GSK21M 加工中心数控系统

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统

操 作 手 册

本操作手册中，我们将尽力叙述各种与该系统操作相关的事件。由于篇幅限制及产品开发定位等原因，不能也不可能对系统中所有不必做或不能做的事件进行详细的叙述。因此，本手册中没有特别指明为的事件均视为“不可能”或“不允许”的事件。

本操作手册的版权归广州数控设备有限公司专有，任何单位与个人进行出版或复印均属于非法行为，我公司将追究其法律责任。

欢迎使用GSK21M 加工中心数控系统

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

公司简介

广州数控——中国南方的数控产业基地，国家863<中档数控系统产业化支撑技术>项目承担企业。18年来致力于开发、生产机床数控系统，伺服/步进电机驱动装置，推广机床数控化改造、数控技术培训业务，开展数控机床贸易服务——集科、工、贸于一体。产品配套国内60多家机床生产企业，售后服务网点遍布全国，GSK系列产品以更高的性能价格比畅销全国，远销东南亚，产量连续四年在国内处于领先地位。 广州数控设备有限公司

地址：广州市罗冲围螺涌北路一街52号（510165）

电话：020-81993293 81789649 81990819

传真：020-81993683

网址：http://www.77cn.com.cn

E_mail:sale1@http://www.77cn.com.cn

关于用户手册

用户手册全面地介绍了GSK21M 系统的特性、系统组成、各部分的系统命令及其使用、操作步骤、用户编程方法及示例等，是用户快速学习和使用本系统的基本手册。本手册的更新和升级事宜，由广州数控设备有限公司授权并组织实施。未经广州数控设备有限公司授权或书面许可，任何单位或个人无权对本手册内容进行修改或更正，广州数控设备有限公司概不负责由此而造成的客户损失。 技术支持

广州数控设备有限公司提供对GSK21M 数控系统的全部技术支持，包括用户培训、软、硬件升级及技术咨询。

广州数控设备有限公司提供了各种方式，尽最大可能帮助您解决关于GSK21M 数控

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

系统产品的问题。如果您在使用GSK21M 数控系统的过程中遇到了问题，您可以在GSK21M 数控系统帮助系统中使用用户在线帮助功能。如果您希望得到更多的技术资料，请查阅GSK21M 数控系统的用户手册，或访问本公司网站。

终身服务

在您购买GSK21M 数控系统的同时，您将填写一张GSK21M 数控系统用户登记卡。从此时起，您就成为众多广州数控系统用户大家庭中的一员。广州数控设备有限公司凭借此卡，向您提供终身技术支持及软、硬件升级服务。

电话热线服务

在GSK21M 数控系统的使用过程中，不论您何时何地遇到问题，您都可以拨打技术支持电话，广州数控设备有限公司将给您以满意的答复。

现场技术支持服务

如果您遇到通过电话不能解决的问题，您可以获得现场支持的服务，广州数控设备有限公司将授权技术支持工程师到现场帮您解决技术问题。

所有规格和设计如有变化，公司恕不另行通知

本说明书尽最大努力将各种内容描述出来，由于篇幅所限，不可能全部列出，因此，本说明书中没有特别叙述的内容，即可理解为“不可使用”

注意事项

阅读本操作说明书前请注意以下方面的内容：

1. 操作人员的综合素质要求：数控机床是典型的机电一体化产品，需要操作者具有机、电、液、气等方面的专业基础知识。

2. 操作人员的操作规程要求：遵循操作规程不仅是保证操作人员安全的重要保障，也是保证设备安全、产品质量等的重要措施。操作人员初次操作本数控系统所配置的机床时，必须认真地阅读机床厂家提供的使用说明书，严格按照操作规程操作。

3. 系统使用环境要求：避免阳光直接照射，禁止潮湿和粉尘、振动等

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

4.

对机床的高开动率要求：如果长期不用，由受潮等原因会加快电子元件的变质或损坏，机械部件的锈蚀。所以使用者要定时通电，每次空运行1小时左右，利用机床运行时的发热量来去除或降低机内的温度。

目 录

1、概要···································································································1

源······································································································1

源······································································································2

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

明···························································································3

面······························································································3

板······································································································6

2.3、编辑键盘······································································································9

式·················································································11 3.1、概述············································································································11

3.2、手动返回机械零点····················································································13

3.3、手动单步····································································································15

动····································································································16

给····································································································18

给····························································································21

整····························································································22

能················································································23

正············································································25

式·························································································28 述············································································································28

4.2、程序的编辑································································································29

4.2、程序存储、编辑操作前的准

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

备································································31

作························································································32

作···················································································32

作············································································32

作············································································33

制···························································································34

名···························································································34

索···························································································36

4.3.7、程序的存···························································································37

4.3.8、程序中字的插入、删除、换····························································38

4.3.9、字的检索及行的位············································································41

释·························································································43

作··································································45

件·····························································································46

件·····························································································47

径·····························································································47 保替定式·························································································49 述············································································································49

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

序················································································51

序····················································································57

行····································································································58

锁········································································································59

行···································································································59

5.7、自动运行的暂停与停止············································································60

停···················································································60

止·······················································································61

项························································62

式·························································································68 述············································································································68

行····························································································70

定············································································72

定························································································76

6.5、坐标偏置的输入························································································78

6.6、操作面板的配置························································································80

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

作················································································81

置···················································································82

码············································································································83

限：······························································································83

面·························································································83

表········································································································87

量····································································································89

除·····················································································93 停········································································································93

程········································································································94

7.3、程序报警····································································································94

7.4、操作不当报警····························································································95

警································································96

警····································································································97

试·························································································98 开········································································································98

法··················································102

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

示····························································104

述······································································································104

看··································································································106

9.3、偏置的查看······························································································107

9.4、各种加工信息的查看··············································································108

能·····················································································110

述········································································································110

复································································113

程··················································································114 明································································································114

类····················································································116

明········································································117

明····················································································118

明························································································120

式·············································································127

复········································127

12.2、串口设置与时间设

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

置············································································130

断·····················································································132 ······························································································132

······························································································135 附录篇·································································································136 一、附录···········································································································136 附录一：报警定义·························································································136

附录二：梯形图信号表·················································································139

附录三：操作面板功能号定义······································································144

附录四：中间继电器定义··············································································146

附录五：PLC数据表······················································································148

附录六：系统参数表·····················································································149

附录七：GSK21M 操作树形目录································································155 二、常见问题解答···························································································162

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统

1、概要

1.1、接通电源

开机顺序

1) 从外观、连线上确认CNC与机床处于正常状态。

2) 按照机床厂家说明书要求的顺序接通主电源。

3）按下操作面板上的<电源开>按纽，启动系统电源。

4) 系统上电后，进入自动引导界面且进行面板按键自检，此时操作面板上的按键提示灯会

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

顺序地依次点亮，屏幕显示约15秒左右进入正常画面，确认LCD画面上显示的内容。 注意：

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

1 GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 2 -

1.2、切断电源

关机顺序

1) 确认操作面板上的循环启动指示灯是否熄灭。

2) 确认机械的可动部分全部停止。

3) 按操作面板的“电源关”开关，关闭系统的电源。

4) 切断机床侧的强电开关。

5）清理机床及数控系统的操作面板等。

注：关于接通与切断电源，因机床厂家的不同请参照各机床厂说明书中有关电源接通与切断的操作。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 3 -

2、面板说明

2.1、系统屏幕界面

图2-1-1

广州数控GSK21M 数控系统将操作面板及液晶显示屏融为一体，便于用户使用。屏幕左上角的<GSK21M >标牌是系统的型号，屏幕下部的“广州数控”及厂标，标示是广州数控设备有限公司产品。

屏幕右侧从上至下分布的9个软键盘，不仅增加系统的功能，更体现出操作的方便快捷的理念。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 4 -

系统主界面以红、绿、黑为主色调，使操作者长时间操作不易产生视觉疲劳。其中，系统进入时初始化界面如下图：

如图2-1-2所示：

图2-1-2

系统界面共分为八个区，分别用不同的颜色划分，各区内容会随方式的不同而略有变化，总体内容如下：

1. 坐标显示区：用于显示机床的当前坐标位置，可以显示绝对坐标，相对坐标，机床坐标，以及跟随误差。 2. 程序显示区：显示自动方式或手动录入方式时的程序，如果程序正处于加工状态，光标所处的行是程序正在加工的行。 3. 状态提示区：用于显示报警信息、时间及其它状态提示。 4. 模态显示区： 显示系统当前状态所使用的模态指令。

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

5. 软键盘操作区：利用屏幕右侧的软键盘切换功能菜单。

6

8

7

5

1

2

4

3

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 5 -

2.2、操作面板

操作面板是操作人员控制机床运行的主要界面，主要有以下部分组成： 6. 操作方式提示区：显示机床工作的方式及运行状态。 7. 系统加工参数区：显示主轴转速，进给倍率、加工件数等信息。 8. 主标题栏：显示系统名称。 GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 6 -

图2-2-1 操作面板总体布局

图2-2-2 方式切换及辅助功能

该区上半部主要功能是切换系统的工作方式，通过按编辑、自动、录入、手动、手轮及数据键进入相应的工作方式，屏幕显示也会随之变化，键左下角的绿灯也会随之点亮，用于提示操作者。

1 下半部按键主要用于机床的调试及运行中

1) 单段：按下后，绿灯亮表示进入单段模式，此时若处于自动或录入方式，按<循环

启动>按钮则程序只运行一段。单段取消则程序将连续运行。详情参考自动方式5.4

2) 跳段：按下后，绿灯亮表示进入跳段模式，则在自动运行状态运行程序，遇程序行

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

首有“/”标志时将跳过该行运行其后程序。跳段取消则不跳过。详情参考程序调试8.1

3) 机床锁：按下后，绿灯亮表示进入机床锁模式，此时机床各轴将不会发生移动，只

是坐标变化，通常用于程序的试运行中。详情参考程序调试8.2。

4) 辅助锁：按下后，绿灯亮表示进入辅助锁模式，此时机床的辅助功能（如：主轴转

动，润滑，

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 7 -

冷却）将不执行。详情参考程序调试8.2。

5) 空运行：按下后，绿灯亮表示进入空运行模式，此时运行程序则程序中的进给速度

将被忽略，按系统参数设定的固定高速速度运行，通常用于程序的试运行中。详情参

考程序调试8.1。

6) 选择停止：按下后，绿灯亮表示进入选择停止模式，当程序指令执行到M01时则自

动处于暂停状态。详情参考本手册5.7.1

7) 机械零点：在手动方式下按机械回零键则进入机床回零操作，根据屏幕提示按相应

轴即可自动回零。详情参考程序调试3.2。

注：该区的键盘都为互锁型，按下后对应的指示灯亮，另一个与其互锁的指示灯灭，指示键的状态。请操作者注意。 GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 8 -

图2-2-3 主轴控制及辅助控制

图2-2-4 手轮及点动时的轴选和移动量控制

图2-2-5部分为手动及自动方式下对倍率的调节开关。

（a）图示部分为系统快速进给（G0）的倍率开关，调节范围：0％，25％，50％，100％四档；

从F0到25％之间任一档位系统认为以F0速度，从25％到50％之间任一档位系统处理为25％，从50％到100％之间系统处理为50％，当处于100％时系统以最大速度定位。

（b）自动方式及手动方式下进给倍率调节开关，调节范围：0～150％。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 9 -

( a ) ( b )

图2-2-5 手动、快速及自动进给倍率调整

2.3、编辑键盘

屏幕右侧分布的键盘主要用于程序的编辑及录入（如图2-3-1）：

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 10 -

图2-3-1编辑键盘

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

1. 字母A－Z，数字，符号用于程序的录入或编辑。 2. Shift为上档键，可输入字母或数字左上角对应的符号；Ctrl、Alt键用于特殊的操作。 3. Tab可切换弹出的对话框中按键的选择位置；BackSpace、Del可删除字符；、用于页面浏览时的翻页；Ins用于在编辑程序时插入字符；Home、End定位程序行的行首及行尾；Esc用于弹出式对话框的放弃。 4. “”、“”、“”、“”方向键可在程序录入时移动光标，在参数或偏置中用于数据的定位。 5. Enter键在程序录入时作为程序每行结束的标志，在对话框中用于确认选择，在参数或偏

置修改时为进入修改状态。

编辑键盘的基本用法与windows操作系统使用方法类似。

具体在编辑方式下的使用方法请参阅程序编辑一节，其它请参照对应的章节。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 11 -

3、手动操作方式

3.1、概述

当按下操作面板的手动方式键后（如图3-1-1），该键只是灯亮，同时系统显示切

换到手动方式界面（如图3-1-2），进入手动操作方式。

图3-1-1

手动操作包括以下几种方式：

1、 手动返回机械零点

2、 手动单步

3、 手动点动

4、 手轮进给

5、 手动连续及手动快速进给

6、 手动倍率调整

7、 辅助功能

8、 手动方式下零点的找正

手动方式键

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 12 -

图3-1-2 手动方式屏幕显示

注意：

1、如果你是新手，请务必在操作前仔细阅读操作说明，在操作中请将倍率旋钮定在10％，以较慢的速度来操作手动方式。

2、在以后的各种方式中，除了录入方式外，其余各种方式的参数、偏置，状态诊断，PLC诊断等都只可用于查看而不可编辑，以后将不在重述。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 13 -

3.2、手动返回机械零点

由于系统上电或机床运行中按急停后系统记录的位置与实际位置会有偏差（如图3-2-1），需要进行回机械零点的操作进行校正，以保证前次回零后建立的机械坐标系与本次回零后建立的机械坐标系相一致（如图3-2-2）。

机械回零前如图3-2-1所示：

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

图3-2-1

回零操作后如图3-2-2所示：

图3-2-2

操作方法：

1. 按操作面板<手动>键切换到手动方式下，按＜机械零点＞键，在＜机械零点＞灯亮时，选择需回零的轴对应操作面板上的轴选键（X，Y，Z其中之一），如X轴回零则按<+X>键， 2. 屏幕将弹出图3-2-3所示对话框。按＜Enter＞键确定，开始回零；按＜Esc＞键，或用<Tab>键切

可动部分

+

X轴原点标记

伺服电机

-

X

+

-

可动部分

X轴原点标记

伺服电机

X

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 14 -

换至<Esc>按键，再按<Enter>键，则取消回零。

图3-2-3 手动回零提示对话框

3. 回零结束后屏幕系统状态栏上会提示，可以判断回零完成与否。

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

4. 回零结束后，若进行其它手动方式操作，请再次按<机械零点>键，取消机械回零操作。

回零顺序：

该系统目前只具有单轴回零功能，也就是一次操作进行一个轴回零后才可进行另外一个轴回零。推荐先进行Z轴回零，然后是X，Y轴回零。其它方式也可。

注意：

1. 回零时，要保证各轴的行程开关与回零档块之间有一定距离，保证回零时有足够的减速

距离，推荐至少不小于100mm。同时，应注意回零方向（当前系统规定各轴均为正方向回零）。回零进行中，在没有显示当前回零轴结束信息时，可按下＜机械零点＞键或急停开关中止回零。

2. 回零加速度可由参数P340－343调整，默认值为20。

3. 一般机床厂家若不说明各轴回零方向则都为正方向回零，此时按轴选键负方向则系统也

将正方向回零。

4. 系统可根据需要设定为开机后，各运动轴必须强制回零，否则将无法以自动方式运行机

床。

5. 由于铣床系统通常机械零点与参考点重合，故回机械零点的操作通常也称为手动回参考

点的操作。而加工中心通常只有自动回参考点的操作。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 15 -

3.3、手动单步

按下屏幕软键盘后，进入手动单步方式，按下机床操作面板上的进给轴及其方向，选择开关会使刀具沿着所选轴的所选方向移动一步，刀具移动一步的最小距离是0.001mm，每一步的最小移动量可以是0.001mm，0.01mm，0.1mm，1.0mm。操作者可以在手动方式下令各运动轴以固定的步长进行移动，达到精确调整机床位置的目的。

图3-3-1

操作步骤：

1、 在手动操作方式下，按下屏幕右侧的<手动单步>软键。

2、 按操作面板上右下角的“单步步长键”调整单步的每一步的移动量，每按一次，以

0.001mm，0.01mm，0.1mm，1.0mm的顺序切换，同时在屏幕上的系统加工参数区的单步步长值将随之切换，请操作者注意。

3、 通过操作面板上的轴选开关，选择将要使刀具沿其移动的轴及其方向，每按一次

按键，刀具移动一个最小距离。

当按下一个开关时，刀具按按纽所指定方向移动一步

Z

Y

X

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 16 -

3.4、手动点动

切换到手动方式下，系统默认为手动点动进给方式，持续按下操作面板上的进给轴及其方

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

向选择开关会使刀具沿着所选轴的所选方向连续移动。手动点动时的进给速度为参数P54指定的速度。

图3-4-1

操作步骤是：

1、 在手动操作方式下，按下系统软键盘<手动点动>键,进入手动点动操作方式。 2、 通过进给轴和方向选择开关，选择将要使刀具沿其移动的轴及其方向（如图3-4-2），

按下该开关不放。这时刀具以P34参数号指定的加速度加减速，直到达到参数指定的速度，释放开关移动停止。例如：操作者意图使Y轴沿负方向移动，可在手动点动方式下，按住图3-4-2中的“－Y”不放，则系统将控制Y轴以系统默认的速度移动，直至操作者松开“－Y”键后，停止运动。

图3-4-2

X

Y

Z

当按下一个开关时，刀具按按纽所指定方向移动

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 17 -

3、 手动点动进给速度可以通过面板上的手动点动倍率拨段开关进行调整。倍率为0～150％，

共16档。如图3-4-3。

图3-4-3

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 18 -

3.5、手轮进给

按下操作面板的<手轮>键后进入手轮进给方式，刀具可以通过旋转机床操作面板上的手摇脉冲发生器微量移动，使用手轮进给轴选择开关，选择要移动的轴。手摇脉冲发生器旋转一个刻度时刀具移动的最小距离与操作者所选择的输入增量相等，即系统默认“×1、×10、×100”分别对应移动量为“0.001，0.01，0.1mm”。用户可对手摇脉冲发生器旋转一个刻度时刀具移动的距离由参数P160设定。手轮进给多用于零件加工时的调整。

图3-5-1

GSK

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 19 -

图3-5-2

手轮方式操作步骤：

（1） 按下操作面板上的手轮方式键（图3-5-3），选择手轮操作方式，键上的指示灯亮。

图3-5-3

（2） 根据需要选择操作面板上的轴选键，使相应指示灯亮。选择操作面板的移动量键，相应

数控编程和加工工艺分析,数控仿真大全,数控机床的基本操作

键指示灯亮。轴选键对应图3-5-3中的“+X、+Y、+Z、+4”；移动量键对应图3-5-4中的“×

1、×10、

手轮方式键

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 20 -

×100”。

图3-5-4

（3） 转动手摇脉冲发生器（如图3-5-5），控制相应轴移动。顺时针摇为正方向，逆时针摇为负方向。

图3-5-5

手摇脉冲发生器说明：

注：

1、 :转动手摇脉冲发生器的速度要低于5转/秒。如果超过此速度，即使手摇脉冲发生

器回转结束了， 电机也不能立即停止，会出现刻度和移动量不符。

2、 在手轮/单步方式下，按键有效，指示灯亮.在其它方式下，按键无效，指示灯灭

3、 本系统可以更改参数P160（WPLS）来设定手轮每转一格代表的位移量（单位：

mm）。

4、 参数P0019.4控制手轮的控制方式：

1：手轮停止时，电机减速停止。

0：手轮停止时，电机保持运动直到走完手轮所摇距离。

GSK21M 加工中心数控系统 - 21 -

3.6、手动快速进给

切换到手动方式下，按操作面板的<快速移动>键（如图3-6-1），当指示灯亮时，表示进入手动快速移动方式，手动点动时的进给速度均以297号参数指定的各轴进给速度运行。

图3-6-1

修改参数P034（JACL）及P035（JACR）可以分别调节快速时进给轴与旋转轴的加速度。此时的操作方式跟手动单步以及手动点动一样。

图3-6-2

注意：

在快速时，如果上述参数设置过大，当按下某轴进给时，可能出现延时后才移动的现象（停止滞后现象）。

P55（RPDJX）： X轴快速进给速度

P56（RPDJY）： Y轴快速进给速度

P57（RPDJZ）： Z轴快速进给速度

P58（RPDJ4）： A轴快速进给速度

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