英语四级(cet-4)之作文专题讲解 - 图文

大学英语CET-4之作文讲解及答题技巧

知识模块25：写作命题趋向

2013年8月，全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会对四、六级考试的试卷结构和测试题型进行了局部调整。四、六级写作将继续向更加实用的方向发展，题材将更加贴进日常生活和社会热点，出题形式也更加多样化，从过去单一的提纲式写作演变为图画作文、图表作文、情景作文等多样化的形式。写作部分测试考生运用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%。在规定时间内紧扣主题、层次清晰、段落分明、文理通顺、用词恰当地表达自己观点既是考生具备良好综合语言能力的体现，也是取得四、六级写作高分的关键所在。 四级写作命题四大趋向：

（一）1篇文章：四级作文与考研作文不同，只考查一篇作文。 （1）写作字数：120-180词 （2）写作时间：30分钟 （二）2类话题

（1）社会现象类：如网络对人际关系的负面影响，过度包装对社会的影响等。 （2）心态修养类：如成功要从小事做起，没有强大意志力不可能成功等。 （三）3个段落

（1）破题：好的文章开头可以吸引读者，抓住读者的注意力，也可让阅卷者一目了然地把握文章主旨。因此要仔细审题，明确文章的主题或观点，在开篇明确反映出文章的立意，形成文章框架。

（2）拓展：在确立了文章的主题和框架后，要进一步充实文章内容，拓展段是对首段提出观点的延伸，发挥进一步解释说明的作用。在对文章进行拓展时，不仅要叙述详尽，而且要条理清晰，使文章具有一定的逻辑性和合理性，做到有理有据。

（3）结论：文章结尾是对文章主题的总结和升华，有利于增强文章的说服力，发人深思，也可用于展望未来，给读者留下回味和思考的余地。 （四）4种题型

（1）图画作文： 要求考生首先对所给出的漫画或图画进行描述，然后就画面所反映的现象提出观点并进行评论。 ① 文章主旨：图片只是载体，要透过图片挖掘其所折射出来的主题，如一种普遍的社会现象。 ② 文章结构

第一段：总体描述图片，说明图片的象征寓意，进而引向画面折射的主题。 第二段：点明主题，以小见大，充分拓展图画反映的社会现象。 第三段：对图片反映的现象进行有效评论，提出建议，展望未来。

（2）图表作文：内容大多涉及趋势前后变化对比、正反观点对比或产品介绍等。要求考生通过图表、数据、文字内容，系统准确地表达出变化的含义，并通过分析得出令人信服的结论。图表作文是一种较难的考查形式，常考的图表作文主要有四类，简称“三图一表”，即柱状图（Bar Graph）、线状图（Line Graph）、饼状图（Pie Graph）和表格（Table）。 ① 文章主旨：认真分析图表含义，弄清图表中所含的信息具体内容及不同信息间的关系；通过数据关系和关联信息确定文章主题思想，构思文章基本框架，筛选出最能说明图表主题思想的典型数据，初步形成文章大纲。 ② 文章结构

第一段：描述图表，总结趋势，综述图表反映的主题思想（主题句+图表说明）。 第二段：多角度分析引起变化的原因（主题句+原因或举例）。

第三段：展望未来或提出解决方法或建议（主题句+建议+前景预测）。

（3）命题作文：四级考试中的常见题型，要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，确定文章中心思想，然后紧紧围绕中心思想展开论述，表达提纲的主旨。

① 文章主旨：关键是认真审题和分析给定的提纲，认清题目和提纲间的关系，然后确定文章的主题、内容及文体，初步形成文章主体框架。 ② 文章结构

第一段：引出有争议的观点，表明论点。

第二段：阐述提纲中列举的看法，联系现实，给出理由或举例说明，论证主题。

第三段：重申主题，提出建议。

（4）书信作文：是一种重要的应用文体，旨在考察考生根据具体语境选用恰当用词和表达的能力。 ① 文章主旨：根据题干提示信息，选择适当的书信类别。 ② 文章结构

第一段：寒暄语句，明确写信目的。

第二段：根据题目要求，罗列信息，表达观点或建议。 第三段：重申来意，适度寒暄，表明期许。

知识模块26：写作评分揭秘

大学英语四级考试中写作所占比例为15%，标准分满分107分。阅卷评分一般按照满分15分计算，最后再折算成标准分。作文最低分为6分，如果学生作文得零分，其总成绩将视为不及格，考生在这一部分的得分直接决定其四级成绩。因此，写好一篇文章对参加四级考试的学生来说至关重要，不容轻视。 一、大纲要求解读 （一）评分原则

（1）CET-4是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。 （2）CET-4作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Record Scores），而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。

（3）从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应该表达题目规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而恰当地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

（4）避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。 （二）评分标准（满分为15分）

阅卷标准共五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分);若认为稍优劣于该分数，则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。

2分——条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分——基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。

8分——基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重的错误。 11分——切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

14分——切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺。连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分] （三）评分示例

以2010年12月的四级作文题How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?为例，对两档作文进行点评。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2.为了让孩子独立，父母应该…… 14分作文——标准分99分

It is a priority of parents to nurture their children to learn to be independent. Unfortunately, many parents are taking care of almost everything concerned with children, including study, work and marriage. Some parents perceive this kind of care as love. However, it is only to destroy children’s independence as well as theirs sense of responsibility.

It is unavoidable for children to screw things up and make foolish choices, but if parents protect their children too much, they will become trapped inside the shell of their own making. Children are bound to encounter

difficulties and adversity in the course of their lives. What parents should do is to cultivate the awareness, namely, the importance and necessity of being independent, which is supposed to play an important role in the future development of the next generation. To cultivate children to become an independent person, parents had better act as a tutor instead of a dictator to give them more freedom and more chances to make own decisions.

点评：本文采用了常用的三段式总分结构进行论述，框架合理，结构完整，主题突出，详略得当；文中使用了较多的高分词汇或词组，如：priority, cultivate, nurture, screw up等，使文章整体表达更加生动灵活；同时，在阐述观点时具备条理性和逻辑性，使用了较多和连接词，如unfortunately, however使文章过渡自然，行文流畅；另外，本文句式变化多样，恰当运用了复杂句，提升了文章的整体层级。 5分作文——标准分36分

Nowadays, many parents like helping children to do things. They help them wash clothes, do the shopping and other things. They prepare everything for their children. I do not think it is good. Children should do the things by themselves.

Parent should not help them. They should let them do things alone. For example, they should tell children to deal with things independently. Maybe it is difficult at first, but they have to finish it. Children will grow up and parent should tell them to learn how to be independent.

点评：文章段落结构欠妥，重点不突出，虽然基本切题，但大部分句子都相对孤立，缺乏连贯性；简单句居多，所用句式过于单一，没有复杂句式，表达过于平淡，缺乏亮点词和亮点句。 二、写作评分揭秘

（一）书写：篇幅合理、书写工整。 （1）篇幅合理示例 例1：

例2：

从上面两篇文章的布局，可以直观看出第一篇文章的结构合理，各段内容安排详略得当，条理清晰。第二篇文章的段落安排明显失衡，显得头重脚轻，主次不分，结构混乱，连续性和逻辑性不强。

总结：四级作文最佳字数150字左右，可以遵循3-4-3的布局，即首段3句，主体段4句，尾段3句的模式进行篇幅安排，以便做到结构完整，详略得当，文理通顺。

（2）书写工整:卷面书写直接影响阅卷老师对考生的整体印象，也一定程度反映出考生的答题态度，考生应提前构思好文章框架及遣词造句，力求做到书写工整、卷面整洁，给阅卷老师留下良好印象。

（二）切题：内容切题、结构完整

（1）内容切题：文章切题是写好文章最重要的前提。如果文章跑题，即使内容丰富，语言生动流畅，得分也不会高。审题，不仅要分析题目，还要结合给出的提示句，首先要明确文章要写的内容，即文章要围绕什么主题来写，这是保证整篇文章切题的关键；其次，确定文章所需的主语人称；第三，注意文章对动词的时态、语气有无特殊要求。

（2）结构完整：通常四级作文对文章布局的要求是三段式：Introduction----Body----Conclusion，在写作中应该多运用三段式结构，第一段进行综述，引出话题；中间段落进行论证，拓展文章主题内容；在结尾段可以重申主题或归纳总结全文，前后呼应。

（三）表达：语言表达要尽量杜绝错误，缔造亮点句 （1）一致性错误

① Part-time job provide better chance for college students to practice. 【解析】job是单数，因此谓语动词要加s，这样主谓搭配才一致。 正： Part-time job provides better chance for college students to practice. ② In spite of so much advantages, problems still remain.

【解析】much用来修饰不可数名词，句中用的是advantage的复数形式，造成修饰语与中心语搭配不一致。 正：In spite of so many advantages, problems still remain. （2）成分性错误

① Rich doesn’t go with happiness.

【解析】rich为形容词，不可以单独充当主语。 正:Being rich doesn’t go with happiness.

② If no confidence all our dreams will only daydreams.

【解析】主从句关系不明确，且条件从句中缺少主语，同时主句中又缺少完整的谓语。 正：If we had no confidence, all our dreams would only be daydreams. (3) 搭配性错误

① The violence on TV will have a bad influence to children’s character.

【解析】―对……影响‖的固定短语表达为have an influence on, 所用介词为on，而非to。 正：The violence on TV will have a bad influence on children’s character. ② Crowded traffic in some large cities is a major problem for city dwellers.

【解析】crowded一词主要形容―人群拥堵、密集‖，交通拥堵的通常表达为heavy traffic. 正：Heavy traffic in some large cities is a major problem for city dwellers. (4) 标点错误

The man was racing down the street. Because he was late for the class.

【解析】连词because引导原因状语从句，和主句构成主从关系，中间应用逗号进行连接。 正：The man was racing down the street，because he was late for the class. (5) 逻辑性错误

Before submitting any written work, careful proofreading must be done.

【解析】句中submitting的逻辑主语与主句中的主语不一致，造成句意不明确，逻辑关系混乱。 正：Before you submit any written work, careful proofreading must be done.

知识模块27：写作终极靓句

一、写作高分用词

写作最基本的要求是考查大家遣词造句的能力。遣词直接关系到句子的优劣，也势必关系到段落的主题思想，进而关系到整篇文章的质量，所以―把恰当的词用到恰当的地方‖就应该成为大家必须牢记的原则。在写作中选择正确的词汇，使用地道的语言，不仅可以使文章的表达更加到位，更重要的是能起到―点睛‖的作用，成为作文获得高分的亮点之一。 （一）联想高级词汇

在写作的过程中，想到一个基本词后，最好能够在这个基本词的基础上提升一下，例如，当我们提到“重要的”，大多数

考生首先会想到important这个词，将其提升一下可以使用它的同义词，significant，vital，meaningful，crucial，momentous等。再比如，一想到“认识到”，大多数考生会首先想到―make us realize‖，我们也可以替换为―brings home to us sth.‖，这样的高级词汇表达很重要，也体现了大家的英语水平，平时应该做好积累。 （二）学会精准用词

所谓精准用词，是指在一个词语和它的同义词之间，结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并不是词汇等级越高

越好，考生还要考虑不同的语境，例如，形容眼睛大，这个―大的‖ 形容词，我们首先会想到big，进而想到great，large，huge，vast，titanic，enormous等。那么是不是用联想到的词语就可以呢？答案是否定的。在这里，修饰眼睛只能用big，big表示眼睛大而可爱迷人的。再比如，表示―决心、努力‖这个概念时，我们可以牢记并使用写作的―精准用词‖原则，注意和语境的结合。

【例1】 我们应该努力地美化我们的环境。 试比较以下两个句子：

A. We should do our best to beautify our environment.

B. We ought to spare no efforts to beautify our environment.

在此句中，我们把简单的should 升级为了―ought to‖；把―do our best‖ 升级为了四级的高频核心短语表达，―spare no efforts‖。这样的表达一方面提高了语言表达的水平，另一方面也增强了语言的精准性。 【例2】 我们有责任采取低碳生活方式。 试比较以下两个句子：

A. We should take a low –carbon lifestyle.

B. We are supposed to undertake the responsibility to lead a low –carbon lifestyle.

同样，在此句中，我们把简单的should 升级为了―be supposed to‖，这个短语也是写作中常见的对于―should‖的同义替换，大家要牢记 。把单独的一个词―take‖ 升级为了四级的高频核心短语表达，―undertake the responsibility‖，这样就使一个抽象模糊的词汇―take‖显得具体而生动。 二、写作高分用句

句式使用多样化能够很好反映出一个考生的语言掌握程度。正确使用一定难度的复杂句式、修辞手法及适当加入一些谚语习语，能使文章生动，起到锦上添花的作用。在平时的写作练习中，考生可以多加背诵及模仿写作的一些复杂句式。 写作中常用的语法手段包括：省略、倒装、句子合并，增加逻辑。在此，重点讲解倒装和句子合并两种语法手段在写作中的运用。

（一）倒装

写作时，熟练地使用倒装将被视为一种修辞手法，给文章增色不少。倒装主要用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分，包括全部倒装和部分倒装。 1. 全部倒装

全部倒装是将谓语置于主语之前。

原句：An ironic scene is emerging from the cartoon that …. 完全倒裝：Emerging from the cartoon is an ironic scene that …

这种倒装我们往往称之为―平衡倒装‖，在写作中，特别是图画描写中非常常见，也是受到阅卷老师青睐的句型之一。 2. 部分倒装

写作中常用的部分倒装有两种，一是否定或半否定词语，（如no，not，never，seldom，little，hardly，at no time，in no way，not until…）位于句首时，需要将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do，does，或did，并将其置于主语之前。二是only在句首时，要部分倒装。 1. Not only does it mean creating a green environment on campus，but also refers to that the students should be educated and have an environmental sense in their mind.

2. Only through these measures can you hope to lead a colorful and meaningful life.

（二）句子合并

句子合并指的是利用语法结构对句子进行合并，把原来的散句整合为长句。主要利用的是定语从句和分词结构对句子进行合并。我们以一幅―环保‖主题的漫画作文为例说明。有图

大家描写这幅漫画时，可能首先想到三个简单句：①There is a boat on the lake. ②Two men are sitting in the boat. ③ They are throwing the rubbish into the lake. 这样的句子写到试卷上肯定无法得高分，这个时候我们就可以采用如下―三步法‖对句子进行合并加工。

①从若干的散句中找出一句话作为复杂句子的主干； ②找出其他句子与主干的逻辑关系； ③用从句或者是分词把主干和从句相连。

整合之后定语从句版本: There is a boat on the lake in which two men are sitting who are throwing the rubbish into the lake. 整合之后分词结构版本: There is a boat on the lake in which two men are sitting，throwing the rubbish into the lake.

Directions：Translate the following Chinese words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs into English, using proper expressions. 1. 远程通讯网络 2. 越来越...... 3. 受......喜爱；在......中很流行 4. 一些人认为

5. 弊大于利 6. 娱乐、消遣 7. 尽管 8. 在我看来 9. 好的/坏的 10.合适地、适当地 11. 网络聊天在很多人中正越来越流行。 12. 关于网络聊天，人们的观点各不相同。

13. 即使住在隔壁的大学同学也更喜欢网络聊天，而不是面对面交流，这很常见。

14. 网络聊天是有误导性的，因为网络空间事实上是一个不真实甚至是欺骗人的虚拟空间。 15. 只要我们能够很好地控制自己，我们就可以正确地使用它。

16. 伴随着中国现代远程通讯网络的快速发展，网络聊天在很多人中正越来越流行。然而，关于网络聊天，人们的观点各不相同。

一些人认为网络聊天弊大于利。首先，目前，因为每一个人可以足不出户地和别人取得联系，所以即使住在隔壁的大学同学也更喜欢网络聊天而不是面对面的交流，这一现象很常见。此外，网络聊天是有误导性的，因为网络空间事实上是一个不真实甚至是欺骗人的虚拟空间。

然而，网络聊天的支持者认为它是一种娱乐的方式，令人兴奋和放松。此外，它帮助他们自由地、安全地释放他们的情感和担忧。对于他们而言，它是有用的和很棒的。

在我看来，网络聊天是好还是不好取决于你聊天的对象。只要我们能够很好地控制自己，我们就可以正确地使用它。 【解析】

1.【高分表达】telecommunication networks

【分析】telecommunication这个词看似很长，其实是前缀tel（远程的）和单词communication（沟通）的结合，连在一起的含义是―远程通讯‖；网络的表达不要一味地使用Internet，可以联想高级词汇―networks‖. 2.【高分表达】increasingly

【分析】―越来越多‖的表达，很多同学首先想到的就是more and more，在此，我们同样可以联想高级词汇进行词汇升级。值得注意的是，当more and more 后面加的是形容词的时候，它可以替换成increasingly。在另外一种情况下，即more and more 后面加名词的时候，它可以替换成 an increasing number of，比如，越来越多的学生愿意了解中国文化，我们就可以写为―An increasing number of students would like to be familiar with Chinese culture.‖ 3.【高分表达】be popular with/ gain its popularity

【分析】―受…喜爱；在…中很流行‖，我们惯用的表达就是―be popular with‖。这个表达是可以使用的，与此同时，我们要去进行积极的思考，有没有多样的表达？最简单的一种办法，是把―popular‖进行词性的迁移，popular 改为它的名词形式，popularity，然后使用短语，―获得它的流行‖，即为―gain its popularity.‖ 4.【高分表达】It is widely believed that…/ It is generally accepted that…

【分析】―一些人认为‖，很多同学会马上想到的是―some people think‖, 这样的表达是高分作文应该规避的，我们可以使表达更加具体化，贴近语境。It is widely believed that…/ It is generally accepted that…，这样的英文表达很地道，有以下三点闪光处：①被动语态 ②副词修饰动词 ③主语从句，考虑到以上三点，大家要牢记这样的表达。eg： It is widely believed that overseas study is a blessing.

5. 【高分表达】demerits outweigh its merits 【分析】 这个短语表达中，有一个四级核心闪光词汇，―outweigh‖，―超出、超过‖的含义。普通表达为 it has more advantages than its disadvantages.

6. 【高分表达】entertainment/recreation

【分析】这个表达属于四级核心词汇。entertain表示―招待，款待‖,entertainment表示―娱乐‖，为entertain的名词形式。除了entertainment，还有同义词recreation，这个词还曾经专门出现在2008年6月的四级真题写作题目中，考查的题目就是―Recreational Activities‖。

7. 【高分表达】nevertheless/notwithstanding

【分析】―然而‖这样的词属于写作必用连接词，大家首先想到的可能就是―however，but‖,但是这样的表达较为普通，可以使用升级词汇，―nevertheless/notwithstanding‖，eg：―这消息也许是出乎预料，但它是真的。‖The news may be unexpected; nevertheless, it's true.

8. 【高分表达】from my own perspective/ from my point of view

【分析】表达―在我看来‖这个概念的时候，很多同学首先会想到―I think‖, think这样的词在写作中属于基础表达，要进行升级，第一种方法是可以单独替换think这个单词。替换为―argue，agree，advocate，believe，consider，suggest，claim，hold，regard‖等等。另一种方法也可以把―I think‖替换成短语，―from my own perspective/ from my point of view‖。 9.【高分表达】beneficial/favorable/wonderful; harmful/unfavorable/adverse

【分析】―good‖可以升级替换为―beneficial/favorable/wonderful‖，―bad‖ 可以升级替换为―harmful/unfavorable/adverse‖。另外，也要注意词汇和具体语境的结合使用，比如―副作用‖我们就可以译为―adverse effect‖。 10.【高分表达】appropriately

【分析】―appropriately‖这个词替换了大家使用频率很高的―properly‖。eg：―试图为每个场合适当地打扮‖。Try to dress appropriately for each occasion。

11.【高分表达】Online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with a vast number of people.

【分析】本句中的词汇在前面题目的解析中已经给出，此处只需要按照英语表达语序把它们串联在一起就可以了，注意译文中的时态和语序。此外，―很多‖的可以表达为：a vast number of；a considerable number of。 12.【高分表达】People’s opinions concerning online chatting vary from person to person.

【分析】本句中有两个表达也是四级写作的高频表达，一个是―关于‖，另一个是―变化‖。―关于‖很多同学会用的词是about，在四级中，除了about，我们可以尝试使用升级表达，比如―concerning，regarding，with regard to‖等。―变化‖，不要总是使用―be different‖，过于简单，可以使用different 的动词形式，―differ‖，另外也可以说―vary from person to person‖。 13.【高分表达】It is common that even college mates living next door prefer on-line chatting to face-to-face talk.

【分析】本句中首先是一个主语从句，而且包含了现在分词后置作定语的结构，college mates living next door，住在隔壁的大学同学。此外，―比起B，更喜欢A‖,可以表达为，prefer A to B。

14.【高分表达】Online chatting is misleading because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or even deceptive.

【分析】本句中首先解决词的问题。―误导性‖misleading，―网络空间‖ cyberspace，―虚拟的‖，imaginary，―欺骗性的‖，deceptive。此外，从句法结构上而言，这句话还包含了一个定语从句，也就是我们之前讲的并句结构，可以使用where把两句话相连，而定语从句的使用也是四级写作的一个高分方式。

15.【高分表达】So long as we keep ourselves under good control, we can use it appropriately. 【 分析】本句中的―很好地控制自己‖，很多同学首先会想到的就是―control us well‖，短语可以升级为keep ourselves under good control，另外本句使用了―so long as‖ 这个短语，引导了条件状语从句。

16.【高分范文】本篇作文是对以上词汇和句子表达的综合使用，特别是里面划线部分，是各位考生冲刺期备考必须掌握的表达。

Online Chatting

Along with the dramatic development of current telecommunication networks in China, online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with a vast number of people. However, people’s opinions about it vary from person to person.

It is widely believed that its demerits outweigh its merits. First and foremost, nowadays，since almost everybody can reach others without moving a single step，it is common that even college mates living next door prefer on-line chatting to face-to-face talk. In addition, online chatting is misleading because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or deceptive.

Nevertheless， the advocates of online chatting claim that it is another way of recreation, which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful.

From my perspective, whether online chatting is beneficial or harmful depends on the person we chat with. So long as we keep ourselves under good control, we can utilize it appropriately.

知识模块28：写作成文四部曲

四级写作的考试时间是30分钟，需要写出一篇120~180词的作文。考生最担心的问题主要有：作文跑题；不知道写什么内容；在规定的时间内完不成写作。要想消除这些顾虑，需要写作步骤和方法得当，充分利用这有限的30分钟，写出一篇高分作文。

写作成文可以分为四个部分，分别是审题拓展、段落选择、填充素材和完善修改。这四个部分对应的时间分配如下： 审题拓展 2分钟；段落选择 3分钟；填充素材 20分钟；完善修改 5分钟。 一、审题拓展

有的考生一拿到写作题就开始动笔写，这样做的后果就是容易跑题，或是写作内容混乱，思路不清晰，而且还会无话可说。相反，我们拿到考题应该先快速认真审题、仔细构思并草拟大纲、进行思路拓展，所谓―磨刀不误砍柴工‖。审题拓展之后再动笔写作，不仅速度快，而且语言流畅、思路清晰。

四级写作题材愈加贴近日常生活和社会热点，同时出题形式更加多样化，从过去单一的提纲式写作演变为图画作文、图表作文、情景作文、名言警句评论等多样化的题目形式。不论哪种写作出题形式，关键的第一步都是审题。审题最主要的目的是确定文章的基调和主题词/句，为思路拓展做准备。不同的出题形式对应的审题步骤也稍有不同，但是要点基本相同，比如图画作文、图表作文和命题作文的共同点是审题得出主题，确定论点，根据提纲进行细节拓展（若没有提纲，则需要根据论点先列出写作论述部分的提纲，中英文皆可）。 下面按照不同的命题形式对审题拓展进行具体说明。 （一）图画作文

四级在2013年经历了重大改革，对于写作，从出题形式上一个最大的变化是考查了图画形式，与考研英语写作命题形式相似。我们以2013年最新大纲样题为例说明图画作文的审题步骤。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of learning basic skills. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.

第一步：审题目要求，确定主题

图画作文的英文directions中会有一句明确的写作要求，这句话就给出了图画对应的话题。比如上述directions中―express your views on the importance of learning basic skills‖给出了该图对应的主题为―the importance of learning basic skills（学习基本技能的重要性）‖。

第二步：观察图画中的要素，为首段描述图画做准备，形成论点

四级图画作文一般包含三大要素：人/物、场景、漫画对白/独白，其中人是主体，而图画中的文字往往反应了人的观点或想法。注意图画中的人代表了一个群体，而物往往具有象征意义。

如上图中，场景是课堂上，人物有老师和学生。学生说的话意思是―恕我冒昧，但是到我们找工作的时候，那些内容不会过时吗？‖，其中―that stuff‖指的是黑板上的―乘法表‖，乘法表即代表了主题中的―basic skills‖。显然，这句话代表了学生这个群体的观点，他们认为学习基本的技能对于他们找工作没有用。在论述主题时，一定要围绕―基本技能的重要性‖展开，否则就跑题了。

本文的论点可以表述为：Some students doubt that the basics they learn at school might be outdated when they hunt a job in the

future, but in fact the importance of basic skills should never be denied. 第三步：列出论述提纲，简要记录提纲细节

①Basic skills underlie advanced ones.（基本技能是高级技能的基础。） ②举例1：learning language——from ABC to words, to simple sentence, to skills such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. ③举例2：abstract skills/abilities (eg. reasoning, logic, thinking, etc.) also need learning of basic knowledge, like math, fundamental scientific knowledge. （二）图表作文

图表作文为四级写作新兴的命题形式。我们以2012年12月真题为例进行详细讲解图表作文的审题步骤。

Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Education Pays based on the statistics provided in the chart below (Weekly earnings of 2010). Please write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 知识模块28：写作成文四部曲 有图 第一步：审题目要求，确定主题

图表作文的directions中通常明确给出主题。如该directions中―entitled Education Pays‖给出了作文题目，即为本篇作文的主题。

第二步：观察图表中的要素，为首段描述图表做准备，确定论点。该图表为柱状图，所包含的要素有标题、坐标、变量和数据。

图表的标题概括了图表的内容，同时对主题进行了阐释：―Education: A Worthy Investment‖(教育：值得的投资)解释了作文的标题―Education Pays‖；―Weekly earnings in 2010($)‖说明了图表中的数据代表了―2010年的周收入‖，同时要注意收入单位为―$‖。

该图表的变量为degree（学历）。观察数据，确定趋势。显然，数据反映的趋势是：学历越高，周收入越高。 所以综合以上审题过程，本文的论点可以这样表达：Education is definitely an investment with reward, and the more you invest in education, the more you earn in the future. 第三步：列出论述提纲，简要记录提纲细节

①受教育程度与收入呈正比关系是当前社会广泛存在的一个现象，可以有多方面的解释原因。 ②原因1：随着社会、经济发展对人才学历要求越来越高，这是工作需求，所以获得的收入较高。 ③原因2：低学历的人做的工作技术含量低，随时可被他人取代，所以收入往往较低。 ④总结建议：采取恰当措施鼓励人们接受教育，同时提高教育水平，努力确保教育公平。 （三）命题作文

命题作文有不同的形式，最常见的为提纲形式，即给出title和outline，而现在新兴的考查形式为名言警句评论。对于提纲作文，主题确定很简单，关键是根据title和outline形成自己的论点句，然后对提纲1-2点细节内容进行展开。比如，下述提纲：

Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……

写作之前需要对两个提纲进行细节展开，写出一些关键的英文单词或短语。以第二个提纲拓展为例：为了让孩子独立，父母应该鼓励（encourage sb. to do sth.）孩子独立完成自己应该做的事情；要信任（trust）孩子，并且给予适当的引导和帮助（offer appropriate guidance and assistance）；应该培养孩子的责任感（cultivate sense of responsibility），为自己所做的事情负责（be responsible for; hold sb. responsible for sth.）；培养孩子独立思考的习惯（develop the habit of independent thinking），自主做决定（make decisions by themselves）……

对于名言警句评论形式的作文，需要首先对名言警句进行理解和评论，然后转化为自己的论点。不论是哪种形式，论点一定要具体明确。以2011年12月真题为例：

Directions: You’re allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, ―Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I’ve done it hundreds of time.‖ You’d write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

对于这种命题形式，审题时要注意题目要求。首先本文题目已经给出，即―Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will‖，作文

最主要的就是论证该标题。论述标题的时候需要注意，directions中要求对一个谚语进行评论，其实这就是常见的论证方式之一——引用论证。

此外，要想满足充分论证，还可以举例，这是这种抽象论点最常用的一种论证方式。比如，本文可举1-2个典型人物为例，也可以举成语典故，如―愚公移山‖、―铁杵磨成针‖等。 （四）应用文

应用文考查的形式有书信、通知、海报等，最常见的考查形式为书信。应用文的审题主要是审directions，考生需要从directions中审出以下关键信息：

①应用文类型（letter书信，announcement/notice通知， speech演讲， poster海报）：不同类型的应用文决定了应用文书写的格式；②读者称呼：如果是书信，则确定收信人的称呼；③―你‖和读者之间的关系：人物间关系决定了应用文的语域，即语言是正式还是一般形式；④写作要点：如果是书信，写作要点决定了书信类型，一般写作要点都以提纲的形式给出，写作前还需要对提纲细节进行拓展；⑤落款名称和格式：落款是单位还是个人，用什么样的格式结束例：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 100 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese. 1. 表示欢迎

2. 提出对度假安排的建议 3. 提醒应注意的事项 第一步：审题分析

①应用文格式：letter；②写信人：Zhang Ying；③写信人和收信人关系：classmate，根据这个关系可以确定称呼可以直呼其名，即―Dear Xiao Wang,‖，书信语言用一般形式即可；④写作要点：本文写作要点包括三个，题目已经以提纲的形式呈现了。从写作要点可以看出，该书信为―欢迎+建议‖信，主体为建议；⑤落款：书信格式落款，即 ―Yours sincerely, Zhang Ying‖。 第二步：提纲拓展

（1）度假安排的建议：sightsee（观光）；enjoy delicacy and special snacks（享受美食、特色小吃）；visit places of interest（参观景点）（可以设定写信人所在城市为北京或是自己熟悉的城市，这样就可以对熟悉的景点进行描写以引起好友的兴趣）等。

（2）提醒注意事项：book tickets in advance（提前买票）；prepare necessary stuff, such as clothes, necessities, an umbrella, etc.（准备必备的物品，如衣服、必需品、雨伞等）；travel routes（乘车路线）等。 二、段落选择

不论是哪种出题形式，在段落展开的时候通常都采用三段模式。

在考前一定要研习高分范文，打造自己专属的高分模板，但是要记住在考场上不能对模板生搬硬套，模板主要是对文章脉络起到提示作用，一定要灵活使用。下面给出最新热点考查形式——图画作文——的三段高分模板，以供各位考生参考。

第一段：描述图片，引向主题

Emerging from the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene: …. By this scenario, the cartoonist is warning/revealing/showing us that …

模板使用说明：模板有两句话，第一句话是描述图片，第二句话引向主题。第一句话中，thought-provoking是图画的基 调，还可以根据图画的基调换成ironic（讽刺的），inspiring（鼓舞人心的），alarming（警示的）等词。冒号后面是对图画具体内容的描述，冒号也可以换成where，此时where引导定语从句。在描述图片时，尽量用简单句展开，避免错误。第二句中that引导宾语从句，后面要写完整的句子，该句内容是对主题的概括。 第二段：点明主题，充分拓展

第二段最主要的任务是对第一段中主题的充分论证，论证方式可以是举例、引用、对比或反向论证。

如：Indeed, we have all stepped into an era of …. Each of us seems to agree that …, but not everyone has looked at the side-effect: …. In our daily life, it’s not uncommon that ….

模板使用说明：该模板适应于现象型话题，如网络、教育等。第一句话的省略号部分需要填入一个名词性质的短语，如

Internet，information或media education等。第二句省略号部分需要写入完整的句子，表达的内容是某事物或现象的积极作用。冒号后面可以写名词性质的词、短语，或是完整的句子，说明所说事物或现象的负面影响。第三句话省略号部分需要写入完整的句子，表达的内容是对具体的现象进行举例。 第三段：根据上文进行有效评论

We have to step out of the shadow, but how? The media should promote the awareness of …. Meanwhile, …. Just as what the cartoon connotes, ….

模板使用说明：该模板主要用于提出建议，第一个建议是―意识‖，这是万能的建议措施。Meanwhile后面用完整的句子写出第二个建议，该建议按照具体的话题给出即可。第三句话是对图画主题的再次升华，也可以展望未来。 三、填充素材

以下图为例，运用上面三段模板进行素材填充。同上图 第一段：描述图片，引向主题

Emerging from the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene: seating in a math class, one student asks his teacher a question whether the knowledge they learn now will be outdated when they hunt a job in the future. By this scenario, the cartoonist is warning us that we should never overlook the great fundamental status of basic knowledge and basic skills. 第二段：点明主题，充分拓展

Indeed, we have all stepped into an era of information and technology. Each of us seems to agree that we should learn something practical to keep pace with the advancement of our society, but not everyone has looked at the side-effect: basic skills are completely ignored. In our daily life, it’s not uncommon that some Chinese adults cannot write a character, as is known as ―character amnesia‖ because they always use electronic input systems based on Pinyin. 第三段：根据上文，有效评论

We have to step out of the shadow, but how? The media should promote the awareness of the significance of basic skills. Meanwhile, national atmosphere is needed to encourage people, especially the young, to acquire fundamental skills. Just as what the cartoon connotes, we could be master of the future, but should start from basics. 四、完善修改

一篇作文从审题拓展到布局成文还不算结束，还需要最后一步——完善修改。考生需要通读自己的作文，检查是否有明显的错误，这一步骤会对作文分数再次贡献2-3分。常见的明显错误有以下几类： 1.时态语态错误、2.主谓一致错误、3.代词指代错误、4.句子成分错误、5.标点符号错误

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Is Failure a Bad Thing? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.

1. 失败是常有的事 2. 人们对失败有各种不同的态度 3. 我对失败的态度

知识模块29：写作成文四部曲

第一步：审题拓展

该文题目在directions已经明确给出，即―Is Failure a Bad Thing?‖，这是一个问句，命题人的意图一定是想让给出否定的答案，即Failure is not a bad thing，这句话即为本文的论点。

题目中给出了三个提纲，文章的展开需要对这三个提纲进行细节拓展。

提纲1：用实例说明为什么失败是常有的事，如未能通过考试、被拒绝、未能实现目标等。 提纲2：列举人们对失败的各种不同的态度。可分为两类人，一类乐观，一类悲观。

提纲3：阐明我对失败的态度：失败有益。具体阐释失败如何有益，比如可以从失败中学习经验教训，实现更好的结果。 第二步：段落选择

本文属于观点论证型。文章按照所给的提纲形成三个段落。每个提纲即为所在段落的主题句。本文的段落框架如下： 第一段：Failure is unavoidable in our lives. 例1+例2.

第二段：When it comes to failure, different people hold different attitudes towards it. Optimistic people believe that …. In contrast, ….

第三段：From my perspective, failure is not necessarily a bad thing. First, …. Moreover, …. 第三步：填充素材

①Failure is unavoidable in our lives. ②It’s a failure not to pass an examination. It’s a failure for us to be refused by others while

asking for help. It’s also a failure to miss our goals. ③In a word, failure is not uncommon to everybody.

④When it comes to failure, different people hold different attitudes towards it.⑤Optimistic people believe that failure is the mother of success. They regard failure as part of their lives and insist on trying until they succeed. In contrast, once the pessimistic people fail, they feel frustrated and lose confidence. As a result, they give up trying.

⑥From my perspective, failure is not necessarily a bad thing. ⑦First, in my mind, what really counts is not failure itself, but what we can learn from it. Indeed, failure keeps our mind clear and offers pressure and power to persist, so I am not afraid of failure. ⑧Moreover, it is often suggested that if we encounter failure with courage and confidence, success is not far away.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your view on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.有图 【写作成文步骤解析】 第一步：审题拓展

本题属于图画寓意类命题。在漫画中，儿子对爸爸说：―爸爸，我有点担心核废弃物处理 ‖；爸爸回应：―如果你能把这儿的垃圾筐清理了，你能做任何事情‖。

Directions中给出了这幅漫画所寓意的主题为―the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big‖。所以本文的论点句可以表述为：We should start doing small things before undertaking something big.

结合对图画的分析和写作指令，文章的写作思路可进行如下拓展：第一段为图画描述段，先简要描述图画内容，引出文章主题；第二段是主体段，论证图画寓意，阐述做小事的重要性，可引用实例进行论证；第三段为总结段，要对全文进行总结和升华，重申做小事的重要性，并提出倡议。 第二步：段落选择

本文采用三段成文，各段的框架句如下：

第一段：Emerging from the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene: ….By this scenario, the cartoonist is revealing a truth to us that ….

第二段：①This obvious truth can never be overlooked. ②As an old saying goes, +引用名言。③具体阐释名言。④回归现实，与真理相背。⑤举例说明论点。

第三段：①重申主题。②提出倡议。③Just as what the cartoon connotes, …. 第三步：填充素材

Emerging from the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene: a son told his father ―Dad, I’m a bit worried about disposing of nuclear waste.‖, but his smart father responded to him ―If you can empty the dustbin here, you can do anything.‖ By this scenario, the cartoonist is revealing a truth to us that we should start doing small things before undertaking something big.

This obvious truth can never be overlooked. As an old saying goes, you cannot sweep the world before you sweep your own room. If you do anything small well, you can improve your confidence, and prove that you have your abilities improved. In our society, however, many people dream to succeed overnight. Now consider Warren Buffett, the richest man in the world. He peddled(兜售) chewing gums and orange juice when he was a little kid.

Do you aspire for success? Of course, you do, as everyone does. But, have you finished your work today? Have you reached your goal today? Stop imagining or worrying and just do it now. Just as what the cartoon connotes, making a big splash (引申为：取得成功) must start from doing small things. 知识模块29：图画作文攻坚实战

图画作文类似于小学语文中学习的―看图说话‖，要求考生能够对图画做出描述并归纳出其寓意。具体写作方法如下： 一、图画作文段落框架

第一段：描述图片，引向主题。

本段是图画描述段，描述图画内容是为揭示图画寓意服务的，是手段和方式而不是目的，所以描述要简洁明了，通常1-2句话就足够了。特别提醒考生的是，虽然写作的Directions部分已经给出大致的主题，但是还是要求考生要对图画进行简要的描述，考生千万不能抛开图画内容直接展开讨论。 第二段：点明主题，充分拓展。

这段是文章的主体段，也是作文达到字数要求的关键所在。写作中，考生要尽量摆事实、讲道理，要有深意，写透彻，

避免泛泛而谈。考生可以从2-3个方面对观点展开讨论，可以举出事

实论据或是通过类比讲述一个抽象的人生哲理，也可以举出数字或是名言论据来证明观点。本段应注意关联词的使用和句式的变化，使论证更加有逻辑性，也使段落更加丰满。 第三段：根据上文，有效评论。

本段需指出图画的现实教育意义，或提出解决问题的方法或是建议。考生需要注意的是，本段并不一定需要实质性的分析，而需要对文章进行总结和升华，使文章结构更加完整，主题更加突出，所以结尾段写作应简明扼要，点到为止，切忌漫谈或是抛出其他主题。 二、各段具体写作表达

以2013年12月四级考试真题为例对具体写作方法进行详解。有图 （一）第一段：描述图片，引向主题 1. 写作方法

2. 句式升级： 第一句句式升级：

(a)Emerging from the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene…

(b)Under the amusing appearance of the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene that … (c)Depicted in the cartoon is a thought-provoking scene that…

(d)A thought-provoking scene, as is portrayed in the cartoon, is that … 第二句句式升级：

(a)The cartoonist aims to tell us that ….

(b)The cartoonist uses this metaphor to inform us that…. (c)The cartoon mirrors a social phenomenon / crisis that …

(d)The cartoon reveals / displays / unveils / exhibits a social phenomenon that … (e)A social phenomenon is echoed by the cartoon that … （二）第二段：点明主题，充分拓展。 1.写作方法：

知识模块29：图画作文攻坚实战

2. 句式升级： 第一句句式升级：

(a) Obviously, we are now in an age of ….

(b) Apparently, we are surrounded by …in recent years. (c) We are facing a social texture characterized by …

(d) Currently, we are enjoying the conveniences brought by … (e) So far, the society has a marked characteristic of … 展开句句式升级：

(a)Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, …. On the other hand, ….

(b)Views are different as to whether this is completely beneficial to us. Some hold that …, while others argue that …. （三）第三段：根据上文，有效评论。 1.写作方法：

2. 句式升级： 过渡句句式升级：

(a)We must ward off the harm of …, but how?

(b)We should not easily let go off the harm of …and take action to put it right. (c)Any solutions? Why not follow these steps?

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of reading literature. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

【解析】

一、审题谋篇

本题属于图画寓意类命题。题目中的图画反映了一个社会现象。在漫画中，老师把厚厚的一本书交给学生，并对他/她说：―Just think of it as if you’re reading a long text-message ‖。结合题目中的写作指令，考生可总结出这幅图画反映的社会现象：随着新的电子媒体的出现，文学阅读日渐甚微。而图画的寓意正是：文学阅读是重要的，所以论述的重点应是the importance of literature.

结合对图画的分析和写作指令，文章的写作思路总结如下：第一段为图画描述段，先简要描述图画内容，引出文章主题；第二段是主体段，论证文章寓意，阐述阅读文学作品的重要性；第三段为总结段，要对全文进行总结和升华，重申阅读文学作品的重要性并提出倡议。 二、高分范文

The Importance of Literature

①Literature is acknowledged as the most precious product of human civilization and wisdom, especially by our teachers. So they always ask their students to read as many as literary works. Just as the drawing shows above, a teacher gives a literary work to her student, saying: ―Just think of it as if you’re reading a long text-message.‖

②It is of great significance for us to appreciate literature due to the following reasons. Firstly, a good literature can get you to know a life experience through the eyes of someone other than you.? ③The more experience you gain, the more knowledgeable you are. Secondly, a good literature allows you to learn about history in a personalized way. The stories told in the works can act as mirrors and help you adjust your own behaviors. Lastly, a good literature is an effective way for relaxation. The beautiful and moving scenes shown in the literature are helpful for one’s mental health.

In short, literature is indispensable in our life.④ ?We, students, should spare more time to read more literatures. 三、范文点评

1. 本文结构完整，重点突出，段落安排合理，字数符合标准。第一段能够清晰描述图画内容，第二段观点合理，论证得当。第三段是总结段，能够简洁明了地再次重申论点。

2. 本文文章内容切题。文字通顺，逻辑清晰，无任何语言错误。

3. 语言表达也有许多可取之处，如文中划横线语句所示，词汇acknowledge：动词，―承认，认可‖； personalized：形容词，―个人化的‖；indispensable：形容词，―不可缺少的‖。句型写作中，第一句采用被动语态；第二句使用了句型It is of +抽象名词，表达准确；第三句使用―the +比较级，the +比较级‖的表达，体现一定的写作水平；最后一句We, students, ...看似简单，其实是一个同位结构的表达，是大学英语学习中的重点。另外，划横线的词也能准确表达出作者的意思，是一篇佳作。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the increasing use of the mobile phone in people’s life and then explain the consequence of overusing it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

【解析】

一、审题谋篇

图画反映的是一个非常突出的社会现象：在生活中，人们过度依赖手机，甚至过马路时还不忘翻看手机。同时图画还具有讽刺意味，如文字所述：人们边看手机，边过马路，用拐杖来引路。结合写作指令和要求，我们可以将写作思路总结如下：第一段:围绕手机在日常生活中的使用日益增加，进行图画描述。在描述时需要将图片中人们在过马路时都在使用手机的现象进行说明。第二段:亮出观点并进行解释。?手机辐射影响健康。?过马路或开车时使用手机会造成危险。?过度使用手机造成人际关系疏离。?在工作和学习时分心。第三段：发表个人建议。?发挥手机应有作用即可，未必每时每刻都需要手机。?多和周围朋友同事见面交流，增进感情。?改变时刻使用手机的状态，提倡健康的生活方式，例如阅读和运动。

二、高分范文

The Overusing of Cell Phones

The thought-provoking drawing mirrors a common phenomenon of overusing mobile phones in contemporary society. As is subtly shown in the picture, while crossing the street, people are so much addicted to cell phones that they use walking sticks to see the road.

Nowadays, with the advancement of economy and technology, it is a plain truth that an increasing number of people overuse cell phones in daily routine. It is no doubt that indulging in mobile phones exerts a negative impact on wholesome mentality. First and foremost, overusing mobile phones is detrimental to physical health, which definitely impairs one’s eyesight. Moreover, suppose that a man is addicted to cell phones in whatever situation, it will be extremely disadvantageous for him to concentrate on his work, learning, or even daily life. Last but not least, it is no exaggeration to say overusing cell phones imposes restrictions on the relationship among people.

From my perspective, it is absolutely essential to take measures to change the present situation where people overuse cell phones. Consequently, there is no doubt that we should limit the excessive use of cell phones. Moreover, placing more emphasis on other entertainment such as reading and sports is also conducive to alleviating the issue. 三、范文点评

1. 本文结构完整，段落安排合理，字数符合标准。第一段能够清晰描述图画内容，突出写作主题；第二段观点清晰，论证合理，主体段写作丰满；第三段再次明确写作论点，总结和升华到位。

2. 本文文章内容切题。文字通顺，逻辑清晰，语言表达颇有可圈可点之处。 3. 本文语言表达准确，体现较强的写作水平。优秀表达如下： mirror: v.反映；

thought-provoking: 发人深省的； subtly: adv.巧妙地； wholesome: a.健全的；

be detrimental to: 不利于； definitely: adv.清楚地； impair: vt.损害；

extremely: adv.极其，非常；

impose restrictions on: 施加限制； it is absolutely essential: 完全有必要； alleviate the issue: 缓解问题；

it is no exaggeration to say: 毫不夸张地说； it is a plain truth that: 形式主语It的使用；

with the advancement of economy and technology: 介词短语,随着经济和科技的发展。

知识模块30：图表作文攻坚实战

图表作文也是四级考试中常见，而且被认为是一种较难的作文形式。图表作文就是把非文字信息(通常为各种图表表示的数字信息等)转换成文字信息的一种作文。它要求我们用文字来描述非文字性的图表或对图表显示的关系作解释说明。 一、图表作文命题趋势

图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格（table）、圆形图（pie chart）、曲线图（line graph）或条形图（column或者bar graph），在历年考过的四级真题中，以条形图（column或者bar graph）和圆形图（pie chart）的考查频率居高，因此我们在冲刺期对这两种图表类型也要给与充分的重视。 图表作文要求我们：

1)用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势; 2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。

从中我们可以看到，写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。

对于这类题型，通常要分三段来写，即图表作文的写作框架： 第一段：描述图表，总结趋势（图表主题概括+趋势具体描写）

第二段：联系现实，论证主题（原因分析总领句+原因一+原因二+原因三） 第三段：重申主题，提出建议（总结句+建议+前景预测） 二、图表写作方法详解

（一）第一段：描述图表，总结趋势 1. 描述图表必备词汇 （1）图表类型：

table 表格; chart 图表; diagram图表或图解，示意图; graph图表, 曲线图; column/ bar chart柱状图; pie graph饼图 （2）描述：

show; describe; illustrate; can be seen from; reveal; represent （3）数值内容：

figure; statistic; number; percentage; proportion （4）数据变化

上升：increase, rise, ascend, surge, go up, climb, mount, level up 下降: decrease, fall, drop, descend, decline, reduce ,lessen, level down

平稳: stable, steady, remain steady/stable，maintain/keep/be the same as/similar to，little/hardly any /no change 波动: fluctuate, fluctuation, rise and falls, up and down 占: occupy， take up， account for, gain

而: while, however, whereas , on the other hand, actually,in fact 相比: by contrast, on the contrary, likewise, compared with 最高点: the highest, the top, the summit, the peak, the most 最低点: bottom, less, least, rock bottom 平均: mean平均值, average

趋势: tendency, trend, inclination （5）变化程度

极大地remarkably /sharply /dramatically 缓慢地 steadily/slowly/slightly

表示范围：from…to…，between…and…

表示程度:almost adv. 几乎，差不多 nearly adv. 几乎，密切地 approximately adv.近似的，大约 just over 刚超过

exactly adv. 正确地，严密地, precisely adv. 正好，精确地；清晰地 2. 描述图表必备句型 （1）图表内容概括

①The table/graph reveals (shows/indicates/illustrates/ represents/points out) that … 该表/图表明…… ②As is shown (illustrated/indicated/revealed) in the pie chart … （2）变化趋势： 增长或下降：①The number of…increased/rose suddenly/rapidly/dramatically /considerably from 数据1 in 年份1 to 数据2 in 年份2.

②占据比例： _______ has the largest percentage/proportion of… ________ account(s) for / take(s) up 10%

③达到顶点： The situation/ figures reached/hit a peak/ high at 60% in… ④达到谷底： The situation/ figures bottomed out at 60% in… 3. 首段描图示例

关于柱状图的具体写作模式，我们以此篇为例逐一讲解。 （一）第一段第一层：如图所示+图表主题词

图表里涵盖的信息量很大，如何把握正确的信息点呢？首先，可以找到这个图表中的极值点（最大值，最小值），以及整体趋势。例如这个图，我们可以看到，1998年的数值是最少的，而2004年的数值是最大的。这两个点在图中具有极强的代表性，是必须得描述的，此外，整体趋势是稳定上升，我们也要描述，方便引出我们的图表主题。结合上述讲解的句子，我们可以写出第一段：

As is shown in the bar graph, the number of Master of Engineering matriculated experienced some changes

during the past several years. Specifically ，from 1998 to 2000, it increased gradually from roughly 2,500 to nearly 9, 000. However, it rose rapidly from 18,000 in 2001 to approximately 35, 000 in 2004.

（二）第二段的段落写作和我们之前学习的议论文的中间段是一样的。也同样采用总领句+原因分析的结构就可以了。 第二段第一层：原因分析总领句，有以下几个句子可以参考。 （1）Several factors may account for the trend.

（2）Some reasons must be lying behind this situation. （3）What exactly contributes to this phenomenon? Reasons can be listed as follows. 第二层：联系现实，论证主题

第二段的具体原因分析常见的分析维度原则： 1. 就业原则

（1） If they get higher degrees，they will become more competitive and their starting salaries can be higher.

（2） The degree of education is commonly viewed as value of the diploma-owner. Therefore, those with descent diploma are always cherished by employers 2. 知识原则

（1）Receiving further education will enable them to broaden their horizons and enrich their life.

（2）Years of education indeed endows them with the capacity in their professions, which improves their job performance and decreases their chance of unemployment. 3. 节省/ 浪费 原则

With the pace of modern life quickening, people barely have much time to waste in__________ . On the contrary, _____ can help busy people save a great deal of time. （三）第三段：重申主题，提出建议

第三段的内容主要是重申论点，提出建议，在此给大家一些表达，以供参考。 1. 总结

Hence from the trend of the past，we can predict that… By observing the trend of the past, we may forecast that… 2. 建议或预测

（1） 虚拟语气：It is high time that+一般过去时 （2） 倒装句式：Only through … can we…

（3） 名人名言：We should bear the following saying in mind that …. 3. 尾段示例

By observing the trend of the past, we may forecast that this tendency will continue. However, a master degree of engineering cannot ensure students of an ideal and well-paid job. We should bear the following saying in mind, ―Ability is the first step to success.‖

三、真题分析

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ―the number of Master of Engineering matriculated‖. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the table and the outline given below: 知识模块30：图表作文攻坚实战

1. 根据上表，简要描述1998年---2004年全国工程硕士招生的人数及其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因； 3. 得出结论。 【范文】

As is shown in the bar graph, the number of Master of Engineering matriculated experienced some changes during the past several years. Specifically，from 1998 to 2000, it increased gradually from roughly 2,500 to nearly 9,000. However, it rose rapidly from 18,000 in 2001 to approximately 35,000 in 2004.

Some reasons must be lying behind this situation. For one thing, if people get higher degrees，they will become more competitive and their starting salaries can be higher. For another, years of education indeed endow them with the capacity in their professions, which improves their job performance and decreases their chance of unemployment.

By observing the trend of the past, we may forecast that this tendency will continue. However, a master degree of engineering cannot ensure students of an ideal and well-paid job. We should bear the following saying in mind, ―Ability is the first step to success.‖

Directions: Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should 1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comments

You should write about 120 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

【解析】

一、审题谋篇

该习题属于与大学生课余生活息息相关的一类主题----大学生兼职 ―college students' taking part-time jobs‖，字数要求在120词左右。这幅图表作文的横坐标是大学生的年级，纵坐标是参加兼职的学生的百分比，我们应该首先理清横纵坐标的关系。写作时，考生应将写作重点放在―随着年级的增长，参加兼职的学生百分比越来越多‖这个关系上。 二、高分范文

Emerging from the bar-chart above is a popular phenomenon that the proportion of the students taking part-time jobs has changed during the four years’ study. The proportion increases slightly from the first year to the third year, and then surges to 88.24% in the fourth year.

What exactly contributes to this phenomenon? Reasons can be listed as follows. First and foremost,in addition to getting pocket money, college students taking part-time jobs may enjoy a more exciting lifestyle as they can meet people from all walks of life and develop a sense of responsibility which cannot be learned in the classroom. In addition, to take a part-time job provides the students with a valuable opportunity to put what they have learned from books into practice.

From my point of view, it is difficult to judge whether taking part-time jobs is beneficial or harmful. It depends on how you deal with the relationship between working and learning. 三、范文点评

就文章结构而言，这篇高分范文遵循了―三段论‖的写作方法，该文章主题突出，结构清晰。第一段描述了柱状图的变化，抓住了大一学生的66.77%和大四学生的88.24%两个极值点，而且描述出了大学生从事兼职工作的比例是在不断上升的趋势。第二段主要进行了原因分析，主要从―金钱、知识、经验‖三个维度进行了阐述；第三段总结收尾，并进行了预测。就语言表达而言，本篇文章也可圈可点。 亮点表达：

1. in addition to 除了，除此之外 2. pocket money 零花钱 3. all walks of life 各行各业

4. develop a sense of responsibility 培养责任感

5. put what they have learned from books into practice 学以致用 亮点句：

1.Emerging from the bar-chart above is a popular phenomenon that …

2.College students taking part-time jobs may enjoy a more exciting lifestyle as they can meet people from all walks of life and develop a sense of responsibility which cannot be learned in the classroom.

3.It depends on how you deal with the relationship between working and learning.

下图为2005年某高校大学生使用不同方式进行交流的情况。要求以―Means of Communication of College Students‖为题写一篇至少120词的作文，文中需包含以下内容： 1.描述图表

2.阐述不同方式的优缺点 3.你主要使用那种方式

123逆时针

【解析】

一、审题谋篇

本习题属于与大学生课余生活息息相关的一类主题----―大学生不同的沟通方式‖，要求至少120词。这幅图表属于饼状图（pie chart），饼状图的三部分分别是写信、电话和电子邮件所占的比例。在这三种沟通方式中，电话沟通所占的比值最大，书信所占的比值最少，这两部分肯定是要描述的。另外，本篇作文的一个特别之处在于中间段不仅要说明这种原因，而且要说明不同方式的优缺点，这样的描写会要求中间段素材更丰富一些。 二、高分范文

As can be seen in the chart, college students used various means of communications in 2005.On the top of the three main means of communication is phone-cell, which takes up something like 50%. Of the least proportion is, not surprisingly, letter writing, which occupies a little more than 15%.

Some reasons must be lying behind this situation. To begin with, it is not strange that students prefer to contact each other by phone–call, as it is rather fast, convenient and above all, direct. However, it is by far the most luxurious means of communication. What’s more, when it comes to communicating by E-mail, some students claim that it is also convenient and efficient. But as far as intimacy is concerned, e-mail fails to fulfill this goal. Last but not least, although letter-writing is a traditional way of communication, people barely have much time to waste in writing a letter, as it usually takes at least several days to react to other's contact.

For the disadvantages of phone-call, I still prefer it to other means of communication, because hearing what your lover, your friend, your family say makes you feel intimate and warm. 三、范文点评

就文章结构而言，本高分范文遵循了―三段论‖的写作方法，该文章主题突出，结构清晰。第一段描述了饼状图的构成，并且抓住了最大的比例―手机沟通‖和最小比例―写信沟通‖。第二段主要进行了各种沟通方式的利弊分析，作者主要从价格、方便程度和亲密度三方面着手，运用一些连接词或短语，把原来散乱的语言有机地结合起来，比如：when it comes to，as far as…is concerned等等。就语言表达而言，本篇文章也不落俗套。 亮点表达：

1. surprisingly 令人惊讶地 2. by far 到目前为止

3. luxurious 奢华的，奢侈的

4. convenient and efficient 方便的，快捷的

5. fulfill this goal 实现目标 6. traditional 传统的，惯例的 亮点句：

1. .... it is not strange that students prefer to contact each other by phone –call, as it is rather fast, convenient and above all, direct.

2. When it comes to communicating by E-mail, some students claim that it is also convenient and efficient.

提纲式文字命题作文，这类文章大多在命题人给出写作题目的同时，对作文正文内容分别给予提示。提纲可能是两句、三句或四句，提纲可能是英语或汉语。但就最近几年大学英语四级试题中所出现的此类作文来看，汉语提纲居多。这种类型的作文要求考生根据不同内容的提示分别写出不同的主题句作为段首句。

命题作文按照论述内容可以分为：分析原因类、分析利弊类、分析影响（危害）类、问题解决类。 一、写作方法解析

命题作文一般要求学生写三段，首段要求考生描述某种社会现象或问题，清晰阐述自己的观点和态度；第二段要求考生结合社会现实，分析出现此现象或问题的原因、优缺点或者影响；第三段要求考生重申文章主题，并提出合理建议或解决措施。

以下面考题为例，详细讲解三段写作方法。 知识模块31：命题作文攻坚实战

（一）第一段：合理引用，表明论点

第一段对高分起到了关键的作用，考生要非常重视第一段的写作。写第一段时考生务必要围绕主题阐述两点内容：①阐述现象的具体表现或者存在的问题；②清晰阐述观点或态度。只要能够准确阐述以上两点内容，就能用文章首段抓住阅卷老师的眼球，为作文高分做好铺垫。 【第一段范例】

①There is a widespread humorous saying that，―Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I’ve done it hundreds of times.‖ ②Funny as it is, the saying ironically reflects the fact ③that a strong will is the most essential quality for anyone ④who wants to achieve success. 【精彩点评】

①句为there be 句型：开门见山，引出幽默话语

②③④句分别是倒装的让步状语从句、同位语从句和定语从句：评述幽默的话，指出其所反映的意义。 （二）第二段：联系现实，论证主题

第二段是文章第一段引出主题后的延伸和发展，是文章的主体段落，必须紧扣主题，选用相关事实和细节进行详细解释和论证。它的篇幅通常比首段和结尾段长。第二段首句，考生应结合现实情况，阐述主题相关的利弊或影响；其次，依次详细分析列举2-3点优（缺）点或原因或影响。第二段的写作过程中，考生应注重起承转合的关联词的使用。 【第二段范例】

Our life involves all kinds of obstacles and setbacks which may exhaust us and knock us down. ⑤Therefore, we must have a strong will to meet the challenge of them. ⑥And what’s more, there are many temptations waiting for us when we are striving for success. ⑦For example, when you are doing your utmost to get rid of computer games, your friends just concentrate on the

games with great satisfaction. Then how can you resist such terrible temptation? Obviously, ⑧only with a strong will can you conquer yourself and realize your goals. 精彩点评】

⑤⑥使用过渡性短语，结构清晰； ⑦举例论证，说服力强；

⑧使用倒装句式（only+状语位于句首），强调坚强意志的重要性。 （三）第三段：重申主题，提出建议

第三段为文章的结尾段，与第一段和第二段同等重要，甚至更为重要。为了使第三段和前两段结合成一个有机整体，考生有必要在第三段开头采取短语来总结前面所说内容，再次表明态度或观点，表达看法或者提出解决问题的措施或合理建议。

【第三段范例】

⑨All in all, success only belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts. ⑩just as the old popular saying goes, ―Where there is a will, there is a way.‖ 【精彩点评】

⑨借助总结性短语，总结全文； ⑩借助谚语总结全文，呼应开头。 【加分亮点】

widespread 普遍的，广泛的 ironically 讽刺地 achieve success 取得成功 strive for 为……而奋斗

do one's utmost to 尽力去做某事 get rid of 摆脱 concentrate on 集中注意力于…… realize your goals 实现目标 patient toil and constant efforts 耐心的工作和不断的努力

亮点句①Funny as it is, the saying ironically reflects the fact that ...

亮点句②only with a strong will can you conquer yourself and realize your goals. 二、真题解析

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your essay on the outline given below: 1. 怎样理解―熟能生巧‖？2. 例如：在英语学习中……3. 又如…… 【审题谋篇】本作文题目要求考生结合一句英文谚语的话展开标题为―Practice Makes Perfect‖写作，字数要求不得少于120词。该作文的话题为熟与巧之间的关系。写作时，考生应将写作重点放在论证熟对于巧至关重要。另外，写作时要特别注意以下两点：一，本题要求根据材料来分析问题，因此要在评论谚语的基础上对观点进行论证；二，既要言简意赅，又要按照提纲用两个具体事例充分论证观点，注意词数限制，不能低于120词。 【高分范文】

Practice Makes Perfect

①As we all know, practice makes perfect.②This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. ③It proves that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.

④A good case in point is the study of English. ⑤Take my neighbor, Xiao Wang, as an example. He seldom spends time learning English. As a result, his English is very poor and he begins to hate English now. ⑥On the contrary, I'm very interested in learning English and I spend more than five hours each day practicing English.

So the natural consequence is that now I have a good command of the language and my interest in it has grown more intense. ⑦The principle can equally apply to driving a car.

⑧A lesson that we can draw from the above examples is obvious. ⑨Practice is crucial to our success not only in study, but also in our future work. ⑩All in all, practice will make a difference between success and failure. 【范文点评】 （1）文章结构

本高分范文遵循了―三段论‖的写作方法进行写作。该文章结构清晰，中心突出，言简意赅。第一段开门见山，直接评述谚语并引出话题（熟能生巧）；第二段通过举例（我和小王）对比论证熟对于巧的重要性；第三段总结收尾，再次点明主题（practice will make a difference between success and failure. ）。

（2）文章内容

本高分范文中①开门见山，引出谚语，②③直接点明中心；④引出第二段论据，证明―熟能生巧‖的论点；⑤⑥采用Xiao Wang和我的事例对比论证熟对巧的重要性；⑦用开车这件事说明熟能生巧同样适应。⑧重复总结第二段事例的内容； ⑨总结说明熟对我们学习和未来工作的重要性⑩借助总结性短语，点明文章中心（熟练对于成功的重要性）。 （3）语言表达

accumulated 累积的；累计的；inherit from 从……继承……；从……得到…… apply to 适用于；应用于

consequence 结果；重要性；推论 intense 强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的 draw from 从……中得到；从……提取 crucial 重要的；决定性的；make a difference 有影响，有关系

亮点句①It proves that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.

亮点句②So the natural consequence is that I have a good command of the language and my interest in it has grown more intense. 亮点句③All in all, practice will make a difference between success and failure. Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Diligence Helps to Achieve Success by commenting on the famous saying, \words . 【解析】

一、审题谋篇

本习题要求考生结合一句英文谚语的话展开，标题为―Diligence Helps to Achieve Success‖，字数要求在120-180之间。这次作文的话题为成功与勤奋之间的关系。写作时，考生应将写作重点放在论证成功与勤奋的关系上，即勤奋对于取得成功至关重要。另外，写作时要特别注意以下两点：一，本题要求根据材料来分析问题，因此要在评论谚语的基础上对观点进行论证；二，既要言简意赅，又要充分论证观点，注意词数限制，不能超过180词。 二、高分范文

Diligence Helps to Achieve Success

①As the famous saying goes, \②If one intends to succeed, he must spare no efforts to strive for his goal with diligence.

③Diligence plays a very important role in one’s success. ④As far as we know, at the age of 19 months, Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing, which is a big obstacle to learning. ⑤However, instead of bending to her physical disability, she was hardworking and diligent in learning everything. ⑥As a result, she became a well-known writer and educator in the nineteenth century who has acquired a large stock of knowledge and mastered English, French, German, Latin as well as Greek. ⑦Some people saw wonderful dialogues in David Copperfield and realistic description of the social background in Tales of Two Cities. ⑧How did Dickens achieve this? It is due to his diligence.

⑨In conclusion, diligence is not only a positive approach towards life but also the most reliable way to guide us toward success. ⑩Diligence is a key to success. 三、范文点评 （1）文章结构

就文章结构而言，本高分范文遵循了―三段论‖的写作方法，该文章主题突出，结构清晰。第一段开门见山，直接评述谚语并引出话题（如果一个人想要成功，他必须全力以赴争取自己的奋斗目标）；第二段通过举例（ Helen Keller，Dickens）论证勤奋的重要性；第三段总结收尾，再次点明主题（Diligence is a key to success）。 （2）文章内容

就文章内容而言，本高分范文①开门见山，引出谚语，②条件状语从句直接点明中心；③为第二段的中心句，指出勤奋在个人成功中的重要性；④⑤⑥采用过渡性短语，结构清晰，用Helen Keller的事例说明勤奋的重要性；⑦⑧采用问句的形式，语气强烈，用Dickens 的事例再次说明勤奋的重要性。⑨借助总结性短语，总结勤奋的重要性；⑩一句话点明文章中心（勤奋是通往成功的钥匙）。 （3）亮点词句

spare no efforts to 不遗余力做…… strive for 尽力去…… play a very important role 扮演一个很重要的角色 lose sight and hearing 失明失聪 bend to 屈服于 acquire a large stock of knowledge 学到大量知识

approach 方法；途径 due to 归因于，归功于

亮点句①If one intends to succeed, he must spare no efforts to strive for his goal with diligence.

亮点句②In conclusion, diligence is not only a positive approach towards life but also the most reliable way to guide us toward success. Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Whom Do You Turn to When in Trouble by commenting on the famous saying, \is not all roses, and all of us will need someone else’s help to deal with problems that we may encounter in our life\1. 有人遇到困难时向同学、朋友求助 2. 有人则向老师、家长求助 3. 以你自己为例 【解析】

一、审题谋篇

本习题要求考生结合一句英文谚语的话展开，标题为―Whom Do You Turn to When in Trouble‖，字数要求在120-180之间。这次作文的话题为危难时刻你会向谁求助。写作时，考生应将写作重点放在危难时刻不同人不同的求助对象。另外，写作时要特别注意以下两点：一，本题要求根据谚语引出危难时刻不同人的不同求助对象；二，既要言简意赅，又要详细说明考生自己的求助方式和对象。 二、高分范文

Whom Do You Turn to When in Trouble?

①Just as the saying goes, life is not all roses, and all of us will need someone else’s help to deal with problems that we may encounter in our life. ②Here comes the question: whom will you turn to for help? ③Some say they will ask their classmates or friends for help, because they are peers, thus they can understand each other easily.

④However, others have different choices when in trouble. ⑤They are inclined to tell their teachers and parents the difficulties they are faced with. ⑥In their opinion, teachers and parents, who are much older than them, can give them a hand with their rich experience.

⑦As for me, close friends are always the people who come to my mind firstly when I am intrigued by something that cannot be solved by myself. ⑧If we cannot figure out a solution by our joint effort, I will go to my teachers or parents for help. ⑨With their suggestions or instructions, I can finally find the best way to cope with my troubles. 三、范文点评 (1)文章结构

就文章结构而言，本高分范文遵循了―三段论‖的写作方法，该文章主题突出，结构清晰。第一段开门见山，直接评述谚语并引出话题：第一种人的求助对象为同学朋友；第二段通过转折引出第二种人的求助对象为老师家长；第三段详细描述自己的求助对象，点明主题。 (2)文章内容

就文章内容而言，本高分范文①开门见山，引出谚语，②采用问句直接点明中心；③引出话题：第一种人的求助对象为同学朋友；④转折引出另外一种人的选择；⑤⑥引出话题：第二种人的求助对象为老师家长；⑦⑧⑨详细描述自己在遇到困难时的求助对象和方法。 (3)亮点词句

deal with/cope with 处理…… encounter 相遇，碰见; be inclined to do sth. 想要干……,倾向于干…… give sb. a hand 给予某人帮助 intrigue 用诡计取得；激起……的兴趣figure out 计算出，解决；弄明白；合计 joint effort 共同努力 instruction 授课；教诲；传授的或获得的知识，课程

亮点句① In their opinion, teachers and parents, who are much older than them, can give them a hand with their rich experience.

亮点句② As for me, close friends are always the people who come to my mind firstly when I am intrigued by something that cannot be solved by myself.

亮点句③With their suggestions or instructions, I can finally find the best way to cope with my troubles.

知识模块32：书信作文攻坚实战 导言:

书信在近年的四级考试中出现频率不高，但却是一种很重要的应用文体，考生在冲刺阶段仍需要加强练习写各种书信。一般来说，书信的写作格式大致相同。书信是重要的交际工具，通常分为私人信函和公务信函两大类。常见的书信类型包括建议信、投诉/批评/抱怨信、申请信、道歉信、感谢信、祝贺信、邀请信、推荐信等。 一、书信的格式 1. 称呼

称呼是书信的开头部分，一般用dear开头，注意头衔的使用。书信写作的称呼语大致分为两种情况：

2. 正文

正文是书信中最重要的内容，也是得分的关键。书信一般有三点提纲，即三个内容要点。因此，考生应严格按照大纲要求写成三点式文章。 3. 落款

1) 结尾客套是表示礼节的套语，第一个字母要大写，后面要加逗号，通常可以用―Yours sincerely，‖。 2) 书信最后一部分是签名，按照题目要求写落款,切勿写上自己的真实姓名。 二、三段写作方法详解

由于书信的正文部分一般有三点提纲，即三个内容要点，顺序不能打乱。要想做到条理清晰，简洁准确，考生在写正文的时候，可以采用三段写作方法，三段内容框架如下： 第一段：说明背景，道明来意 第二段：根据题目，罗列信息 第三段：重申来意，适度寒暄

（一）第一段：说明背景，道明来意

道明来意，即，首先需要阐明写信的目的，其目的会根据书信类型的不同而不同，书信的类型非常之多，根据历年真题中书信的考查类型，归纳了以下几种重点书信的写信目的的常用句式。 1. 建议信

（1） I am writing this letter to raise some suggestions for improving…

（2） You have asked me for my advice with regard to…, and I will try to make some conducive suggestions here. 2. 投诉/批评/抱怨信

（1） I am写信人的身份.I venture to write you a letter concerning投诉/批评/抱怨的内容. （2） I very much regret to have to inform you that… 3. 申请信

（1） I am writing this letter to recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the job of…

（2） The requirement outlined in your ad. …for职位appears to mesh almost exactly with my own.

（3） I am very interested in going abroad to obtain an advanced degree in the field of… 4. 道歉信

（1） I am writing to apologize for the fact that…

（2） I am so sorry to have put you through so much trouble… 5. 感谢信

（1） I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for…

（2） I would like to take this opportunity to express my great appreciation for… 6. 祝贺信

（1） I offer you my warmest congratulations on your… （2） I am so happy to hear that… 7. 邀请信

（1） I am writing on behalf of…to invite you to… 8. 推荐信

（1） It is with a great pleasure that I recommend to you…

（2） With reference to your requirements, I shall, without reservation, recommend…as an ideal candidate.

说明背景，即，简述书信写作的相关背景信息，每一类信件则需要结合Directions当中的具体要求展开。

例：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an apology letter to your teacher. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.

1.你在截止日期前未提交作业 2.向任课老师写信道歉，并给出合理解释3.做出承诺

本例题中的背景信息是―Directions当中的1.你在截止日期前未提交作业‖，所以，考生在描述第一段中背景信息时可以直接汉译英，并且本例题的写作目的要求写一封道歉信，所以可以把第一段描述为：

I am writing to apologize for the fact that I failed to hand in the homework of your writing class on time yesterday. I am writing to apologize for the fact that…是之前提供给考生的常用句式，然后添加背景信息。 （二）第二段：根据题目，罗列信息

依据题目要求和叙述，给出建议、投诉/批评/抱怨、申请、道歉、感谢、祝贺、邀请、推荐的具体内容。

此外，由于考生在考场上会感觉无从下手，所以，对这几类重点书信又进行了分类，可以归为3类，分别为建议和投诉/批评/抱怨信，申请和推荐信，道歉、感谢、祝贺和邀请信。每一类的相关素材如下， 1.建议和投诉/批评/抱怨信(第二段描述建议和投诉/批评/抱怨的原因) （1） The noise disturbs my sleep so that I can not concentrate during the work time, and as a result, I have made several mistakes these days.

（2） For me this environment is very difficult to make studies and I need a quiet room. 2.申请和推荐信(第二段可以展示个人能力、经历及求职动机)

（1） I am now studying at…and will soon be graduated as a/an…major. Under the influence of the courses I have taken, I have developed a special interest in…

（2） Upon graduation, I first worked as…The following job was…and currently I am working for…I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experience needed for the position of…

（3） Born in+地点+in+年份 I graduated from…University majoring in…I have been working in…since my graduation, and I have therefore attained a fair knowledge and experience in this field. It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me preparation to assume the role of…in a firm such as yours. 3.道歉、感谢、祝贺、邀请信(第二段说明相关的具体情况) （1）The reason is that…

（2）Would you mind if I change the appointment time? （3）Would it be convenient for you…?

（4）Thank you very much for the gift you sent me. It is one of the most wonderful gifts I got on my birthday. （5）Congratulations on a job well done, and good luck to you during the next four years of university.

（6）Will you and Mrs. Smith give the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, October 10th, at eight o'clock?

最后，结合前面例题，做进一步的阐释。该例题要求写一封道歉信，道歉的具体内容见―Directions中的2. 向任课老师写信道歉，并给出合理解释‖，所以第二段需要考生进行思路拓展，详细说明在截止日期前未提交作业的原因或者理由（可信的理由，而不是随便应付老师的借口），例如，可以是―经历了忙

碌的一天，太累了以致没能按时提交作业‖，或者是―生病住院了以致没能按时提交作业‖。此处选取前一种理由，具体英文表述如下，

The day before yesterday, the photography association held a field trip to Suzhou to take pictures for the coming photography competition. As the president of the association, I had to be in charge of the whole activity as well as taking care of our members. It was 1 o'clock a.m. when I got home. Having a very tight schedule the whole day, I felt so tired that I felt asleep once I arrived home, failing to finish the homework.

经历了忙碌的一天，可以表达为―Having a very tight schedule…‖，并且在上文中，是分词短语作状语，表示原因，也是写作当中的亮点表达。

（三）第三段：重申来意，适度寒暄

再次表明观点，结束书信的主题段落，适度寒暄之词。一般，第三段可以概括为以下4种类型，具体如下， 1.发出请求

（1） Please give this matter your immediate attention.

（2） I would very much appreciate it if … as soon as possible. 2.提供帮助

（1） I hope these … will be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.

（2） …will be taking over responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you. 3.再次表示歉意或感激

（1） Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always. （2） In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience caused. 4.期盼回信

（1） I look forward to your prompt response.

（2） I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to the first letter.

此处，仍然可以结合前面的例题对第三段进行进一步的阐释，例题的―Directions中的3.做出承诺‖，即，对第三段提出了具体要求，所以，首先需要说明对错误的认识并且做出相应的承诺，然后结合第三段概括的4大类型，分析判定属于哪一类，此处可以归为第4大类型，期盼回信。第三段的具体英文表述如下：

I know I should balance work and study well. I would never let this happen again and I will hand in my homework as soon as possible. I look forward to your prompt response. Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

假如你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。 【解析】

一、审题谋篇

本题要求考生结合话题―A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus‖进行写作，字数要求至少120词。这次作文的话题是给学校的校长写一封信，书信的内容是关于本校食堂的情况，可涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等。写作目的可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。考生在写作时要注意以下两点：1. 需要确定自身的立场，然后根据立场选择相对应的书信类型；2. 根据提纲所提供的信息点进行具体展开。 二、高分范文 Dear Mr. President,

I am Li Ming, a junior majoring in International Trade in this university. I venture to write you a letter concerning the canteen service on campus, which has given rise to many complaints among students.

The focus of the complaint is the poor quality of the food. For one thing, the rice is hard, the steamed bread is usually sold cold

and vegetables are often overcooked. For another, the prices of the food are surprisingly high. Honestly speaking, the dining environment having been improved since last year, there is still not enough space and seats for us to have our meals there. Besides, the attitude of the canteen staff is not hospitable at all.

All in all, there is still much room for the improvement. I do hope we will not suffer another year. Thank you for your time and kind consideration. I look forward to your prompt response. Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

三、范文点评

本篇高分作文是一封投诉信，主题突出，结构清晰。第一段开门见山表明写信目的并进行自我介绍；第二段罗列了对食堂哪些方面的不满，分别从食堂饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务入手；第三段表达本人的意愿，食堂还有很大的改进空间。当然，文章的作者很擅长逻辑关系词的运用，尤其是第二段的层次非常清晰，The focus of the complaint is…For one thing,…For another,…Honestly speaking,…Besides,…。同时，该文章中两个亮点句子:①I venture to write you a letter concerning the canteen service on campus, which has given rise to many complaints among students.②Honestly speaking, the dining environment having been improved since last year, there is still not enough space and seats for us to have our meals there.第二个亮点句子是分词作状语，表示转折。 Directions:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an application letter. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

假设你是李明，化学系的一名大二学生。请你就申请助学贷款一事给学校有关部门写封申请信。申请信的内容包括以下几点：

1. 提出申请2. 申请的理由3. 恳请批准 【解析】

一、审题谋篇

本题要求考生写一封申请信，字数要求至少120词。书信是关于申请助学贷款，并且需要包含三部分内容，分别为提出申请、申请的理由以及恳请批准。考生在写作时需要注意以下两点：1. 此书信的写作对象是学校有关部门，结合之前所学的称呼的分类，确定是第一种类型，写给团体、组织或机构的负责人，并且是给不认识的人；2. 申请助学贷款的理由要合理，需要考生进行思路拓展，发散思维。 二、高分范文

To Whom It May Concern,

I am writing to apply for a student loan. As a sophomore from the Chemistry Department, I have much financial difficulty in continuing my study.

My father is the only breadwinner, while my mother was laid off two years ago. My grandmother has been suffering illness for many years. My younger brother is now studying in a high school. To support the study of my brother and me, my family has witnessed a sharp increase in the debt to an unbearable amount of ￥130,000 in the past two years. I took part-time jobs during the summer vacation, but what I have earned is far from enough for me to pay the required tuition fees. In order to continue my study, I have to apply for a student loan.

If my request is granted, I will make good use of the money and put my mind to study. I will definitely pay back the loan according to the requirements. I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to the first letter. Yours sincerely, Li Ming

三、范文点评

本篇高分作文是一封申请信，正文遵循了―三段写作方法‖，并且该文章主题突出，结构清晰。第一段开门见山表明写作目的——申请助学贷款（apply for a student loan），简述背景信息——申请的原因是家境困难（have much financial difficulty in continuing my study）。第二段具体阐述申请助学贷款的理由，分析了家庭的收支情况，给人真实可信的印象。尤其，本段中的货币符号和数字很容易吸引阅卷老师的眼球，同时witness，a sharp increase，an unbearable amount of等亮点词以及短语的使用，无疑增加了文章的得分点。第三段表明自己会充分利用助学贷款以及按照要求偿还贷款的决心，最后，适度寒暄，以示礼貌，采用句子为I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to the first letter.

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