《大学英语四级考试新题型—篇章翻译、阅读信息匹配与作文分项训练》完整版923 - 图文

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第一章大学英语四级篇章翻译分项训练

一、概述

1.什么是翻译？

翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

2. 翻译的标准

翻译可以用―忠实、通顺‖四个字作为标准。把原文的意思翻译准确，是我们在汉译英的翻译题目中得分的首要条件。译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有篡改、歪曲、遗漏的情况。

在翻译的时候可以按照语言本身的习惯，在不影响准确性的前提下，进行句式、结构上的调整，用词造句力求符合英语的语言文字规范，避免文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑模糊、语言晦涩等情况。

3. 翻译的过程

翻译的过程通常包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、相辅相成的统一过程，

因此在平时的翻译练习中可以分为三步走：看懂原文、准确翻译、调整通顺。二、四级翻译部分解读

2013年8月英语四级六级考试改革后，翻译部分由原来的单句汉译英变更为段落汉译英，四级翻译段落有140-160个汉字，六级有180-200个汉字。分值比例15%，考试时间30分钟。按照全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2013年8月14日题型调整说明，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。

翻译长度的增加无疑给广大考生增加了一定难度，但翻译考点与之前的考点基本是一致的，所以广大考生可以稍安勿躁。段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇。通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如China Daily及 Beijing Review等等。当然这些报刊杂志的大部分内容确实超越了大多数考生的实际水平，但考生仍然可以学习一些涉及日常生活的词语。每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，就可以学到很多表达。中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips，有大量简单实用的双语文章，考生有时间可关注。同时，考生可借阅一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的切换规则。

段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻关。平时应加大对长难句的分析，注重句子结构的各种呈现，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that, which, who, when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing, to do, done等等。

最后，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和正式―写‖。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提高语言组织能力。翻译练习一定要落实到笔头上。同时，长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的，要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，要做到熟能生巧。

不管怎么说，此次四六级考试改革翻译难度增加，分值比例增加，考生想靠蒙混过关是不可能的。建议大家从现在开始复习，多积累、多动笔、多练习。

翻译的得分要义可以浓缩为两点：从整体着眼理解、从细节着手翻译。希望通过以下关于中国文化翻译的专项练习，大家能够触类旁通，真正提高英文的实际运用能力。

三、练习练习（一）

文化是不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体。通过举办文化节，许多中国城市在世界上的知名度提高了。已经证明，对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民之间的交流来说，这是最好的途径之一。这种交流不仅仅限于文化方面，还扩大到了经济和其他领域。

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练习（二）

绿色奥运、人文奥运、科技奥运是北京申办2008年奥运会的三大主题。北京积极响应国际奥委会的号召，把奥运会办成在环境保护方面发挥突出作用的奥林匹克盛会。北京市政府将与全市人民一道，通过申办和举办奥运会，加快实施北京市的环境保护规划，进一步改善环境质量，完善城市基础设施建设，提高市民的生活水平，促进城市可持续发展。

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练习（三）

古代边塞有位老翁丢了马，人们都来安慰他。他却说，马丢了，说不定还是一种福气呢。后来那匹马回来了，还引回了胡人的一匹马。此时人们又来向他贺喜。他说，说不定是一种祸事呢。正如所言，不久他的儿子因为骑那匹马摔断了腿。后来人们用此典形容祸福相依，相互转化，难以逆料。

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练习（四）

徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人（predecessor）研究地理的记载有许多不很可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车（wagon）坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人烟稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。

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练习（五）

科学是讲求实际的，科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰巨的劳动。同时科学也需要创造，需要幻想，有幻想才能打破传统的束缚，才能发展科学。《封神演义》（Apotheosis of Heroes）上的许多幻想，由于科学的发展，今天大都变成了现实。伟大的天文学家哥白尼（Copernicus）说：人类的天职在于勇于探索真理。我国劳动人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。我们一定要打破阵规，披荆斩棘，开拓我国科学发展的道路。

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练习（六）

风筝制作在中国有超过两千年的历史。最早的风筝以木头制成，形状为老鹰，被称作―木鹞‖（wooden hawk）。在汉代的时候（公元前206年到公元220年）纸张用以替换木头，于是纸鸢出现了。五代时期（公元907年到960年），竹哨绑在风筝上，风吹过时风筝会发出类似―筝‖（zither）一样的声音。从那时候开始，汉语中的―风筝‖称谓就出现了。风筝制作与放飞是中国古老的传统。风筝承载了人们真挚的祝愿。风筝不仅是一项娱乐活动，也是一项体育锻炼，老少皆宜。

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练习（七）

农历八月十五是中国的中秋节。因为大家相信那天的月亮是最大最圆的，中秋节被视作家庭团聚的日子。赏月是中秋节庆祝活动中一个重要的部分。入夜，人们一边吃月饼一边欣赏满月。如此美景，人们不禁沉浸在经典的诗歌中朗诵那些脍炙人口的诗句或者自己写的诗句。

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练习（八）

气功，或呼吸的锻炼，是中国另外一种民间体育。和武术一样，历史悠久、众人皆知。据说气功起源于公元前7世纪，道教（Daoism ）创始人老子的年代。后来，著名医生华佗成功整合了模仿虎、鹿、熊、猿和鸟的健身运动。由此，气功慢慢地演变。现在，气功已经成为亿万中国人日常生活中保持心智和身体健康的一条途径。气功对于调节人的神经（nervous）系统、呼吸（respiratory）系统、消化系统、血液循环（blood circulation）系统和内分泌（endocrine）功能十分有效。气功可以帮助人们预防疾病、增强体质和延年益寿。 _______________________________________________________________________________

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练习（九）

北京现有的地铁就是一条环行线加一条直线，全长42公里，到2000年的时候将增加一条7公里长、有7个车站的地铁线。2000年的时候，北京将有一支拥有6千辆大车，1千辆小巴士的车队，城区的公共汽车和无轨电车（trolley bus）线路将增加到350条，行车路线4千公里，每年载客量40亿人。

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练习（十）

敬老、养老是中华民族的传统美德，这一点已得到法律确认，中国宪法规定（stipulate）成年子女有责任赡养父母。中国大部分老人和子女同住，由子女照顾。政府和社会非常关心老人的福利问题，并给他们提供了多种服务。老年人活动站不但街道办、企业、机关、文教单位也办。这些活动站给老人提供社会服务和文娱活动等种种便利，丰富他们的生活，有助于他们的身心健康。一些地方医院和诊所都定期给有慢性病（chronic disease）的老人送医上门。许多书籍、报刊以及无线电、电视节目还指导老年人如何保健、如何过好退休生活。 _______________________________________________________________________________

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练习（十一）

喝茶，是身体的需要，也是精神的需要。饮一杯轻茗，自然是既解渴又舒畅。中医（traditional Chinese medicine）说，喝茶能医身体多种疾病，苦涩的茶中，包括对身体极有益的成分，这已得到现代医学的证明。中国人嗜茶，在身体需要的同时，更关心精神的渴求。中国人是以茶来表达敬意，以茶来净化心灵，以茶来体会生命的意义。

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练习（十二）

中国是丝绸的故乡，产生了很多与丝绸相关的艺术，刺绣（embroidery）就是其中的一种。从事刺绣的多为女子，所以刺绣又称为―女红‖。刺绣在中国有数千年的历史，受到人们广泛的喜爱。刺绣可以用来装饰衣物，如在衣服、被子、枕头等上绣上美丽的图案，也可制作成特别的饰品。

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练习（十三）

说到中国文化，常常要说到长城。从公元前7世纪到公元16世纪，在大约2200年的时间里，先后有19个朝代修建过成长城，所修的长城累计有10万公里以上。三次浩大的长城修建工程，是在秦、汉和明代（dynasty）。现今存有遗迹（legacy）的主要是明长城，从东边入海口的山海关（Shanhai Pass）开始，一直到沙漠深处的嘉峪关，全长6700公里。 _______________________________________________________________________________

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练习（十四）

皮影戏（shadow play）产生于两千多年之前，到了宋代，皮影戏已十分发达。中国皮影戏的主要形式此时都具备了。当时传统戏剧并没有成熟，但皮影戏已经相当成熟，利用皮影戏，就可以演出完整的三国（Three Kingdoms）故事等。当时很多城市都有皮影戏演出，节日的时候，皮影戏更成了重要的娱乐形式。

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练习（十五）

丝绸之路（Silk Road）是公元前2世纪开始出现的一条联系中国和欧亚大陆的交通要道，由于这条道路开始时以丝绸贸易为主，所以人们便称它为丝绸之路。丝绸之路一词最早是由德国地理学家费迪南?冯?李希霍芬（Ferdinand von Richthofen）在19世纪末提出的。从中国的长安（今陕西西安）开始，经甘肃、新疆，进而到中亚、西亚,并一直到地中海各国。 _______________________________________________________________________________

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练习（十六）

中国书法艺术（calligraphy）的演变，得益于两方面的因素。一是汉字（pictographic characters），汉字是以象形（pictographic）为基础的方块文字，它具有独特的优美形式，为书法艺术提供了条件。一是毛笔。毛笔的发明，是中国文化史上的重要事件，是书法艺术产生和发展的基础。由兔毫、羊毫、狼毫等做成的毛笔，柔软而富有弹性，可以产生丰富的变化，为书法艺术的产生提供了可能。

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练习（十七）

近年来，中国政府倡导国内旅游，推行（implement）―假日经济‖政策，给公民每年3次为期一周的长假，让他们将更多储蓄用于旅游、购物和外出就餐。2004年，五一节的总旅游消费达390亿元人民币。目前旅游业（tourism）收入占国内生产总值的2.3%。预计到2013年，旅游收入将每年增长10%，并创造4,000万个就业机会。

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练习（十八）

全球化是描述全球社会出现的一个术语，在这个社会中，世界上一个区域在经济、政治、环境、文化方面的事件会很快对世界其它地区的人们产生重大影响。全球化是通信、运输、信息科技发展的结果。它体现了连接个体、社区、公司以及各国政府间日益增长的经济、政治、科技文化联系。全球化包括多国公司和跨国公司的成长。监督世界贸易和金融的国际机构在全球化时代发挥着日益重要的作用。

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练习（十九）

中华民族是由五十六个民族组成的大家庭。从遥远的古代起，我国各族人民就建立了紧密的政治经济文化联系，共同开发了祖国的河山，两千多年前就形成了富源广阔的同一国家。悠久的中华文化，成为维系民族团结和国家统一的牢固纽带。团结统一，深深印在中国人的民族意识中。

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练习（二十）

新年春节刚过，农村的破旧小车站就挤满了成千上万的农民。他们只有一个目的，到城市去。八十年代初，农村的改革，使得千千万万的农民从土地上解放了出来，纷纷跑到城市找工作。自那以后，这种大规模的民工（migrant workers）潮一直使城市感到头痛。这不仅是因为对城市设施（infrastructure）造成了极大的压力，而且他们担心会引发许多社会矛盾。 _______________________________________________________________________________

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第二章大学英语四级阅读信息匹配专分项训练

一、概述

最新的大学英语四级考试阅读题型分为三个部分：选词填空(5%)、段落信息匹配(10%)和仔细阅读(20%),合用时间40分钟。其中选词填空和仔细阅读为历年考试通用题型，段落信息匹配是2013年8月改革后最新题型，与雅思和考研题型相近。

原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解信息匹配后，篇章长度和难度不变。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。按样卷的设置：四级本题共计9段，对应10题，这意味着必有一段对应两题；六级本题共计15段，对应10题，这意味着必有5题是纯干扰段。

二、解题技巧

阅读信息匹配考点与之前的快速阅读一样，但由于题目肯定不会按照文章的顺序出，而且有干扰段，迷惑力加强，可以确定难度是增加的。想要做好这种题型，首先要保证一定数量的词汇积累，同时熟悉了解基本阅读方法和策略，尤其是相关快速阅读技巧：

1. 先看题目，再看原文。由于出题没有按照段落顺序，每次看题建议2-3题，锁定关键词，返回原文定位。

2. 把握关键词、定位词。注意关键信息词在段落和题目中的对应，例如数字、大写、专有名词、特殊符号等。

3. 重点阅读段落首尾句，快速获取段落中心大意。

4. 特别关注段落衔接句，注意转折、因果、递进等相关逻辑句。 5. 明确匹配关系，注意同义替换、概括归纳。

长篇阅读理解信息匹配的文章字数大约是1200字，阅读时间约为10分钟。要想在如此短时间内完成信息匹配，大量训练必不可少。由于该题与原来快速阅读理解相近，考生可以把历年四级真题中的快速阅读作为复习素材，强化快速定位的能力。只有通过大量练习，提高解题速度，才能以不变应万变。希望通过以下段落信息匹配的专项练习，大家能够快速掌握答题技巧，真正提高英语快速阅读能力。

三、练习

Section A 1-5 passages 四级模拟题型

Section B 1- 15 passages 信息匹配专项练习

Section A

Passage 1 样题（来自于2007年12月四级真题的快速阅读原文）

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.

Universities Branch Out

A) As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national

competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.

B) In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become

more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.

C) Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across

borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America‘s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.

D) Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in

another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.

E) Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing

portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai‘s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu‘s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.

F) As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the

commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施 ) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.

G) For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the

research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.

H) American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students

can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.

I) Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation‘s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished (珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace

and stability as welcoming international university students.

1. American universities prepare their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship.

2. Since the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent.

3. The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competitiveness.

4. The way research is carried out in universities has changed as a result of globalization.

5. Of the newly hired professors in science and engineering in the United States, twenty percent come from foreign countries.

6. The number of foreign students applying to U.S. universities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process.

7. The U.S. federal funding for research has been unsteady for years.

8. Around the world, governments encourage the model of linking university-based science and industrial application.

9. Present-day universities have become a powerful force for global integration.

10. When foreign students leave America, they will bring American values back to their home countries.

Passage 2 （来自于2009年6月四级真题的快速阅读原文）

How Do You See Diversity?

A) As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company. During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise. He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said ―untrustworthy,‖ so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. ―It wasn‘t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,‖ Tiffany confesses. What she hadn‘t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate‘s ―different‖ behavior was simply a cultural misunderstanding. He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes. ―I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,‖ Tiffany says. ―I missed out, but will not miss that opportunity again.‖

B) Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different. As the world

becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our under-standing of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions. Hire Advantage

C) At a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult ,employers who can eliminate invalid biases(偏爱) from the process have a distinct advantage .My company, Mindsets LLC ,helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots . A real estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make.

D) ―During my Mindsets coaching session, I was taught how to recruit a diversified workforce. I recruited people from different cultures and skill sets .The agents were able to utilize their full potential and experiences to build up the company .When the real estate market began to change, it was because we had a diverse agent pool that we were able to stay in the real estate market much longer than others in the same profession.‖ Blinded by Gender

E) Dale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on supervising a diverse workforce. ―Through one of the sessions, I discovered my personal bias,‖ he recalls. ―I learned I had not been looking at a person as a whole person, and being open to differences.‖ In his case, the blindness was not about culture but rather gender.

F) ―I had a management position open in my department; and the two finalists were a man and a woman. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel. My reasoning would have been that even though both candidates were great and could have been successful in the position, I assumed the woman would have wanted to be home with her children and not travel.‖Dale‘s assumptions are another example of the well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits an organization‘s ability to tap into the full potential of a diverse workforce. ―I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation, I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them to make an informed decision.‖ Dale credits the workshop, ―because it helped me make decisions based on fairness.‖ Year of the Know-It-All

G) Doug is another supervisor who attended one of my workshops .He recalls a major lesson learned from his own employee. ―One of my most embarrassing moments was when I had a Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to celebrate Chinese New Year. In my ignorance, I assumed he had his dates wrong, as the first of January had just passed. When I advised him of this, I gave him a long talking-to about turning in requests early with the proper dates ―He patiently waited, then when I was done, he said he would like Chinese New Year did not begin January first and that Chinese New Year ,which is tied to the lunar cycle ,is one of the most celebrated holidays on the Chinese calendar . Needless to say, I felt very embarrassed in assuming he had his dates mixed up. But I learned a great deal about assumptions, and that the timing of holidays varies considerably from culture to culture.

H) ―Attending the diversity workshop helped me realize how much I could learn by simply asking questions and creating dialogues with my employees , rather than making assumptions and trying to be a know-it-all ,‖ Doug admits . ―The biggest thing I took away from the workshop is learning how to be more ?inclusive‘ to differences.‖ A better Bottom Line

I) An open mind about diversity not only improves organizations internally, it is profitable as well. These comments from a customer service representative show how an inclusive attitude can improve sales. ‖Most of my customers speak English as a second language. One of the best things my company has done is to contract with a language service that offers translations over the phone. It wasn‘t until my boss received Mindsets‘ training that she was able to understand how important inclusiveness was to customer service. As result, our customer base has increased‖

J) Once we start to see people as individuals and discard the stereotypes, we can move positively toward inclusiveness for everyone . Diversity is about coming together and taking advantage of our differences and similarities. It is about building better communities and organizations that enhance us as individuals and reinforce our shared humanity. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past , from the media, peers , family , friends , etc , we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed(有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values . We need to train our-selves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone.

1. Mindset LLC is a training and consultation company that helps organizations and individuals

find out their weakness.

2. What bothered Tiffany during a interview with her candidate was just the candidate wouldn‘t

look her in the eye.

3. After one of the workshops, account executive Dale realized that he must get rid of his

gender bias.

4. When a Chinese-American employee asked for leave to celebrate Chinese New Year, the

supervisor, Doug, told him to get the date right.

5. Tiffany‘s misjudgment about the candidate stemmed from cultural ignorance. The candidate was brought up a commune where avoiding direct eye contact shows a kind of respect.

6. The best lesson dong learned from the Mindset LLC was how to embrace different cultures. 7. When we view people as individuals and get rid of stereotypes, we can achieve diversity and benefit from the differences and similarities between us.

8. In the course of economic globalization, increasing understanding of people of other cultures is becoming essential.

9. After attending Mindset LLC‘s workshops, the boss of the customer service representative came to now the importance of inclusiveness to their business.

10. Dale thought Mindset LLC‘s workshop helped him eliminate sexual prejudice and make fair decisions.

Passage 3

The Modern Olympic Games

A) The Modern Olympic Games might have remained just a part of history without the dream of one Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin. Coubertin believed that sport and exercise were very important for the health and happiness of every man and also for the nation. He therefore tried, in 1892, to interest other Frenchmen in his dream of starting a modern form of the early Greek Games. His ideas were strongly criticized by many people, who did not really understand what he was trying to do. It is perhaps sad that the great work Pierre de Coubertin did to bring back the Games was never properly recognized during his lifetime. Gradually, however, people all over the world became interested in his ideas and at a meeting in Paris in 1894, with representatives from twelve different countries; plans were made to hold the first modern Games in Athens in 1899.

B) Organizing the first modern Games, however, was not without problems. The Greek government was unhappy with the decision to hold the Games in Athens, as they had serious economic problems at the time and did not feel they were in a position to spend the necessary money. It seemed therefore that the Games would be finished before they had even begun. Prince Constantine of Greece, however, gave his support to Coubertin and the newly-formed Olympic Committee and other rich Greeks soon followed his example. Enough money was collected in Greece and abroad to build a new stadium and pay all the other costs.

C) On 5th April, 1896, a crowd of over 60 000 people watched the King of Greece open the first modern Olympic Games. There were, however, very few competitors － only two hundred and eighty-five. Australia, Austria, Britain, Bulgaria, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland and the USA, were the only countries to send athletes to the Games and most of the athletes who did come had to pay for their own travel and other costs. There were ten sports in the first program － cycling, gymnastics, tennis, swimming, athletics, fencing, weight-lifting, rowing, wrestling and shooting; there were also other non-sporting events, such as concerts and ballet, just as there had been at the early Games.

D) At the first modern Olympics almost all the gold medals were won by American sportsmen, but the most famous of all the first medal winners was a young Greek named Spyros Louis, who came from a small village in the mountains near Athens. It was he who won the long and difficult race, the Marathon, and gave the Greeks the national win they had hoped for.

E) The Greeks would have been happy to keep the Games in Greece but Coubertin believed strongly that the Olympics should be truly international and would not allow this to happen. It was therefore decided to hold the next Games in Paris in 1900. Sadly, however, the Paris Games and the following Games, held in St. Louis, America, in 1904, were poor examples of Coubertin's dream and Coubertin himself did not even travel to the St. Louis Games. For these two Games were more like circus shows than serious international sports meetings. Only fifteen non-Americans went to the 1904 Games, mainly because the high travel costs prevented others from competing. Olympic events were mixed with other sports and events, and the Games were organized to continue over many months, so that as much money as possible could be made by the organizers from the selling of tickets.

F) It was not until 1908, when the Games were held in London, that international rules and distances were introduced；until then the events had been the decision of the organizing nation

alone. The London Games were far better organized than any of the other modern Games but it took many more years before Coubertin's dream of a truly international meeting of sportsmen became a reality. It was necessary to make many changes before the Olympic Games became as well-organized and as popular as they are today.

G) Since 1896 the Games have been held every four years, except for a break during the years of the two World Wars. Gradually the number of competitors who take part in each Games has grown and so has the number of countries. In 1896, only thirteen countries were represented and only two hundred and eighty-five competitors took part. Today, however, as many as one hundred and twenty-two countries send athletes to the Games and more than seven thousand men and women come to the Games to take part. In recent years, the number of events has grown to twenty-one, eleven of which are also open to women.

H) It is interesting that Coubertin, whose ideas were born in the late nineteenth century, probably never imagined that women would ever play a part in the new Olympics. Women had never competed in the early Greek Games; indeed, for many years they were not even allowed to watch. In modern times, the London Games in 1908 were the first in which women took a serious part － 36 women came to the Games to compete. The first woman to win an Olympic event was the British Tennis Player, Charlotte Cooper, who won a tennis event in 1900. From 1908, however, the number of events began to grow with the introduction of ladies‘ gymnastics. Athletics events for women were introduced in 1928 at the Games held in Amsterdam. Today, women are as highly-trained and as fit as men. Although in almost every sport women and men compete separately, in horse-riding events they compete against each other and women have shown over the years that they are just as good.

I) The International Olympic Committee, whose home is in Lausanne in Switzerland, is responsible for all the important decisions of the Olympic Movement. The members of this committee are chosen not by their governments but by members already on the committee and they are therefore above politics or group interests. Most of the members are simply rich men who wish to keep Coubertin‘s ideas alive. Not every country is represented, therefore, because this would mean more than 120 members and no decisions would ever be made.

J) However, each country must form a National Olympic Committee before it is allowed to send competitors to the games and this committee must be recognized by the International Olympic Committee. At present, more than 136 countries have formed such a committee. The National Committees are responsible for organizing the national teams and for deciding which competitors to send. Competitors cannot choose to go to the Games － they must be chosen and this means competing against their own countrymen. It is not even enough to be the best in the country, for each competitor must be able to reach the standard expected for entry to the Games. These standards change each year as sportsmen and sportswomen improve. Some countries are not able to send all the competitors they would like to, even if they have reached the expected standard, because of the cost. The National Committee must then decide whether to send the competitors who have the most chance of winning or whether, instead, to send competitors to represent each sport even though some of them have little hope of doing well. K) The city where the Games are to be held is chosen by the International Olympic Committee；this is usually decided five years before the Games are to take place. Several cities may wish to hold the Games in any one year and the Committee decides only after it has listened to and seen the arguments and plans of each city. Once chosen, the city then has five years to prepare.

1. At the first modern Olympics, American sportsmen won almost all the gold medals, but the

most notable of all the medalists was a young Greek.

2. Coubertin tried to make other Frenchmen pay attention to his dream of holding a modern form

of the early Greek Games in 1892.

3. Every city chosen to hold the Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee usual

has five years to prepare.

4. Before 1908 there were no women participating extensively in Olympic Games.

5. The most successful modern Olympic Games was the one held in London, UK, but there was

still a long way to go before becoming as well-organized as they are today.

6. The members of the International Olympic Committee are chosen by members already on the committee, most of whom are wealthy.

7. Because of financial difficulties, at first the Greek government opposed holding the Games in Athens

8. It is the National Committees that are responsible for organizing the national teams and for deciding which competitors to be sent o the Games.

9. There are very few competitions at the first Olympic Games, and most of the athletes took part in the Games at their own expense.

10. Because Coubertin maintained that the Olympic should be truly international, the target of holding the Games in Paris in 1900 was met.

Passage 4

Is College Worth the Money?

A) Right now in our society a college education is no longer an option or privilege, but rather a

necessity. We are practically raised and conditioned to believe that one needs higher education in order to succeed in life. There is a saying that says \expensive, try ignorance.\But as technology is constantly advancing and computers are running almost anything, is a college education really necessary? There are people whom have never set foot in a college and are doing better than people who have their master's degree. There are views from both sides that contain a valid argument.

B) The main reason why people go to college is not because they want to but because they have

to. Most high school seniors are pressured by their guidance counselors and parents to go to college because it is \a Waste of Time and Money\wanted them to go, or some other reason entirely irrelevant to the course of studies for which college is supposedly organized.\

Passage 11

Sun’s distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem:transits of Venus, unlike

those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would

cross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769—though he didn't survive to see either.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

1. Examples of different ways in which the parallax principle has been applied. 2. A description of an event which prevented a transit observation

3. A Statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observation.

4. A description of physical states connected with Venus which early astronomical instruments failed to overcome.

Passage 12

is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton has been awarded ￡ 215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lyn mouth project. EU research has now identified 06 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.

Passage 13

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