英语语言学试卷精粹（10套题）

第一部分 选择题

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for \ it is said to be ___. A、 prescriptive B、 sociolinguistic C、 descriptive

D、 psycholinguistic

2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、 mouth B、 lips C、 tongue

D、 vocal cords

3、The morpheme \ A、 bound morpheme B、 bound form

C、 inflectional morpheme D、 free morpheme

4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、 coordinator B、 particle C、 preposition

D、 subordinator主从连词

5、\ A、 is synonymous with B、 is inconsistent with C、 entails

D、 presupposes

6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、 semantics B、 pragmatics C、 sociolinguistics

D、 psycholinguistics

7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、 elaboration

B、 simplification精简 C、 external borrowing D、 internal borrowing

8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、 Lingua franca通用语 B、 Creole C、 Pidgin

D、 Standard language标准语言

9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回 B、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons

D、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area

10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、 learning B、 competence C、 performance D、 acquisition 第二部分 非选择题

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

11、Chomsky defines \ of the rules of his language.

12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b . 13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.

15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.

16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to

something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.

17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .

18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of \

19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.

20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each

statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.

()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.

()23、The compound word \indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.

()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.

()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.

()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.

()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.

()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.

()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31、duality

32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism

40、brain lateralization

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.

42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.

英语语言学试题（2）

一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)

1.The pair of words ―lend‖and ―borrow‖are ___.( ) A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms

2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )

A.Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones

3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural

4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )

A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation

C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic

5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say ―night‖ as ―light‖.This shows: .( )

A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue

C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme? 42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.

The girl ate the orange.

43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare‘s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.

King: Where is Polonius?

Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him i‘ the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.

Act IV, Scene iii

英语语言学试题（6）

Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)

1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. A. langue B. competence C. parole D. performance

2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ). A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental

3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957. A. L. Bloomfield B. F. Saussure C. N. Chomsky D.M. A. K. Halliday

4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.

A. Adjacent Condition B. parameters

C. Case Condition D. Case requirement

5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which―girl‖and―lass‖ belong is called ( ) synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal

C. emotive D. collocational

6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.

A. representatives B. commissives C. expressives D. declaratives

7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).

A. Middle English B. Old English C. French D. Norman French

8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety. A. genetic B. social C. direct D. close

9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. A. Werniker‘s B. visual C. motor D. Broca‘s

10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.

A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter

given.(1％×10=10％)

11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d _____.

12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.

13. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as ―be‖, ―have‖, ―do‖ etc.

15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.

16. In Austin‘s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language.

18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.

19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.

20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly

abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.

Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you

think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)

21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today‘s world that can only be spoken, but not written.

22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.

23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.

24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.

25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.

26. ( ) Searle‘s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.

27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we ―borrow‖ from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.

28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.

29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.

30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.

Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)

31. assimilation rule 32. root

33. bound morphemes 34. surface structure 35. grammaticality 36. elaboration 37. bilingualism

38. creole

39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. fossilization

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)

41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.

42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.

英语语言学试题（7）

一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)

1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).

A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth

C. place of articulation D. voicing

2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ). A. phonetics B. morphology C. syntax D. semantics

3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user‘s internalized knowledge of his language.

use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.

37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.

38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of \one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).

39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon \people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.

40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as \language of the French rulers.

评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。 42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality. The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.

Motivation refers to the learner's overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs when the learner's goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learner's goal is social.

Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community.

Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.

北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷

北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷

1. Define the following terms:20 points

1) langue 2) parole 3) allophone 4) semantic field 5) cohesion

2.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points

岂有豪情似旧时？ 花开花落两由之。 何期泪洒江南雨， 又为斯民哭健儿！

3.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations.20 points

4. What can this rule mean in English grammar? 10 points

[d] ___ [ -id] / [t] ___

5. Define the following sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points

这些音标我打不出来 和往年的差不多 全掌握了就行

6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some examples.10 points

7.We can use the pattern ―it is ……‖to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it ? Please give examples to highlight your emphasis of any part of this sentence :15points

I bought a book in the city yesterday.

8. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language.15 points

9. Observe the following sentences:

老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到儿子。

Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one is unclear? Try to explain why. Point out some features of the Chinese language.10points

10.Discuss the following 2 sentences, and tell why we can assign different values to the year of fifteen:10 points She is already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a small thing.

She has done it very well; she is only fifteen, you know.

11.What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching? (10 points)

12.Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like

1)a book; 2)the book;

3)books; 4)o book.

This name may be better than the old name of NP in that it reminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) learn or teach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anything significant here. (10 points)

A. competence B. parole

C. performance D. langue

4. ―Sweets‖ and ―candy‖ are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms. A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic

5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).

A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. antonymy

6. ―How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?‖ ( ) ―He ran the red light‖.

A. entails B. contradicts C. presupposes D. includes

7. The word ―lab‖ is formed through ( ). A. back formation B. blending

C. clipping D. derivation

8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production. A. Angular gyrus B. Broca‘s area

C. The right hemisphere D. Wernicke‘s area

9. When a child uses ―mummy‖ to refer to any woman, most probably his ―mummy‖ means ( ).

A. + Human B. + Human + Adult

C. + Human + Adult – Male D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent

10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature. A. Aspiration B. Intonation C. Stress D. Tone

二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。（每空1分，共16分）

1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in

time and space.

2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ study describes language as it changes through time.

3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ transcription does not.

4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.

5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.

6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ language family.

7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal dialect.

8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.

9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner‘s transitional competence in the target language.

10. A_________ is the learner‘s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community. 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________. 三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错误的写“F”并且加以改正。（每小题2分，共20分）

1. ― Beat‖ and ―bit‖ are not a minimal pair. ( )

2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( )

3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system, but not in syntax. ( )

4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )

5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )

6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speech community. ( )

7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period. ( )

8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )

9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］, due to assimilation. ( )

10. In the sentence ―The father beat the child‖, ―the child‖ is both a structural and logical object. ( )

四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明（每小题4分，共24分）

1. duality 2. phoneme

3. complex sentence 4. reference

5. perlocutionary act

6. linguistic taboo

五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）

1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice‘s Cooperative Principle:

A: Where‘ve you been? B: Out.

2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:

specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness (每个语素0. 5分)

英语语言学试题（8）

语言学试题

第一部分 选择题

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play ―Romeo and Juliet‖ ?A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.( ) A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language

C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )

A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk

3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula \ )

A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical

4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( ) A.Case Condition B.parameter

C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter

5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.

A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence

6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( ) A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives

7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.

A.title+first name B.title+title

C.title alone D.first name+last name+title

9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \and speech as \ )

A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought

10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )

A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation

B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分 非选择题

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)

11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.

28. ( ) The sentences \acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.

29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.

30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair

34. derivational affixes 35. syntax

36. language transfer 37. hyponymy

38. sentence meaning

39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortex

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.

42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.

语言学试题参考答案

一、 单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D 6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、knowledge 12、bilabial

13、morphology 14、sentence 15、complete

16、representatives 17、coinage 18、delete 19、critical

20、interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound \

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, \dialect, and \

26、T

27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is \hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life\

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, \ 37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word \of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation

in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. \

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.

1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→ /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)

2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so \was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.

3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.

4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd (\is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart \

评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。 42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of

factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:

1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of \quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.

2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed. 3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.

4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.

英语语言学试题（2）

参考答案

一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分) 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11.words question 12.social groups

13.sentence meaning 14.polyglot

15.voiceless voiced voiced

三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分) 16.T

17.F(Sense and reference…) 18.F(scientific study of language) 19.F(finite verb…)

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/znxf.html