介词 副词的区别

Prepositions and Adverbs (介词与副词的用法) : 副词

1. 副词的分类

(1)时间副词，如：today, now, then, ago, before, early, late, soon等。 (2)表示频度和重复的时间副词，如：always, often, never, hardly, again, once等。

(3)地点和方位副词，如：everywhere, here, there, home, near, away, above, below, across, in, out, inside, up, down, upstairs, around, back, behind等。 (4)方式副词，如：hard, well, together, clearly, slowly, politely, suddenly等。 (5)程度副词，如：much, quite, rather, almost, even, just, still, nearly, only, very等。

2. 副词的用法及位置

(1) 作状语修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语及全句。其位置如下： ①时间副词和地点副词一般放在句末，若两种副词同时出现，则地点副词在前，时间副词在后，也可把时间副词放在句首。

He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在这里工作。

②频度副词放在实义动词之前，助动词、情态动词及be动词之后。 You must always wait in a queue.你必须排队。

③程度副词放在所修饰的形容词之前(enough则放在后面)。如：very careful, old enough。

④方式副词修饰不及物动词时，放在所修饰的词之后；修饰及物动词时，放在动词之前或宾语之后。如宾语较长，也可将副词放在动词与宾语之间。

a: Jane’s father works hard.简的父亲工作努力。

b: Bill did the work very well. 比尔做工作很好。

c: He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 他认真地给朋友们写信。

⑤修饰介词时(well, right, just, soon等)放在介词之前；修饰全句时(frankly, briefly, personally, luckily, generally speaking等)放在句首。

(2) 作表语。作表语的副词一般是表示地点及位置的副词。如：They are downstairs.

(3) 作定语。作定语的副词一般是表示地点、位置的副词，还有一些表示时间的副词，都作后置定语。如：In the streets below, there are other problems.

(4) 作介词宾语。如：in here，from abroad，since then，until recently，until very late等。

3. 易混淆的副词

(1) also, too, either, as well

also和too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。also放在实义动词前be动词、助动词之后，too常置于句末。as well与too可互换。

(2) already, yet , still

already(已经)，用于肯定句；yet(已经)用于否定句或疑问句；still(还、仍然)一般用于肯定句或疑问句中。

(3) ago, before

ago表示“现在以前”某一时刻，常用于一般过去时。before表示“过去某一时间以前”，一般用于过去完成时；单独使用时，泛指以前，用于现在完成时或一般过去时。

(4) fast, soon

fast表示“速度快”，soon侧重指两件事情先后发生，中间间隔的时间短。

(5) just, just now

just “刚才”，常用于现在完成时。just now“刚才，不久以前”，常用于一般过去时。

(6) so…that, such…that

so修饰形容词、副词；such修饰名词。另外还要注意以下两点：

名词前有表示“多”(many，much)、“少”(1ittle，few)的形容词时，要用so。

修饰可数名词单数时，so与such可互换，但词序不同。如：such a good student相当于so good a student。

(7) almost , nearly

在not，pretty，very后只能用nearly。

在any，never，no，none前只能用almost。

其它情况下可互换。

(8) fairly, quite, rather

按程度强弱排列，顺序为：rather, quite, fairly。

fairly多用于褒义；rather多用于贬义形容词、too及比较级前。

quite和rather可修饰名词，置于“不定冠词+名词之前”。如：quite a good story, rather a strong wind。

(9)much too, too much

much too修饰形容词、副词；too much修饰不可数名词，也可单独作主语、宾语或表语。

4. 两种形式的副词在含义上的区别

close接近地 closely密切地，严密地

free免费地 freely无拘束地，自由地

hard努力地 hardly几乎不

most很，非常 mostly主要地

wide广阔，充分 widely广泛地

high高(具体) highly高度地，非常地

deep深(具体) deeply深深地(抽象)

loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)

near邻近 nearly几乎

late迟 lately近来

5. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。如：friendly，deadly，likely，lively，lonely，lovely，orderly, silly，timely等。

介词

1. 掌握常用介词的基本用法及易混介词的区别

常用介词数量多，且每个介词都有多种用法，复习时应认真掌握。如beyond就有以下四种用法：

(1)(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于It won’t go on beyond midnight.这不会持续到午夜以后。

(2) (位置)在……那边，在……以外

The airport is 30 miles beyond the town.机场在离城30英里以外的地方。

(3)(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围

The bike is beyond repair. 这辆自行车已不能修理了。

(4) 除……之外(用于否定句或疑问句)

I know nothing beyond this. 除此之外，我什么都不知道。

学习介词时，还要注意区分那些含义相近的介词的区别。如表示“行路方式”的介词有by, in, on，但用法不同：by car，in a car，on／in a bus，on a bike，on foot。

2. 掌握常用介词搭配

(1)介词与动词搭配。如：agree with，believe in，depend on，refer to等。

(2)介词与形容词搭配。如：absent from，blind in，fond of，clever at等。

(3)介词与名词搭配。如：love for，contribution to, victory over, struggle against, key to等。

(4) 介词与其他词构成固定的常用副词性短语。

如：above all, in turn，in particular, on the other hand, for the time being等。

3. 介词的省略

表示时间的名词前有one，any，each，every, some，all, this，that，next，last，yesterday，tomorrow等时，名词前不用任何介词。

4. 谨防介词遗漏

(1)当不定式作状语与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，或不定式作定语与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，且该不定式为不及物动词时，必须加介词。

①The chair is comfortable to sit to on (in).

②They are looking for a room to live in.

(2)在“be+形容词”结构后带宾语时，介词不可遗漏。

What are you afraid of? 你害怕什么?

(3) 在被动语态中，短语动词中的介词不能遗漏。

Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 应该注意你的发音。

(4) 在定语从句中，如关系代词是从句谓语动词的宾语，且这个动词是不及物动词时，必须加上介词。

The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.

我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校很远。

介词和副词的区别

介词（Preposition—prep.）

定义：置于名词或名词同等语之前组成一个表意单位（短语），用以说明该名词或名词同等语与句子中其他词之关系的词叫做介词（也译作前置词）。例如：at，by，in，of，on，to，with，because of（因为），in front of（在……的前面）等。

介词之后的名词、代词等叫做介词的宾语，其所组成的表意单位即为介词短语。 词短语在句子中的表达功能如下： （1）作名词用，例：

A mouse ran out from under the wall. （有一只老鼠从墙底下跑出来了。）

解说：介词短语“under the wall”在本句中是作其前面的介词“from”的宾语用，因此其功能是等于一个名词，而这样用的介词短语称为名词短语（Noun phrase） （2）作形容词用，例：

Bring me the book on your desk. （把你桌子上的那本书拿来给我。）

解说：介词短语“on your desk”在本句中是在修饰名词“book”，因此其功能是等于一个形容词，而这样用的介词短语称为形容词短语（Adjective phrase）。 （3）作副词用，例：

They are studying quietly in the classroom. （他们正在教室里安静地读书。）

解说：介词短语“in the classroom”在本句中是在修饰动词“are studying”，因此其功能是等于一个副词，而这样用的介词短语称为副词短语（Adverbial phrase）。

副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。

副 词 的 分 类:

1) 时间和频度副词:

now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately,

next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,

immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2) 地点副词:

here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3) 方式副词:

carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4) 程度副词:

much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.

5) 疑问副词: how, when, where, why.

6) 关系副词: when, where, why.

7) 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether.

副 词 的 用 法: 副词在句中可作状语,表语,短语。

直击高考

1. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was to carry all the way home. (NMET2003)

A. much too heavy B. too much heavy

C. heavy too much D. too heavy much

2. ─I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down.

─You can never be _____ careful in the street. (2003北京)

A. much B. very C. so D. too

3. ─You don’t look very ____ . Are you ill?

─No, I’m just a bit tired. (2003北京)

A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy

4. Mr Smith, ____ of the ____ speech, started to read a novel. (2003北京)

A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored

C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring

5. In order to change attitudes _______ employing women, the government is bringing in new laws. (2004北京春)

A. aboutB. of C. towardsD. on

6. ____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (NMET 2000 )

A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students

C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave

7. It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, ____ if you don’t speak the language. (NMET 2000)

A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially

8. Many people have helped with canned food, however, the food bank needs ____ for the poor. (2001春招)

A. more B. much C. many D. most

答案与分析

1. A本题考查形容词和副词的用法。too much可单独使用，也可用来修饰名词，意为“太多，过分”；much too常用来修饰形容词、副词，意为“太，过于”。题中修饰形容词heavy应用much too。另外，本题中还含有一个“too…to…”结构。故答案为A。

2. D选择本题的答案要与前面的never联系起来。never与too或enough连用，表示“再……也不为过；越……越好”。本句的意思是“在马路上你越小心越好。” 故答案为D。

3. B联系后面的Are you ill?我们可以知道说话人认为对方气色不好。表示“身体好”用形容词well，也可以用fine，但不可以用good。故答案为B。

4. A第一空用分词短语作状语，tired of相当于be tired of。我们知道过去分词表达被动概念，意思是“感到……”；第二空用现在分词作定语，意思是“令人……”。故答案为A。

5. C 本题考查名词后介词的搭配。attitude toward意思是“对……的态度”，其中toward可以用to来代替。

6. C 本题考查定语的使用及enough的用法。 “Students brave enough to take this adventure course…” 的中心词为Students. “brave…course”为定语。 “…enough to do sth.”意为“足够……去做某事”。

7. D 本题考查语句的理解。本题只要能看出 “It ”为形式主语，真正主语为“being in a foreign language”,就能正确译为原文：“身在异国他乡是很难的，特别是在你语言不通的情况下。

8. A 此题考查形容词的比较级用作名词的用法。实际上意为 “more canned food”之意。

专项训练

1. I can’t make a decision right now. I need____ more time to think it over.

A. fairly B. rather C. quite D. many

2. —Do you know what Bush House is like?

—Yes. It is a (n)____ building and it is the home of BBC English.

A. nice old tall white B. old tall nice white C. nice tall old white D. white nice old tall

3. —What’s the ___ population of Shanghai?

—Over ton million.

A. total B. whole C. complete D. all

4. John is taller than____ in his class.

A. any girl B. any other girl C. other girls D. any hey

5. Their cheerful voice showed they were having a_____ discussion.

A. noisy B. serious C. complete D. friendly

6. Exercise is ____ as any other to lose unwanted weight.

A. so useful a way B. as a useful way C. as useful a way D. such a useful way

7. Attention please, everybody! Please keep _____ for a moment while I take your photograph.

A. still B. silent C. calm D. quiet

8. Forgive him, please. I don’t think he broke your ruler____.

A. with care B. on purpose C. for fun D. with aim

9. You look____ in blue, while red clothes are nice ____her.

A. well; for B. well; to C. good; on D. good; at

10. The patient’s progress was very encouraging, as he could ____get out of bed without help.

A. nearly B. only C. merely D. mostly

11. —Are you satisfied with what he has done?

—Not at all. It couldn’t be____.

A. any worse B. so bad C. much better D. the worst

12. —How did the robber get in?

—____ an open window on the first floor.

A. Over B. In C. Across D. Through

13. —Are you feeling ____ better today?

—No, I’m feeling ____ worse.

A. by far; quite B. more; very C. fairly; rather D. any; even

14. It was cold, but the trip was _____ and people were enjoying themselves.

A. cheerful B. pleasant C. glad D. joyful

15. The teacher says this is____ book for the beginners.

A. a quite difficulty B. too difficult a

C. such difficulty D. a so difficult

16. —Is your watch right?

—I think so. I set it _____this morning.

A. over the radio B. on radio C. by the radio D. by radio

17. So far, several ships have been reported missing ____the coast of Bermuda Island.

A. off B. along C. on D. around

18. I think all these are main points ____ much attention.

A. being worth of B. worthy of C. which worth D. which worthy of

19. —The two pairs of shoes are the same size.

—But they are different____ colour.

A. of; from B. of; in C. in; from D. in; in

20. —Does he smoke as much as he used to?

—Yes, ____than before. I’m afraid there is no hope for him to give it up.

A. no more B. no less C. not more D. no little

答案与分析

1. B A、C修饰原级，D修饰可数名词。

2. C 此题考查多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序。

3. A total强调“总的数目”；whole强调“一件东西的整体”；complete强调“一件东西或一件事的完整性”；all修饰名词时，应放在所修饰词的最前面。

4. A John和girl不属于同一范围。如选D则属同一范围，要加other。

5. D cheerful voice表明讨论是“友好的”。

6. C as…as结构中现出了单数可数名词时，不定冠词和名词应放在形容词之后。so…as只用于否定句，故不能选A。

7. A still为形容词，意为“静止不动的”。

8. B “故意地”。

9. C 前句意为“你穿蓝色衣服看起来好看”，不表示“健康，气色好”，故用good而不用well。后项sth.be on sb.意为“穿着”。

10. A nearly几乎，差不多。

11. A Not at all.说明不满意排除C。此题有比较含义，故选A。

12. D “通过”。

13. D只有D项的两个词都修饰比较级。

14. B“令人愉快的”。

15. B too／so+形容词+a／an+单数名词。quite放在不定冠词之后或之前。such放在不定冠词之前。

16. C by意为“根据”。radio前通常要加定冠词。

17. A off意为“距……不远处”。

18. B 形容词短语作定语，如选C、D则定语从句无谓语。 19. B of意为“具有”；be different in在某方面不同。

20. B由Yes和I’m afraid…可知，他现在抽烟“并不比过去少”；

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