2.The boy was praised for his bravery.

The boy was praised because he saved the baby’s life in the freezing river.

二 状语从句的种类： A 时间状语从句:

连接时间状语从句的连接词有:

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(1) 连词：when, while, as. 它们都表示当?时候的意思。如果主句和从句的动作同时发生且都是进行时态，只用while, as. 其他情况下when, while, as通用。 1.When he came in, I was listening to the radio． 2.As I was wandering in the street, I met her.

3.While (as) I was watching TV, my mum was cooking in the kitchen.

(2) 连词before, after, since, until(till). 当他们表示时间时，他们既是介词又是连词。

1.He usually drinks a cup of tea before he goes to school. 连词

He usually drinks a cup of tea before going to school. 介词

2.He usually drinks a cup of coffee after he comes back from school. 连词

He usually drinks a cup of coffee after coming back from school. 介词

3.I have lived in Dalian since my son was born in 1999. 连词

通常情况下，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 I have lived in Dalian since 1999. 介词

4.I will wait here until(till) you finish your job. 连词

I will wait here until(till) 8pm. 介词 (3) 词组：as soon as

I will tell him as soon as he comes back.

As soon as she finishes her homework, she will play tennis.

通常情况下，主句用一般将来时，as soon as 引导的从句用一般现在时。 B 地点状语从句：

连接地点状语从句的连接词有：where, wherever 1.Where there is water, there is life. 2.Where there is a will, there is a way.

3.Wherever you go, I will follow you.== No matter where you go, I will follow you.

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4.I will go wherever I can find a good job.== I will go no matter where I can find a good job. C 原因状语从句：

连接原因状语从句的连接词有：because, as, since, for.

1.Tom was late for school this morning because he didn’t catch the early bus. 2.I couldn’t go to Beijing on business as my mother was ill.

3.Since all of us agreed about this plan, we will carry it out next week. 4.We listened carefully, for the speech was very important.

注意：当连接原因状语从句时，because语气最强，as, since, for次之；because, as, since引导的从句可在主句前面或后面， for引导的从句只能在主句的后面。 D 条件状语从句：

连接条件状语从句的连接词有：if, unless, as long as.

1.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 2.You won’t pass the exam unless you work hard on it.

3.As long as you take my advice, you will outwit your rival.

注意：一般情况下，if, unless, as long as 引导的从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。

E 让步状语从句:

连接让步状语从句的连接词有：although, though, even if, even though, 疑问词 + ever , no matter + 疑问词.

1.Although (though) I gave him some advice, he didn’t take them. 2.John continued to work hard even if (even though) he felt sick.

3.Whatever you do, I will support you.==No matter what you do, I will support you. 4.Whoever you may be, I will not let you in. ===No matter who you may be, I will not let you in.

5.However difficult it may be, we will overcome it. === No matter how difficult it may be, we will overcome it.

注意：一般情况下，although等于though, even if等于even though, however等于no matter how, wh-ever等于 no matter wh-． F 方式状语从句:

连接方式状语从句的连接词有：as, as if, as though.

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1.You should do your homework as Tom did.

2.Jerry was lying on the bed as if (as though) he was very tired. 注意：通常情况下，as if等于as though. G 目的状语从句:

连接目的状语从句的连接词有：so that, in order that.

1.Cherry was walking quickly so that (in order that) she could arrived at the cinema in time.

2.John sent the mail by air in order that (so that) it might arrive a little early. 注意：通常情况下，so that 等于in order that. H 结果状语从句：

连接结果状语从句的连接词有：so?that, such?that.

1. He ran so fast that we couldn’t keep up with him.

She spoke English so clearly that all of us could understand her. 2. She is such a nice teacher that all of us love her.

She is a so nice teacher that all of us love her.

3. The chef cooked such nice food that we ate up at the end of the dinner.

The chef cooked so nice food that we ate up at the end of the dinner. 4. These were such interesting books that we kept reading until the end of the class.

These were so interesting books that we kept reading until the end of the class.

第8讲 主语从句

1． 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2． 构成：关联词+简单句

3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：

(1) 从属连词that。 如：That they were sisters was unknown to anyone. 她们是姐妹这件事好象没任何人知道。 (2) 从属连词whether。如：

Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：

What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。

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How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。

解释：

1． 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：

A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：

It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。

B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。

D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。

E. It+doesn’t matter+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如： It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。

F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？

Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？ 2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义

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Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。 第9讲 强调句

在课堂教学中，英语教师都按照下面的句型去施教。即：It is / was ?that /who?用来强调一个句子中除谓语以外的任何句子成分。例如： I bought this car in that shop last month.(原始句)

It was I who/that bought this car in that shop last month. (强调主语) It was this car that I bought in that shop last month.(强调宾语) It was in that shop that I bought this car last month.(强调地点状语) It was last month that I bought this car in that shop.(强调时间状语)

就这样，再举几个例子，让学生练练，该语法讲解到此结束。可是，高考并不单纯考查这样一些基本的句式，下面几点还有待于老师去延伸讲解。 先请看下面的两个句子：

(1) It is on this arable land that the farmers produce food for the whole population of China. (2) It was from the early 1990s that scientists started to develop new techniques to increase agricultural production without harming the environment.

以上两个句子都是It is(was)?that?结构引导的强调句，在该句型中it没有任何意义，常用来强调主语、宾语、状语等。考查时常把被强调部分结构复杂化，即名词或代词后常跟有定语从句、动词不定式或同位语对名词起修饰，补充说明，同学们常把它和其它相似结构混淆，难以掌握。近几年的高考对强调句的考查常从以下几个方面进行，现归纳如下，希望同学们能突破这个难点。

一、强调句子主语

句子主语结构设置复杂，有跟不定式作定语的，有跟定语从句作定语的，还有用主语从句、并列结构或同位语结构的，这些会干扰同学们的解题思维，但只要我们抓住了句子的主干，问题也就迎刃而解了。如：

It was what he did that made his parents upset. It is I who am responsible for this case.

注意：强调某人时，可以用who代替that, that(who)后部分的谓语动词要和被强调部分的主语部分在语法上保持一致。

【真题回顾1】It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters. （2005天津）

A. that B. what C. which D. this 解析：题意是“是你所做的而不是你所说的起作用”，强调句子主语，主语是并列连词rather than 连接的两个主语从句充当，故选A。

二、强调句子中的时间、地点、方式等状语

这些状语可以是状语从句，介词短语，或介词短语中的名词后再跟有定语从句等。如： It was because it was raining hard that I was late for school.

It was with great joy that she accepted the birthday gift I bought for her.

【真题回顾2】 It was with great joy________ he received the news that his lost daughter had

been found. （2004福建）

A．because B．which C．since D．that 解析：强调作方式状语的介词短语，故选D。

如果对not?until句型进行强调时，常将not和until短语或引导的时间从句放在一起，

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置于It is(was)?that之间,其后部分用肯定形式，如：

It was not until yesterday that I knew this.

【真题回顾3】 It wasn?t until nearly a month later I received the manager?s reply.

（2005全国卷一二）

A．since B．when C．as D．that 解析：句意是“直到近一个月后我才得到经理的答复。”强调not?until句型，要将not提前，和until一起放到被强调的位置。故选D。

注意：强调时间状语和地点状语时，不用when和where。 三、强调句的一般问句和特殊问句

一般问句形式是：Is/Was it + 被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分？如: Was it during the Second World War that his grandfather died?

特殊问句形式是：特殊疑问词 + is/was +that/who + 句子其他成分？如： When is it that the school sports meeting will be held?

【真题回顾4】—___________that he managed to get the information? （2005山东）

—Oh, a friend of his helped him.

A. Where was it B. What was it C. How was it D. Why was it

解析：根据下文的答语 a friend of his helped him可知上文是强调方式状语。故选C。 四、强调句和其他相似句型的区别

区分强调句和定语从句的方法是将It is /was?that/who去掉，句子成分完整，则是强调句，反之则是其他从句。 （一）强调句与定语从句

It was in the hall that we held the English party. （强调句，去掉it was?that后，句子成分仍完整：We held the English party in the hall.）

It was the hall where (in which) we held the English party. (定语从句) （二）强调句与时间状语从句

It was four o?clock in the afternoon when they arrived at the museum. (when 引导时间状语从句)

It was at four o?clock in the afternoon that they arrived at the museum. (强调句) 【真题回顾5】— Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）

— Yes. It was not yet eight o?clock________ he arrived home. A．before B．when C．that D．until

解析：句意是“他到家时还不8点钟”，故是时间状语从句，而不是强调句，选B。 五、特殊的强调句型

英语中对谓语动词的强调一般是强调一般过去时或一般现在时的句子，方式是在谓语动词前加上相应时态的助动词do, does,或did，用于加强句子的语气，其后动词用原形。也可以在祈使句句首加助动词do表示强调。如： I do believe you. Do be careful.

第十讲 助动词 一．助动词的定义

在英语中，助动词本身是没有词义的，它主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态，语态，语气或构成否定形式，疑问形式。请注意，助动词在句子中必须同主语的人称和数保持一致。

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例：1）He is reading the newspaper. (时态) 他正在看报纸。

2）Tom was punished by his teacher.(语态) 3）Do be quiet，please. (语气) 4）She does not speak English.(否定) 5）Did you read this book ? (疑问) 二．助动词的种类

五个助动词（be，have，do，shall，will）

原形 be have do — — A→be动词的用法

形 式 be+现在分词 be+过去分词 be+不定式（to+动词原形）

例：1) We are to meet at the school at noon.(约定)

2）You are to obey your parents.（义务）

说明：am,is,are,was,were,have, has, had, do, does, did即可作助动词有可作实义动词。 例：1）She does not speak English.(助动词)

2）She does her look carefully. (实义动词)

B→have的用法

形 式 have+过去分词 have+been+过去分词 用 法 表示现在完成时（主动语态） 表示现在完成时（被动语态） 用 法 表示进行时态 表示被动语态 表示约定，义务，希望，可能 现在时 is, am, are have, has do, does shall will 过去时 was, were had did should Would 过去分词 been had done — — 第 30 页 共 47 页

have+been+现在分词 Have +to+动词原形 表示现在完成进行时 作情态动词，表“必须”（=must） 例：I have to work hard during this vacation. C→Shall/will的用法

形式 Shall/will+动词原形 Should/would+动词原形 D→do的用法

助动词do只有三个形式：do，does，did a. 构成疑问句和否定句

疑问句：Do（does/did）+主语+动词原形+??？ 否定句：主语+do（does/did）+not+动词原形+??

b. 用在动词原形之前，加强语气，此时助动词只有两个形式：do，did 例：1）He did answer in this way.

2) I do believe you can do it well. c.代替前面刚提到的动词以避免重复 例：1）I like English and so does he.

2) He doesn’t watch TV everyday and nor/neither do I. 3) He works hard but his son doesn’t.

d.用于倒装句，特别强调never，rarely，seldom，so等副词。 例：Never did I see such an animal. =I never saw such an animal.

第11讲 非谓语动词

非谓语动词：包括不定式to do，动名词doing，过去分词done及现在分词doing.

动词不定式： 1.作主语或表语。

1) It is hard _____ a high mountain.(climb) （不定式作主语，常用it作形式主语。） 2) The only way to reach the edge of the forest ___ the narrow dirt path in front of us. A. was to take B. was to taking C. will take D. was taken

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用法 表示过去将来时或虚拟语气

（不定式作表语，常用来说明主语内容。）

2.某些动词后须跟不定式to do作宾语：

e.g. afford, agree, decide, demand, offer, determine, hope, expect, wish, happen, fail, manage, desire,

long(渴望), plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, intend, seem;…

3.某些动词后须用不定式作宾补v.+n.+to do e.g. advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, cause, choose, drive(驱使), enable, encourage, expect, wish,

force, get, invite, prefer, tell, think, want, warn, order, require, call on, depend on…

4.动词let, have, make, notice, watch, observe,

feel, hear, see, 后用动词原形作宾补. 如改为被动语态，省掉的to要还原。 e.g. I heard Mary sing last night. Mary was heard to sing last night.

5.某些结构后面要用省to的不定式(即动词原形)： would/had rather, would you please, had better, rather than(而不是) …

6.不定式作定语时，与其修饰的名词有主谓关系或动宾关系。 e.g. 1) I haven?t decided which hotel ______. A. to stay B. to be stayed at C. to stay at D. for staying

2) The old scientist has been invited to a party _____ next Monday evening.

A. holding B. held C. to be held D. being held

3) Little Betty found __________.

A. with no one to play B. no one to play with C. no one to be played with D. no one to play

4) a. Mr Smith is the very doctor ______. b. Mr Smith is the very doctor for you __. A. to be sent for B. to send for C. sending for D. to be sent

7.疑问词+不定式 to do：相当于一个名词从句，常用来作主语，表语，宾语或状语。 e.g. He doesn?t know____ to stay or not. A. if B. either C. whether D. if he will

Last summer I took a course on _____.

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A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how are dresses made

不定式的省略：

---Did your brother go to the party? ---No, but he _______.

A. planned it B. planned to C. planned so D. planned

形容词easy, difficult, hard, fit后的动词不定式用主动形式表被动意义。 e.g. I found the German Language hard _____. A. to be learned B. to learn C. learned D. learning

动名词doing的用法:

1.作主语：动名词表一种抽象的和泛指的概念，而不定式表一次性的，具体的动作。 e.g. Swimming is a good exercise.

To swim across that river is possible some day when I grow up.

用在It is no use (good, a waste of time, not an easy task )…和there be no (no use)…结构中。 e.g. It is no good _____ the stable door when the horse is stolen.

A. closing B. to shut C. locking D. to lock

There is no use ______ him at this hour.

A. to call B. called C. to ring D. calling

2.作宾语：某些动词后只跟动名词作宾语。

admit, appreciate, avoid, can?t help, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, fancy(爱好), suggest, excuse(原谅),

finish, mind, miss, practise, allow，risk（冒险）, advise, give up…

3.有些动词后即可接不定式，又可接动名词，但意义不一样： e.g. remember, forget, regret +to do 动作未发生 + doing动作已发生 e.g. I remember to post the letter. I remember posting the letter. try to do 尽力做 try doing尝试做 stop to do stop doing

mean to do打算做 mean doing意味着做

4.sth. need, require, want + doing某事需要被

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e.g. The bike needs repairing. = The bike needs to be repaired.

This place is worth traveling hundreds of miles to see.

5.动名词复合结构：（动名词带上自己的逻辑主语） e.g. His/ John?s coming made us happy. （作主语） Do you mind my /me/Mary?s/Mary going to your party? （作宾语）

6.动名词完成式与被动形式：

e.g. He didn?t mention having met me. I apologize for not having kept my promise. Being killed by sharks was a common thing here.

分词

过去分词常表完成的被动动作，而现在分词常表正在进行的主动动作。 ●现在分词

一、现在分词的基本特征:表主动的，进行的，表特征 二、现在分词的用法

①现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征或和连系动词连用构成进行时态。 The book is interesting.

The present situation is more encouraging than ever before. The girl is watering the trees.

现在分词作表语一般可以译成“使、令…的”

②现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的特征，或修饰名词所做的动作。 单个的现在分词作定语必须前置；现在分词短语则后置。

现在分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，都可以变成一个相应的定语从句。 现在分词作定语所修饰的名词有主谓关系。

He is a promising young man. 他是个大有前途的年轻人。

I have a friend living in London. (=I have a friend who lives in London.)

③现在分词作状语，多用来表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。现在分词作状语它的逻辑主语是主句的主语。

如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，并且已经完成，用现在分词的完成形式。 They stood by the road, reading books.

Having stepped into the cave, Crusoe lit a fire.

④现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行，动作是宾语发出的，主动的，多用于使役动词或感官动词之后。

We saw a light burning in the window. I can't get the clock going again.

现在分词的完成式，否定式，被动形式： e.g. a.Having worked among the workers for many years, he knew them very well.

b. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.

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c. Can you see the building being built? d. Having been put into prison, he felt hopeless.

●过去分词

一、过去分词的基本特征 表被动的、完成的、表状态 二、过去分词的用法 ①过去分词作表语，和连系动词一起表示主语的状态或表示被动语态（动词应是及物动词）。 The glass is broken. She is quite pleased.

The glass was broken by Li Hua.

②过去分词作定语多表示被动意义和完成意义。动作发生在谓语动词之前。

其前置和特征与现在分词相同。过去分词作定语所修饰的名词有被动关系或系表关系。 He is a man loved by all.

I hate to read letters written in pencil.

③过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语一样，可以表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。 过去分词作状语必须注意它表示的动作是该句主语发不出来的或表示主语的状态， 但其逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语。

When (water is ) heated, water changes into steam.

④过去分词作宾补，多表示宾语的状态或被动意义。动作是宾语发不来的。

多用于使役动词、感官动词和like, want, wish, order等表示“希望”“要求”等意义的动词后面。

特别注意“have＋宾语＋过去分词”这一结构的用法。 I have to have my hair cut.

You should make yourself understood by all.

独立主格结构：在用分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般必须与句子主语一致。 如不一致，分词须带上自己的逻辑主语。常表伴随的动作或情况。 e.g. a. He rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat. b. Weather permitting, we?ll have an outing tomorrow.

c. So many teachers being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. d. His work finished, he prepared to return to his home. e. There are 180 competitors to take part in this game, the youngest being a boy of 10.

第十二讲 语序、倒装句讲稿

一、语 序

在英语中，一般常见的语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”，此语序与汉语基本相同，但定语在句子的位置，中文和英文略有差异，下面举例说明： 1、 定语的语序

(1)当定语是单词或动词–ing 形式时，在英语中多将定语放在被修饰的前面，与汉语相

同。

例：He is a naughty boy. （形容词）

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(2)当定语是短语或定语从句时，其中短语包括：介词短语，分词短语，不定式短语，放

在修饰词的后面。

例： I）She had a basket (full of apples) (短语)

II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定语从句) III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介词短语) （3）当定语是副词或某些过去分词时,放在所修饰词后面。 例：I) The women (here) are for you.（副词）

II) I like the books (written) by him.(过去分词)

2、 状语的语序

在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语时，先地点后时间：地点状语→时间状语，这和汉语中状语的语序不同，汉语是先时间后地点。

例：Ⅰ）My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.

Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place. Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.

二、倒 装

Summary:主语和谓语的顺序分为两种：

自然语序：主语+谓语 倒装语序：谓语+主语

1、 部分倒装和全部倒装

我们通常使用的语序是自然语序，即主语在前，谓语在后，但有时谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，即采用倒装语序。倒装的原因，或是语法结构的需要，或是为了强调。 A→部分倒装

部分倒装是谓语中的一部分（如：助动词、情态动词或系动词be）放在主语前面，其余部分仍放在主语后面。

例：ⅰ）Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情态动词)

ⅱ）Never had he had any experience like that.（助动词）

ⅲ）Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.（系动词） B→全部倒装

全部倒装是句子中没有助动词，情态动词或系动词be时，要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。 例：Here comes the bus.

Up went the arrow in to the sky.

The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.

● 例外：这时如果主语是人称代词，则主谓不倒装。

例：Here he comes.

Here you are. 给你 Here we are. 我们到了

▲ 重点：在英语中，从形式上可分为部分倒装和全部倒装，我们为了使于理解，还可以把

它分为语法性倒装。这是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子，还有一种是修饰性倒装，顾名思义，这些句子如果不是特意加以强调，可以不必倒装。 2、 语法性的倒装

A→各种疑问句的倒装

例：1）Are you against the plan?

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2)What do you like best?

●注意：但如果主语是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的，语序不变。

例：1）Who did it? (疑问词who是主语，语序不变仍为主语who+谓语did)

2)How many students in your school joined the army ? (分析：主语students由how many修饰，语序不变。) B→there be句型中的倒装

在此句型中，主语总是在谓语之后，无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中。 例：1）There were no school or hospitals there before.

2)Is there any ink in the bottle? C→直接引语中的倒装 a. 直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，它的主语（说话人）和谓语（引述动词）常要倒

装。 b. 但当主语是代词或谓语动词含有助动词时，一般不倒装。 c. 另外，如果谓语比主语长，或是它后面有宾语时，一般也不倒装。

例：1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man

2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.

3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom. 4）“I am hungry”，she had said. D→省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装

If引导的虚拟语气，条件句中如含有助动词were, should和had时，可以使用倒装。 句型：were/should/had+主语+?? =if+主语+were/should/had??

当if省略时，助动词were, should和had要倒装到主语前去；而if不省略时，主语和助动词用正常语序。

例：1）Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.

=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. =If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. 3)Had you my troubles, you would despair. =If you had my troubles, you would despair. E→so，nor，neither用于句首时的倒装 当so，nor，neither用于句首,说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况也适用于另外一个人或物时，句子要用倒装。

so nor/ neither 含义 也 用法 用于肯定句 倒装句型 So+be(have;助动词或情态动词)+主语 Neither/nor+be（have，助动词或情态动词）+主语 也不，也没有 用于否定句 例：1) A: I have had my breakfast. B: So have I.

2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages. B: So can I.

3)A: Will you go home this weekend? B: After that we never saw her again.

4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.

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F→as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装

形容词 +as+主语+系动词be,主语+动词 名词（不带冠词）

副词/实义动词 +as+主语+动词，主语+动词 分别叙述如下：

句型一：形容词+as+主语+系动词be

例：1)Young as he is，he knows a lot of things.

=Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things. =He is young but he knows a lot of things. 句型二：名词（不带冠词）+as+主语+系动词be 例：1）King as he is，he is unhappy.

=Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy. =He is a king, but he is unhappy.

2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.

=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more. 句型三：副词+as+主语+动词

1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.

=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it. =I like it much, but I won’t buy it.

2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him. 句型四：实义动词+as+主语+助动词

1)Try as she does, she will never find it. =She tries but she will never find it.

2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy. ▲3．修辞性的倒装（常考内容）

除了语法性倒装之外，有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的，叫做修辞性倒装。 A→否定词放在句首时的倒装

句型：否定词+助动词/be动词+主语 ▲常见放在句首的否定词

By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration, under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示决不 barely 简直没有 hardly 几乎不 scarcely 几乎不

never 从不 rarely 很少 little 几乎没有;一点也不 seldom 很少 only 只有 not 不，没有 not?until? 直到?才? nowhere 没有地方，无处

not a bit 一点也不 not only?but also? 不但?而且? 例：1）Barely does he have enough money to live on. =He barely has enough money to live on.

2) By no means is translation easy. =Translation is by no means easy.

3)Little did I think that I would lose the game. =I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game. (注：这里not at all=little 译为：一点也不)

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在上面表格所列到的否定词中，有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接，说明如下： a. hardly?when? 一?就?

例：Hardly did he see me when he ran away. =As soon as he saw me, he ran away. b. scarcely?when? 一?就?

例：Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him. c. no sooner?than? 一?就?

例：No sooner had they reached home than it rained. =It rained as soon as they reached home. d. not only?but also? 不但?而且?

例：1）No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it. =I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.

2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter. B→副词（短语）放在句首时的倒装

以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副词（短语）为首的句子中，要倒装以表示特别强调的语气。例: 1）Then came the time we had been looking for ward to. =The time we had been looking forward to came then. 2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August. =Summer begins in June, July and August came then. 3) Out rushed the boy.

4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties. 5) 比较： He was very angry. He didn’t say a word. He was very angry. Not a word did he say. 6）比较： I shall never be late for school.

Never again shall I be late for school. C→only+副词在句首时的倒装

Only+副词/副词短语/状语从句+助动词/be+主语

例：1）Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.

I realized I made such a big mistake only then. 2) Only in this way can you worked it out.

3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.

4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father. =When he got home he knew what happened to his father. D→频度副词在句首时的倒装

频度副词always, often, once出现在句首时，句子要倒装。 例：1）Often did we warn them not to do so.

2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting. =We will always remember the importance of the meeting.

第13讲 虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood

虚拟语气 1） 概念

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虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

2） 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 1 真实条件句

真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。 时态关系

句型： 条件从句 主句

一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 例：If he comes, he will bring his violin.

例题：The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.

A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。 注意：

1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

2 非真实条件句

时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。

句型 ： 条件从句 主句

一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you. b. 表示与过去事实相反的假设。

句型： 条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 例1：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

例2：The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.

例3：If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. 例4：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

例5：If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. c. 表示对将来的假想

句型： 条件从句 主句

一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形 第 40 页 共 47 页

例1：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 例2：If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 例3：If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 3 混合条件句

主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在). 4 虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. =If it should rain,the crops would be saved. =If it were to rain,the crops would be saved. 注意：

在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用\，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词

主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

5 特殊的虚拟语气词：should

1）It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。 句型：

(1)suggested

It is (2)important that… + (should) do (3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do (2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity,a shame,no wonder.

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例1：It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 例2：It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow. 2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 注意： 如suggest, insist不表示\建议\或\坚持要某人做某事时\，即它们用于其本意\暗示、表明\、\坚持认为\时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错:

误：Your pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 正：Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 误：I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. 正：I insisted that you were wrong. 3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 6 wish的用法

1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

真实状况 wish后 从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时

（be的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时 （had + 过去分词） 将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could + 动词原形 I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。

He wished he hadn?t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 2）wish to do表达法。 wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.

I wish the manager to be informed at once. = I want the manager to be informed at once. 7 比较if only与only if重点 only if表示\只有\；if only则表示\如果……就好了\。If only也可用于陈述语气。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.

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当时闹钟响了，就好了。

If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来. 8. It is (high) time that

It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed. 9 need \不必做\和\本不该做\

didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。 needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。) 典型例题

There was plenty of time. She ___.

A.mustn?t have hurried B.couldn?t have hurried C. must not hurry D.needn't have hurried 答案D。needn't have done. 意为\本不必\，即已经做了某事，而实际上不必要。

mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, \不可能已经\。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时） 第14讲宾语从句

宾语从句的三要素：引导词、陈述句语序、时态一致

1．宾语从句的引导词

（1）由陈述句变成的宾语从句，用that引导，语序不变。that在句中无实际意义，可以省略。如：

He is a teacher. →He said (that) he was a teacher. I have already seen the film. →He said that he (had) already seen the film. （2）由一般疑问句变成的宾语从句，用if或whether引导，表示“是否”，原来一般疑问句的语序要变为陈述句语序。如：

Does the boy like English? →The teacher asked me if the boy liked English. Are they students?→I don't know if they are students.

注意：当宾语从句中出现“or not”或“or + 供具体选择的内容”时，就只能用whether来引导。例如：

I don?t know whether he will come back soon or not.

（3）由特殊疑问句变成宾语从句时，疑问代词或疑问副词作宾语从句的引导词，并在宾语从句中充当成分，表示对不清楚的人、事物、时间、地点、方式等的询问。原来特殊疑问句的疑问语序要变为陈述语序。如：

Who is that boy? → Miss Li wants to know who that boy is.

What does the girl want to buy? → He asked what the girl wanted to buy. Where have they gone? → I didn?t know where they had gone. When did you leave? → He asked when I left.

2．宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序，即宾语从句的主语前不可有be动词、情态动 词或助

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动词do, does, did, have, has, had等。

3．时态一致性，即若主句时态是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定；若主句是过去时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），宾语从句的时态也用过去时态，如： We know he is a teacher at a school. We know he lost his son last year. We know he will come here soon.

He said that he was ill.

第15讲 直接引语和间接引语 Direct and Indirect Speech

1. (1)John said,”I like reading novels.” (2)John said that he liked reading novels. 直接引语:直接引述别人的话.

间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话. 它构成宾语从句. 2.陈述句(statements):

(1)He said,”I like it very much.”

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中可省略),从 句中的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等要做相应变化. 1)人称的变化:

(1)He said,”I like it very much.” He said that he liked it very much.

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

Tom told me that he had broken my CD player. 2)时态的变化:

主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态上要做相应的变化.如主句的谓语动词是现在时,从句的时态无须变化. (1)一般现在时?一般过去时:

He said,”I am afraid I cannot finish the work.” He said that he was afraid he couldn?t finish the work.

(2)现在进行时?过去进行时 He said,” I?m using the knife.” He said that he was using the knife (3)现在完成时?过去完成时

She said,”I?ve not heard from him since May.”

She said that she had not heard from him since May. (4)一般过去时?过去完成时 He said ,”I came to help you.”

He said that he had come to help me. (5)过去完成时不变

He said,”I had finished my homework before supper.” He said that he had finished his homework before supper.

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(6)一般将来时?过去将来时 She said,” I?ll do it after class.”

She said that she woukd do it after class

3)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词的变化. (1) She said, “ I?ll finish the work this morning.” She said that she would finish the work that morning. (2)He said, “These books are mine.” He said that those books were his. (3)He said, “It?s nine now.” He said that it was nine then

(4)He said,?I haven?t seen her today.” He said that he hadn?t seen her that day (5)She said,”I went there yesterday.”

She said that she had gone there the day before. (6)She said,” I ?ll go there tomorrow.”

She said that she would go there the next/following day. 将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序（主语在谓语前面时），句末用句号，主语的人称，时态和状语要相应变化。

(7)She said,?He left 30 minutes ago.”

She said that he had left 30 minutes before. (8)He said,” My sister was here one week ago.”

He said that his sister had been there one week before. (9)She said .” I?ll come here this evening.” She said that she would go there that evening. He said,”Light travels much faster than sound.” He said that light travels much faster than sound.

注：直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。

注: 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there,动词come也不必改成go 2)疑问句（questions）

(1)一般疑问句：直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，用连词whether 或if 引导。主句谓语动词是said 时,要改为asked.没有间接宾语的,可加一个间接宾语（me,him,us等）。 (1)He said,”Are you interested in English?” He asked (me)if I was interested in English. (2)He said,” Did you see him last night?”

He asked (me) whether I had seen him the night before. 2)特殊疑问句：

“What can I do for you?”he asked me. 3.祈使句

将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell,ask,order等动词，句型是：tell/ask /order someone (not) to do something.) 如果祈使句为否定式，不定式前加not.

(1)”Make sure the door is shut ,” she said to her little son. She told her little son to make sure the door was shut. (2)”Don?t smoke in the room,” he said to me.

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He told me not to smoke in the room。

第16讲省略句

为了避免重复或是由于习惯省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分，我们称着总语法现象为省略。省略在英语语法中很常见，尤其是在口语中。 一．省略主语 例：（I am）Glad to see you .

(I?ll) See you later.

(I) Thank you for coming here. (Do you) Want some more ? (It) Sounds like a good idea. (It) Doesn?t matter.

二．省略谓语或者谓语的一部分 例：（Is there）Anything I can do for you?

His room is big and mine (is) small.省略系动词 A:Do you ofen go to see films? B:No,I don?t (go to see films). B:Never.省略了主语和谓语 三．省略主语或者谓语中的主要部分 例：A:Would you like to do it with me?

B:Sure/Certainly/Of course.(I?d like to) 四．不定式to后省略动词

1．为了避免重复，再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后，往往只保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。 例：A:Would you like to join us in the game?

B:I?d like/love to.

A:Did you go to Shanghai last month?

B:No,I planned to (go to Shanghai last month).

2．在词组be able to，used to，be going to和情态动词ought to，have to，need等词后。 例：He never goes there by bus now but he used to (go there by bus).

I?ve not been to America but I am going to (be there ). 五．用语中的省略

例：Why not watch TV?

=Why don?t we watch TV? 六．在复合句中的省略 1． 在宾语中从句中的省略

例：The letter says (that) they are ready for it.

We hope (that) we can win. 2． 在定语从句中的省略

1） 关联词在定语从句中担任宾语时可以省略。 例：This is the book (which/that) I want to buy.

The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa. The music (that/which) you are listening to is very beautiful. 2） 关系副词that在定语从句中常代替when，而且可以省略。 例：1989 was the year (when/that0 he was born.

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3） 关联词在从句中作表语时可以省略。

例：She is no longer the girl (that/who) she used to be. 3． 在状语从句中的省略

1） 在结果、目的状语从句so…..that,such…..that中 例：I got up early so(that)I could catch the early bus. =I got up early (so) that I could catch the early bus. 2） 在比较状语从句中

例：My elder sister is a head taller than I (am tall).

The weather in autumn in beijing is better than (the weather) in spring (in Beijing).

3） 在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中（即由when，though，as if，if等引导的从句），

如果从句中的谓语有“be”，从句中的主语又和主句的主语相同或是it时，往往把从句中的主语和be都省略。

例：If (it is) necessary possible,the boss will go by himself. When (he was) in trouble,he always asked me to help. Though (they were) surrounded,the soldiers didn?t give up.

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