according和accordingly的用法和翻译收集资料

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According和accordingly的用法和翻译

在英语中,特别是在科技英语里,according和accordingly使用频率较高。本文拟就这两个词的用法及汉译作一简单介绍。

According一词通常不单独使用,而用在according to和according as两个习语中。

1,according to的用法和译法

(1)后跟名词或代词,一般译为“根据”、“依照”。例如:

We should ovserve a meter and act according to the readings we take. 我们应当先观察仪表,并根据所取的读数进行操作。

(2)后跟人、人名或书名时,一般译作“根据……的说法(看法)”。例如:

According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 根据科学家们的看法,自然界要用五百年的时间才能形成一英寸的表层土壤。

(3)有时可以译为“随着……的不同(或变化)”。例如:

This kind of animal can change her color according to the temperature around. 这种动物可以随着周围气温的变化而改变自己身上的颜色。

但也不能一概而论,我们不能一见到according to就译为“根据……”。例如:

Although the constituent particles are moving according to somewhat random. 由于粒子的运动是客观存在的,不能说粒子是根据牛顿方程运动着的,此处等于in accordance with和in agreement with之意。因此,根据客观事实的逻辑,上句可意译为:虽然其中所有粒子的运动符合牛顿方程,但由于粒子的数目众多,其运动就显得杂乱无章。

2,according as后接从句,意为:“根据……而”、“按照……而”,例如:

The thermometer rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold. 温度计的液柱随着空气的冷热而升降。

They move into the next class, according asx they pass or fail the examination. 他们能否就读下一年级要看考试是否及格而定。

Accordingly用作副词,通常置于句尾,意为“照着做”、“响应地”。如:

The specifications have told you all the circumstances, so you must act accordingly. 说明书已经讲了一切情况,因此你必须照此去做。

Accordingly又可译为“因此”、“所以”,放在句首句尾都可以。例如:

A scientist draws conclusions by studying some of the facts he collects. Accordingly, his views are not totally correct sometimes. 科学家通过研究他所收集到的部分事实作出结论。因此,他的观点有时并非完全正确。

as well as 用作并列连词的译法

As well as用作并列连词,在科技英语中是很常见的。普遍流行的一种见解认为:“as well as用作并列连词时,着重的不是as well as之后的词,而是它之前的词。所以翻译时,通常应先译as well as之后的词,然后再译它之前的词。”(《科技英语问题解答》),P. 129)“作为并列连词使用时,虽然连接的是两个并列部分,但其重点在前者,不在后者。汉译时要先译后者,再译前者。”(《英语辅导》)

但是,笔者在翻译英语科技文章时,发现很多情况并非如此。例如下面的两个例句都是从同一本书(Santokh S. Basi, Semiconductor Pulse and Switching Circuits, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1980)的同一章中摘录下来的,但它们强调的重点并不相同。如: It is to be noted that Thevenin 's theorem applies to AC as well as to DC circuits. 要注意,代文宁定理不仅适用于直流电路,也适用于交流电路。

在这句话中,作者所强调的是as well as前面的部分。翻译时把这个重点正确地表达出来是很必要的。但是作者接下去又说: The above theorems and laws hold true for DC as well as for AC circuits. 上述定理和定律不但对直流电路而言是正确的,对交流电路而言也同样是正确的。

显然,这句话所强调的恰好是as well as 后面的部分。值得注意的是,强调后面部分的情况并非个别。下面这些句子都是从近年出版的英文原著中摘抄下来的:

1. The term IMPEDANCE is applicable only to AC circuits. Its unit of measurement is the ohm. It has a magnitude as well as phase angle. It is a complex quantity.

“感抗”这个术语只适用于交流电路,其测量单位为欧姆。感抗不但有幅值,而且有相角,它是一个复数量。

2. Note that Ohm's law holds true for DC as well as for AC circuits. However, when analyzing AC circuit, it is important to consider the magnitude as well as the direction of phasor quantities.

要注意,欧姆定律不仅对直流电路有效,对交流电路也同样有效。不过,在分析交流电路时,重要的是不仅要考虑相量的幅值,还要考虑相量的方向。

3. The electrical power supplied by the source to the circuit is given by P=VI(watts). The equation is applicable to a circuit as well as to a component in a circuit.

电源供给电路的电功率由公式P=VI(瓦特)给出。此式不但适用于某一条电路,而且适用于电路中的任一元件。

在上述数例中,作者所强调的显然都是as well as后面的部分。可见,当as well as用作并列连词时,究竟是强调前者还是强调后者,必须根据上下文来判断。

然而,是否能由此得出“不是强调前者,就是强调后者,二者必居其一”的结论呢?也不能。有时候,也可能并不明显地强调哪一个。翻译时只要用“以及”、“和”这样的连词将前后顺连就可以了。例如:

4. Using the multimeter, measure and record the rms values of the input as well as the output (volts) in table E2-2. 用万能表测量并记下表E2-2中输入量和输出量的有效值(伏特数)。

5. Air, as well as water, is needed to make plants grow. 空气和水都是植物生长所必需的。

6. In many instances it is necessary to consider the rate at which work is done as well as the total amount of work done. 在许多情况下,必须考虑做功的速率以及所做功的总量。

总而言之,as well as用作并列连接词时,所强调的是前者还是后者,或者二者均不明显地强调,必须根据上下文,仔细斟酌,然后才能判定。

Available在医学文章中的翻译

Available的基本词义为:“可用的;可得到的;有效的”。在句中常作表语用,也可作前置或后置定语。其用法虽不难,但在译成汉语时词义常常要加以引申。现列举一些例句,试译如下:

一、译成“可用的”、“适用的”、“可供……之用”,其后常跟介词for或to

1,This drug is available for both oral and parenteral administration. 本药可供口服或注射用。

2,A doctor has a wide range of therapeutic measures available to him. 医生有各种各样的治疗措施可以采用。

3,The serum is available to the general public now. 血清现在已可供大众使用。

二、译成动词“获得”,“得到”

1,No assessment of the patient condition is available before the clinical experiment is over. 在临床试验结束之前,无从获得对患者病情的估计。

2,Only now are data on sociaoeconomic status and cancer incidence becoming available from the Third National Cancer Survey.

直到现在,才从第三次全国癌症普查中得到社会经济状况与癌症发病率关系的资料。

三、意为“提供(的)”、“供应(的)”,但常不译出,尤其在药物说明书中

1,This drug is available either in liquid or in lyophilized form. 本药备有溶液或冻干品两种剂型。

2,Dipaxin is available in 5mg. scored tablets in bottle of 100. (供应力的)抗凝剂为五毫克刻痕片。每瓶100片。

3,The polymyxin B sulphate is available as a freeze-dried powder freely soluble in saline solution in vial containing 500,000 units potency.

(供应的)硫酸多粘菌素B硫酸盐为冻干粉末,可任意溶于盐溶液中,每小瓶含五十万单位(效价)。

四、作某些名词的定语时,可译成“现有的”

1,The cost of prevention medicine keeps it from being widely applied, yet available statistics justify the validity of preventive efforts in certain specific diseases.

预防医学耗资巨大,使其无法推广,但现有统计资料证明对某些疾病的预防措施是确有成效的。

2,Although presently available therapeutic interventions are, as a rule, successful in suppressing isolated, acute episodes of VT (ventricular tachycardia), long range suppression of ventricular ectopic arrhythmias is more difficult. 虽然用现有的治疗方法抑制单独的室性心动过速急性发作通常是成功的,但是要长期抑制室性异位性心律失常则比较困难。

五、可译成“有效的”

The tablets are available for the prevention of anginal attack.

本药片对预防心绞痛发作有效。(或译为:本药片可用于预防心绞痛发作。)

六、译成“可以找到”、“在场”,这时常以人为主语

If the doctor had been available, the child would not have died. 假如当时找到医生的话,这个孩子本来是不会死的。

七、译成“准备好”

1, Drugs to deal with such a crisis should always be available during the injection of myodil. 在注射碘苯脂期间,一定要准备好应付这种危急情况的药物。

2,Laboratory facilities must be available to perform such tests. 进行这样的检验,必须准备好实验室设备。

Within 的一种译法

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