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文献出处: Raut D. The study of international comparative on the development of private banks [J]. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 2016, 10(3): 279-293. 原文

The study of international comparative on the development of private banks

Raut D

Abstract

Community Banks is an important part of the banking system. Rural cooperative financial organizations in Japan are very successful. They all serve the economy for the vulnerable groups, their are no scale advantage, but because of its accurate market positioning and comparative advantage into full play, and a series of laws and institutions supporting system support, under the big Banks with highly competitive environment, the accumulation of viability, expanding living space. Keywords: Private Banks; Community financial; Path dependence 1 operation and characteristics of community Banks in the United States

The United States there are a lot of private financial institutions, including bank per capita for most of the world and the community bank (Community Banks) closely related to the widely distributed. Community Banks generally defined according to the assets, the total assets of less than $1 billion all Banks in the ranks of community Banks. Community Banks more set in rural or semi-rural areas, according to a 2012 independent association (ICBA) community Banks in the United States, to the end of 2012, a total of 8932 community Banks across the United States and 39094 branches, these outlets with 54% distribution in rural areas; 26% distribution in the suburbs of the city; 4% distribution in northwest; Only 17% of distribution in the city. The main service object is the vulnerable groups in market economy, the community households and small businesses. In line with such a management idea, community Banks with big Banks for the high-end customer resources; at the same time, we also want a proportion of funds for community of unemployment of come off sentry duty the funding needs of the crowd. The fed's research suggests that community Banks in the United States some poor community economic development has made important

progress has played a key role.

1.1 economic analyses for community Banks to survive

As a financial intermediary, community Banks to survive the comparative advantage of outstanding reflected in its in relationship lending, and this kind of business is the production of soft information and use of the basic elements. The so-called Soft Information (Soft Information) is difficult to be quantified, the verification and transmit Information. Due to long-term community Banks and enterprises and their owners, suppliers and customers, business communities in various dimensions such as contact, accumulated a lot of information about enterprise. That community Banks based on information superiority in the history of geographical advantages, has more than corporate financial statements and significant value of collateral and credit score, which helps to promote relational loan originators to better solve the problem of the borrower's information opaque (Baas and Shorten, 2015; Berger and Udall, 2010, 2012), the community Banks are able to carry out business activities at a relatively low transaction costs. A lot of empirical research of relationship lending paper drew this conclusion. This advantage first depends on the location of community Banks, community Banks operating capital mainly comes from the community and community for small and medium-sized units, community Banks' shareholders and directors are composed of local residents, and highly centralized equity structure (Brinkley, etc., 2013).The positioning strategy of relying on the community and in the community development, community Banks in the region of the enterprises and residents more familiar, can effectively achieve the community enterprises of all kinds of information, including credit conditions, thus largely solving the problem of information asymmetry between the fact. In general, the position of the big Banks located away from potential relational same borrowers, relationship lending will be along with the information from the (Informational short) increase and decrease; Or is reduced with the rising cost of borrower's specific information (Hausa and Marquez, 2012).

Second, community Banks are larger Banks have an advantage in dealing with a soft, also depends on its decision-making mechanism. Hierarchical structure of

complex big Banks because of the principal-agent chain is long, solve the problem of agency costs will be higher. While small independent community bank because of management level, structure, less intensive, which can reduce agency problems (Berger and Udall and Clapper, 2011; Berger and Udall, 2012).Community Banks credit manager for loan project quality judgment is that the accuracy of it directly receiving, processing all kinds of soft information, the information production and capital allocation type of combination under the premise of the credit manager will get positive incentives; And in large and complex hierarchical structure, the existence of multiple levels of management in the bank, the configuration of the power centralized in the higher level, information separate production and capital, and in view of the small businesses the personification of the fuzzy characteristics of all kinds of soft to hard upper layer upon layer, thus weakening the soft information collection, production, credit manager turned from things hard rate (J Stein, 2012).Thus community Banks can be more flexible and convenient on the examination and approval procedures, to provide customers the creditability of the material and guarantee conditions may be extended appropriately, thus better able to convenience of customers, maximize customer satisfaction.

Third, although small, community Banks but due to concentrate resources in area small and medium-sized enterprise customers and the community residents, the advantage of economies of scale can make it more carefully to meet the needs of the target customer base, help to get the costs down the experience curve and economies of scale. Big Banks, by contrast, in the large enterprise customers provide wholesale business at the same time, if also for small business and retail business, may cause organization is not economic Williamson (Organizational Diseconomies).In other words, if a financial institutions engaged in several varieties, when these business varieties with different techniques, may be the cause of scope not economic problems (Berger, Deserts and Straphang, 2009).It is this focus on specialized management mode, can make the community Banks gradually cultivate and accumulate their survival ability, gain more competitive advantage.

1.2 American community Banks to survive the institutional environment analysis

Although the competition pressure from big Banks in the United States is everywhere, and the large number of community Banks can survive and develop, depends entirely on its unique operation mode and comparative advantages, and is closely related to the economic system and financial system in the United States. The United States is a unique dual banking system country, namely in the federal or state registration after all can practice, and to prevent the oligarch monopoly, has long been the United States banned Banks set up branches across the state. This has spawned some assets on a smaller scale, no branches or branches less constructions smaller Banks and deposit financial institutions; At the same time, in order to protect the interests of depositors, strengthen depositors confidence in the bank, the United States pioneered the deposit insurance system, establish the safety of residents' deposits provide guarantee of government insurance institutions the federal deposit insurance corporation (FDIC), thus, provides the community Banks and big Banks important institutional environment of fair competition.

In addition, the United States and improve the financial legal system also provides legal protection to the survival of community Banks. The antitrust laws to prevent and curb the industry monopoly. Mergers and acquisitions between us law, American Banks, except for bank regulators agreed to and approved by the ministry of justice and the federal trade commission. Small enterprises are designed to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the law to set up small business administration, and promote the commercial financial institutions to small business financing. Community reinvestment act is to encourage and support financial institutions to government economic underdeveloped legal expression of specific community to carry out financial activities, its regulation, all kinds of deposit financial institutions must provide financing of small businesses for the community, the community investment performance Is a bank regulatory approval to establish branches or other bank mergers and acquisitions in an important indicator, so small bank mergers and acquisitions has increased the big bank branch or beyond the expansion of the cost.

2 operation and characteristics of the Japanese system of rural cooperative finance

Japan's financial system besides the government financial institutions, private financial organizations, and the most distinctive is set on the basis of the spirit of mutual aid, in the rural areas to protect and improve the production and operation of the broad masses of farmers and agricultural cooperative combination system for the purpose of life under the credit agencies. The credit agency whose nature is the cooperative financial organizations, from the grassroots to the national association of credit, is divided into three levels. Three levels of financial organizations (hereinafter referred to as the jag, letter agriculture, agriculture, forestry and chic) independent business accounting, independent, self-financing, no supervisor, subordinate to the only economic exchanges. Japan of rural cooperative finance is safeguarding the interests of the disadvantaged farmer’s economy as its fundamental goal. The main credit business is deposits, loans, settlement and other supplementary business. During the recession, combined system financial institutions in addition to the grant of cheap credit to farmers, but also has the characteristics of policy finance. In the high-speed economic growth period, private finance has made great progress, integrated management features, by opening new financial business, absorption of farmers in the hands of idle funds, to the farmer returned, and provide asset management services.

2.1 The business characteristics of the rural cooperative financial institutions

Cooperative finance is the membership service to give priority to, characteristic of AIDS is obvious between members, and Japan’s rural cooperative financial institutions are no exception. Although there are non-members, but share is restricted, in principle is not less than 1/5 of the members to business, and have a limited amount of services.

Business features of Japan's peasants associate finance is the following: (1) the jag system personal savings and a high percentage of personal loans, is significantly higher than other financial institutions. (2) The proportion of deposit is higher. Because for personal, deposit ratio is higher, and jag’s individual accounts for the vast majority of customers, so the proportion of time deposits is accordingly high. (3) The

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