口译笔译

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篇一:口笔译区别--第一课

口译与笔译的定义和特点

What is interpreting:

Interpreting means an interpreter, after hearing the message /information from the source languae, conveys its meaning to the audience orally in the target language. 即:口译员在听取原语后,通过口头表达的方式以目标语向听众传达讲话人的意思, 在语言上无法沟通的双方或多方之间通过口译员的传译能够进行交流沟通。 虽然口译和笔译的性质不同,他们都是跨文化交流,翻译,无论口译还是笔译,就是翻得文化。但是他们又有各自不同的特点和标准:

特点和标准不同:

笔译的质量标准:

信(faithfulness)、 达 (expresiveness) 、 雅 (elegance)

口译的标准:加内容—梅德铭339页

准(准确)(correctness)、顺(流利)(smoothness)、快(快速)(quick response) 准:准确理解the message of the source language and turn it into target language

顺:指翻译在用目的语表达原语信息时要通顺, 流畅。符合目的语的表达规范。 快:

一、时间和速度的不同。

口译处理的是口语,笔译是白纸黑字的书面东西。

口语的特点是来的快,去的也快,“转瞬即逝”,这就是口译。

笔译一句话没有看懂,可以看三遍、五遍,十遍。或者上下文不清楚,还可以返回看前面怎么说的,后面怎么说的,直到弄懂为止。口译听到就要翻,这是最大的不同,即时间和速度的不同。

以联合国笔译与口译为例:

联合国笔译有定额,每人每天按定额要翻6个标准页,即:每个标准页平均330个英文单词。如果按8小时计算,每小时翻250个词,这就是笔译的正常速度。当然可快可慢,与材料难易有关。

而在联合国这样的国际会议场合下,发言的平均速度是每分钟130个英语单词,即每秒钟两个词。一小时是7800个单词。笔译每小时250个单词,口译每小时

7800个,这是指的同传,交替传译除2,那也是3900,也是250的十几倍。 由于口译员有时必须以相当于翻译20到30倍的速度来工作。快速传译是口译员必备的技能,而且他们所承受的压力是很大的。这也就是为什么同传翻译必须实行20分钟左右换一班的轮换工作制。

这就是最根本的差别。口译没有时间思考,听完就要翻出来,留给你的时间就是几秒钟。讲话人开始后3、4秒就要开始翻译。

在听的时候,就在想该如何翻译,等他讲完,已经基本心里有数,就开口说了。同传就更是如此。

由于现场的压力,会出现大脑空白,每个做过口译的人都有这种可怕的、终身难忘的经历。 如:翻译碑林时忘了煤炭、翻译半坡时忘了立方米怎么说,在几千人的现场翻译时大脑一片空白等。

二、 标准不完全相同

口译翻出来的东西不见得十全十美,英文讲要be content with the second best. 只要意思不走样就可以。即:退而求其次,但是不能离开原文去退而求其次。 我教的一个学生,后来做了很好的翻译,曾尝试过做口译,但是做不好,因为他老是琢磨这个词怎样翻才最好,因为他属于完美主义者,perfectionist. 这样是不行的。

我们做口译和笔译都要翻两个方面的问题,一个是信息的Matter, another is manner.that is what and how.ordinarilly, what is more important than how, but in some cases, manner is more important than matter, e.g. the translation of poems.

但是,口译的着重点在matter, We pay little attention to manner. In some cases, do not pay attention to manner. 见翻译与文化 182---183 主人当场朗诵一首诗,不会翻这首诗歌,但是决不能冷场,怎么办,可以把大意说给听众。

如果遇到不会的单词-----蓝宝石,sapphire ,you can say “a kind of blue colored precious stone.

一位翻译给斯里兰卡一个政府官员翻,他说我们生产“胡椒” 翻译不知道胡椒叫Pepper 就说:I hear that in Sri Lanka you produce spices. 客人马上说Yes, yes. We produce this kind of spices, that kind of spices.

机智,或者说应变能力是口译的基本素质之一:A good interpreter should be very resourceful.

1. 口译是非常线性的或者说是顺句驱动。即按照讲话人的顺序,先出来什么就

译什么,不做太大的颠倒。----翻译与文化215页

翻译时多用中文短句。

一般来说,英文句子要比中文句子长。翻译时要拆分,就是把英文句子拆开来翻。特别是同传, 更是如此。如果长句不拆的话,等讲到最后停止的时候,就会忘了前面说的是什么了。

英译汉:

In a few minutes, the secretery-general will give us a report on the latest developments in the Middle East, about his efforts for an international peace conference and his talks with leaders in the region.

这是一个简单句,但是有好几个意义单位,由结构词连接, 如果按照词性对应的方式,,将on和 about都译成中文的介词, 就需要对原文的语序进行颠倒 “等一会,秘书长要就中东最近的事态发展、就他为国际和平会议所做的努力以及他和该地区各国领导人的会谈给我们做个报告。”

汉学家招远任把这种句子结构称为一种Pregnant sentence。就是说前面的介词和后面的动词之间加了一个很长的句子。

但是在口译中这样翻就会给短期记忆造成很大压力。按照顺句驱动,断句处理的原则,我们要按照意义单位出来的顺序来翻译:

“等一会,秘书长将给我们做个报告,谈谈中东最新的情况,说说他为组织国际和平会议所做的努力,报告以下他与该地区领导人的会面。”

这样的短句结构,简洁易懂。口语的特点是听起来容易,不像书写的文章,一个长句,一遍看不懂,可以二扁,三遍,口译要简洁、明了,避免悬念或太复杂的句子。每个短句出来,意思明确,你说一句,别人明白一句。

有个形象的说法,英文句子象一棵大树,,有一个主干,然后一个枝桠,枝桠再生小枝桠。而中文的句子像个篱笆,每个木头都一根一根排在那里。表面上彼此缺乏联系, 但是实际上确实密不可分的。英译汉就是把这棵树的枝桠砍下来,

把它齐齐地排在那里。因为中文的平行结构较多,排比句,四句格言等。复合结构较少。如果英译汉时,中文句子翻得很长,就变成翻译腔。

汉英句子的区别

英文的状语,如时间、地点等都可以放在句首或者句末。中文不行。一般都放在句首。我们的思维方式是:什么时间、什么地点、发生了什么事。这种区别在笔译时还好处理,但是在口译时就会发生困难。特别是同传。

汉译英:

“发展中国家,最不发达国家和岛屿国家的经济近年来遇到许多困难。”

The economies of the developing countries, the least developing countries and island countries have encountered difficulties in the past few years.-----translation

Developing countries, the least developing countries and island countries have encountered economic difficulties in the past few years.--------interpretation

Any stranger who rode past his shop on a raining day would see him standing at the door.

两种翻法:

1. 任何在下雨的日子骑马经过他店门口的陌生人都会看见他站在门口。

2. 任何陌生人下雨天骑马经过店门口,都会看见他站在那里。

举个同传的经典例子:翻译与文化---167页

We shall vote on the amendments before we vote on the resolution itself.

中文:在我们就决议草案投票之前我们先就修正案投票。

同传就不能这样,一般是两三个词出来,几秒钟后就立即开始翻译。不能等待before出来后才翻。

同传是这样翻得:

我们先表决修正案,然后再表决决议草案

中文是符合逻辑的,先来后到,英文可以反过来说。

所以有人戏称同传就是把before 译成 after, 把 after 译成 before。

三、工作条件不同

口译是面对面的,面对几十、几百、几千人。笔译可以坐在办公室,甚至自己家,到时见完成任务就行。因此口译比笔译要承受大得多的心理压力。口译必须面对公众现场翻译, 有很强的时效性。口译员一般不能对翻译过的 内容进行大量的更正和补充,除非有重大错漏:数字、年代、人员、职务等。

如果现场有同行,或者你给懂英语的领导翻译,你的压力会更大。有些领导会当场纠正你,或者把你替下来。——见翻译与文化第173—174

笔译可以查字典,请教同行,打电话请教,上门请教都行, 翻译有充分的时间反复阅读原语,译完后反复推敲直到满意为止-----如翻译08年奥运菜单,商务厅派个特级厨师,交大,外院,翻译协会的专家在一起切磋。

而口译要提前做准备,要做好预习和家庭作业,如到纺织厂,高压电磁厂,农村,前几天就要准备。背单词,查词汇等。否则就要抓瞎。如果事前不准备,翻译遇到科学发展观,8荣8耻,怎么办?可以译为:8 dos and 8don’ts, 然后再解释socialist code of conduct.

四、心理过程不完全相同

口译是通过耳朵理解,而笔译是通过眼睛理解,这是很大的不同,特别是对我们母语不是外语的人,听力是很大问题,很多问题你看得懂,但你不见得听得懂。 影响听力的原因:

1. 口音问题

同样很简单的英语,口音很重的话就听不懂。

2. 词汇量问题。 口译无法查词典

3. 知识面问题

4. 注意力问题----《翻译与文化》 176---177页

口 译 的 主要形式

根据信息的传递形式口译有三种:交传、同传和联络口译(liaison interpreting)

1. 交传:(Consecutive interpreting, CI)

篇二:口译与笔译之区别

口译与笔译之区别

来源:中国论文下载中心 [ 09-12-03 10:33:00 ] 作者:孙素茶 编辑:studa20

【摘 要】口译表达并不是笔译的简单等同,一个好的笔译工作者不一定能胜任口译工作。这就有必要明确笔译和口译两者之间的区别。本文从工作方式和语言运用两个方面简析下两者的区别,以书译者更好的游刃与其中,以促进两者在中国的发展。

【关键词】笔译 口译 区别

口译又称为“通译”,为互译两方语言,在增进我国与世界各国人民的交往起到了重要的作用。随着我国与外界的交往越来越多,在政治、经济、科学、文化等各个领域与世界组织的关系愈益密切,各地对口译工作者的需求日益迫切,而我国懂外语的人为数不少,杰出的口译工作者也在随之增多。但是口译人员却不可由笔译人员简单代替,口译和笔译之间有一定的区别。

“Like any other language, the material elements spoken English are sounds, which speak to the ears, while those of written English are written types or figures, which speak to the eyes. According to B.I.Evans, so far apart that they almost constitute two different language.”

根据伊万斯所言,笔译和口译几乎是像二种不同的语言。伊万斯的话或许夸张了点,但毕竟说出了要点,笔译和口译是有很大的区别。本文从两个方面略议下两者之区别。

一、工作方式上的区别

1.口译工作总是在很短的时间内完成的,有时甚至是同步进行的。口译人员的主要任务是把讲话人的思想正确地传递给听众,使交谈双方能互相沟通。因此,译员往往会选择第一个映入脑海的词汇,所用的句子结构、表达方法都比较简单,译员受时间的限制,不能参考任何文件或资料,不能向任何专家、学者求救,而且还必须让听众马上理解讲话人的语言。笔译人员由于不受时间的限制,可以借助工具书等,选择最恰当的措辞。从句子结构来说,笔译人员为了美化译文,常采用并列句、复合句以及比喻、排比等修辞方法,笔译人员还可以有时间与别人讨论,求得他人的帮助,然后再写出译文,译文还能请教资深的专家校正。由此可见,口译人员必须独立工作,而笔译人员的工作却可与人合作完成。

2.由于口译工作总是在公众场合,如会场等地方进行,口译工作者要面对众多的听众;笔译人员可以随心所欲地选择场所,可以在图书馆、资料室、书房等处静心地工作。因此,口译工作与笔译工作的另一个不同点是口译人员必须有从容面对听众的良好的心理素质,克服怯场心理。具体方法是平时多加锻炼,会前尽量找机会与会议的组织者、发言人有所接触,尽可能多地了解会议的背景知识,如果对专业性较强的会议翻译,可以事先阅读一些这方面的资料,会前做到心中有底,以防情绪过分紧张而影响翻译质量,当然,译员面对观众,也有其有利的一面,译员可以根据讲话人语调的变化,深入理解讲话的内在含义,也可以用迂回法意译,如果听众还是听不懂,译员还可以换个说法或加些解释,这在笔译中是做不到的。

二、语言运用不同

1.用词上的区别

如:①某一商业街一家鞋店曾挂有一块牌子,上面写道:“这里的鞋子全为逛街者准备,

不妨进来试试”。外国旅游者问译员牌子上说啥。译员顺口译出:“Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit”。外国游客一听戛然止步,一个个快步逃离这家鞋店。这是为什么呢?原来译员说的“Street walking”在英语里意为“在街头拉客的妓女”,可想而知,该译员回公司定必被炒鱿鱼不可。

②在大连一次国际服装节开幕式上。来宾们就坐后,主持人首先致词“女士们,先生们。大家晚上好,大家请坐好,大会马上开始”。来宾们中不乏有外国人。译员马上译成英语“Ladies,Gentlemen,please be seated.”咋听并没有什么错,其实这是笔译的译法,这一说不打紧,但却弄得在座位上的外国人坐立不安茫然不知所措。他们在想:“不都坐好了吗?难道还起身再找位置坐不成?”其实,上句话正确口译是:“Attention please。”

2.句法上的不同

口说和书写是完成不同的两回事,而且各有各的特点。通过比较,我们发现两者在句法上,即句子结构上存在许多不同。

(1)结构

笔译一般讲句子结构的完整性;笔译一句话常常是要求句子成分的到位。相反,口译时常常力求简单明快;于是口译中能减则减,能缩则缩。请看下面例子:

①患难见知己。

A:A friend in need is a friend in deed.

B:A friend in deed…

②笑里藏刀。

A:Velvet paws hide sharp claws.

B:Velvet paws.

③小题大做。

A:Make a mountain out of a molehill.

B:Mountains of molehill. 从上面列举的几个句子中,不难看出,同一意思用口译或笔译表达出现了差异。不妨把这差异编成顺口溜:笔译长而完整,口译短而简洁。

又如:

①全对——It’s OK.

②为啥要这样?——Why so?

③现在怎么样?——How now?

(2)缩写

笔译的表达力求语法正确,结构完整,有时还要求修辞效果。所以在笔译中很少使用缩写,特别在一些正式的场合。口译则相反,缩写在口译中处处可见。

①A.I beg your pardon.

B.That’s all right.

②A. Are you not coming?

B. Aren’t you coming?

③A.Will you take a chair?

B.Won’t you take a chair?

又如:

① Today’s News.

② It’ll be done.

③ Don’t mention it.

(3)分词

口译与笔译另一差别是对分词短语在表达中的运用。

如:①我们事先得到警示,所以准备得充分。

A.Warned ahead of time,we went fully prepared.

B.We were Warned ahead of time,we went fully prepared.

②从窗户往里看,空荡荡的房子让他大吃一惊。

A.Glancing through the window,he was surprised to see the house empty.

B.He glanced through the window,he was surprised to see the house empty.

从上例我们得出结论:在多数情况下,外人都会使用简单句代替复杂句。

总而言之,既然口译与笔译有差异,为了避免产生一些不必要的误会,我们不妨按俗话说的“先三思而后行”,做到“先想后说”,而不是“先说后想”。随着我国与国外的联系,为了促进个人与个人、集团与集团之间的互相认识、互相了解、互相交往、互相尊重,口译起到了至关重要的作用。因此,更应区分开两者,以便更好的应用。

参考文献:

[1]刘和平.口译理论与教学.中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.

[2]刘和平.思维科学与口译推理教学法.中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.

[3]王斌华.口译:理论·技巧·实践,武汉大学出版社,2006.

[4]杨承淑.口译教学研究:理论与实践.中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.

[5]张文,韩常慧.口译理论研究.科学出版社,2006.

篇三:口译笔译练习

中译英:

6.中国的市场规模在今后20年中具有巨大的发展潜力,目前,中国钢铁制品和水泥的消费量分别占世界总产量的25%和40%。高速公路总里程达两万五千公里,居世界第二。电话用户超过4亿户,居世界之首。

China’s market scale in the next 2 decades will have huge potential of development. So far China’s steel and cement consumption accounted for 25% and 40% of world’s output respectively. Highway distance reach 25 thousands kilometers which ranks the second in the world. Telephone users rank the first in the world and the number is more than 400 million.

7.国际货币基金组织最近指出,中国的外债是适度的,中国的外汇储备比去年增加了40%,在10月底达到了5500亿美元,仍仅次于日本,居世界第二位。中国的外汇储备是中国短期外债总额的10倍多。

IMF recently point out that China’s foreign debt is on moderate level. China’s foreign currency reserve has increased 40% last year to 550 billion USD at the end of October. It is still after Japan, ranking the second in the world. China’s foreign currency reserve is 10 times more than short-term foreign debt.

8.中国为世界的工商业带来了巨大的商机。到去年年底,在中国境内投资的外商企业达到45万家,合同外资金额8581亿美元,实际利用外资金额4715亿美元。目前,大多数外资企业运行正常,获利丰厚。

China has brought huge commercial opportunities to commerce and industry around the world. At the end of last year, foreign enterprises who invested in China were up to 450 thousand with a contractual value of USD 858.1 billion, of which USD 471.5 billion had been actually paid in. At present most of the foreign enterprises operate regularly and earn sufficient profits.

9.面对今年以来世界经济贸易增长减缓的局面,中国政府继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策,努力扩大内需。我们有信心通过深化改革,扩大开放,促进国民经济取得新的发展。

To cope with the deceleration of world economy and trade growth, Chinese government will continue to implement the proactive fiscal policy and the prudent monetary policy. Meanwhile we will also expand domestic demand. We believe that by deepening reform and opening up can we boost the economic development.

10.中国人民热爱和平,中国的发展需要和平,中国经济的发展不会对任何国家和地区构成威胁。无论是现在还是将来,中国始终是维持和平与稳定,促进共同发展与繁荣的重要力量。

Chinese people love peace, China cannot develop without peace. China's economic development will not threaten any country or region. No matter present or future, China is always an important country of keeping peace and stability as well as promoting common development and prosperity.

11.漫步上海,你仿佛走进了一个世界建筑博览会,上海以其建筑风格的多样性,在世界城市中独树一帜。这些建筑反映了中外建筑师,工程师和工人的智慧和努力,是世界文化的宝贵遗产。

Wandering around Shanghai, you may feel like visiting a World Building Expo. The diversity of Shanghai’s building style makes it a unique city in the world. These buildings are precious world heritages as they reflect the wisdom and effort of architects, engineers and workers in China or in foreign countries.

12.一些经济学家呼吁建立一个统一的社会保障体系。他们认为,这样可以减轻国有企业压力,加速国有企业改革,有利于社会稳定。而拥有社会保障体系已经被视为发达国家的一个象征。

Some economists suggest setting up a unified social security system. They think this can reduce the stress of state-owned enterprises and accelerate their reforms which will benefits social stability.

13.华东师范大学是教育部直属的全国重点综合性大学。拥有雄厚的师资力量和先进的教育设施。近年来,在保持传统人文社会科学和自然科学领域优势的同时,学校努力发展新兴学科。

East China Normal University is a national major comprehensive university which affiliated to Ministry of Education. It has outstanding teaching team and advanced educational facilities. In recent years, the school is taking efforts to develop emerging discipline while keeping the advantages in traditional humanistic and social science as well as in natural science.

14.数据显示,每年有11.1万中国人死于室内环境污染。去年,由于接触新装修居室内过多有害化学成分而导致疾病的人数上升到了430万。而由于室内污染所产生的经济损失每年超过10.7亿美元。

Data shows that there are 111 thousand Chinese people died of indoor environmental pollution annually. Last year the number of people who got sick because of harmful chemicals in newly decorated house has increased to 4.3million. Economic loss due to the indoor pollution is over 1.7 billion USD annually.

15.科学研究表明,包括人类在内的所有生物的特征,在本质上都是由储存在DNA里的信息所决定的。外表不同,或有不同特征的生物具有不同的DNA序列。生物的差异越大,DNA序列的差异就越大。

Scientific study shows that both human beings and all kinds of creatures are essentially determined by information reserved in DNA. Creatures have different appearance or characters have different DNA sequence. The bigger the difference of creatures is, the bigger the difference of DNA sequence is.

16.第10届上海国际汽车工业展吸引了来自23个国家和地区的730多家参展商。通用,福特,大众,宝马,丰田和本田等国际汽车巨头的展览面积达三万五千平方米,分别展现了他们最新的车型与技术。

The 10th Shanghai International Auto Industry Expo attracted exhibitor from 23 countries and regions. International auto giants such as GM, Ford, Volkswagen, BMW,

Toyota and Honda were showcased on the 35 thousand Square Kilometer exhibition area with their new vehicle type and technology.

17.作为中国金融中心的上海,已形成以中央银行为监管,以国有商业银行为主体,各种金融机构并存,发展比较健全的金融市场体系。包括证券市场,外汇市场,保险市场和金银买卖市场等。

As the financial center of China, Shanghai has formed a wholesome financial market system in which central bank plays a regulatory role with the state-owned commercial banks remain dominant and various of financial organizations coexist

18.今年头两个月中国的进口增长了57.1%,达548亿美元。按此推算,中国的进口商品将在今后的3年中达到1万亿美元,相当于过去5年进口量的总和。中国对世界经济发展的推动力将得到进一步提升。

In the first two months of this year, China’s import has increased by 57.1% to 54.8 billion USD, indicating that China’s imported commodities will up to 1000 billion USD in the coming 3 years which is equivalent to the sum of past 5 years. China’s motive force to world economic development will be improved.

19.进入新世纪以来,中国科技体制改革取得实质性进展。近5年来,中国科技工作围绕提高科技创新能力,采取了一系列重大改革措施。在促进科技与经济结合方面取得了突破性进展。

Since we enter the new century, China’s technical system reform has achieved substantial progress. In the recent 5 years, China has adopted a series of reform measures to improve high-tech innovation ability. It has made the breakthrough in combining technology and economy.

20.在具体外交政策上,欧美双方存在着明显的分歧。美国力图在最短时间内建立起以西方,实质上是以美国为主导的新的世界体系。而欧洲国家的外交重点则首先在于欧洲内部的整合。

Europe and America has distinct disagreement on specific diplomacy. United States try to set up a system dominated by western and substantially led by America. On the contrary European countries put emphasis on Europe’s inner integration.

英译中:

6. The World Bank expect that the short term damage from the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)to East Asia be estimated at point 3 percentage points of its economic growth. Fears about SARS have sent tourism and retail businesses tumbling and cause cancelations of business meetings and trade shows in Asia. However, the damage will likely be temporary and the regional growth is expected to rebound to close to 6 percent next year.

世界银行预计,非典型肺炎(沙士)短期里会使东亚的经济增长放缓3个百分点。沙士所造成的恐惧使亚洲的旅游业和零售业遭受重创,商务会议和贸易展览掀起暂停潮。但是这种经济损害很大可能是暂时性的,地区的明年的经济增速预计将会反弹到将近6%。

7. Launched on financial market on January the 1st, 1999. The Europe started out trading at 1.18 US dollars, but soon sunk as investors’ poured money into the US to get a piece of the unprecedented stock market boom there. Yesterday the Europe edged near 1.05 US dollars and increased of nearly 16% against the dollar since last New Year when it began trading at 90.38 US cents. And the 22% climb since its lowest point at around 86 US cents.

7. 1999年1月1日,在金融市场里欧洲一开始报1.18美元,但不久后汇率下降。这是由于投资者把大量资金投入到前所未有般繁荣的股票市场里所导致的。昨天欧元对美元上升到将近1.05元,比去年新年以90.38美分的汇率进行贸易上升了约16%。比历史最低的86美分攀升了22%.

8. Since the mid 1980s, spur by China’s preferential policies for foreign investment, world auto giants such as Volkswagen, GM, Ford and Toyota have established joint ventures in China, indicating good prospects for the Chinese auto industry. Since the middle and latter part of the 1990s, stimulated by fierce competition, various auto joint ventures have developed lines in economy cars to suit the Chinese market and have meanwhile in hands production localization.

自20世纪80年代中期开始,中国的外商投资优惠政策激励了许多国外汽车巨头如大众,通用,福特和丰田在中国建立合资企业,预示着中国汽车产业的美好前景。自90年代中后期开始,激烈的竞争刺激了各类合资企业建立经济适用行汽车的生产线,以适应中国的市场并着手产品本地化。

9. In light of China’s WTO membership commitment, its financial market will open to domestic and overseas capital 5 years after its accession to this world trade club. Experts are convinced that this means the RMB exchange rate will be constrained to a regulated fluctuating range in this transition period. As result, it is imperative for the Chinese government to reform its exchange rate mechanism as soon as possible.

根据中国的入世承诺,中国的金融市场将在入世5年后对国内和国外的资本开放。专家相信这意味着在这过渡时期人民币汇率将局限在一定的浮动区间内。因此,中国政府要尽快改革汇率机制。

10. The deposit of rich petroleum and natural gas resources in central Asia and the Caspian Sea region are second only to those in the Middle East and new Siberia. The US intervention to exploit energy resources in the region can reduce risks of its dependent on petroleum from the Middle East and break Russia’s energy monopoly in this region. Most significantly, the US will pose forceful containment to energy security in this region.

拥有丰富石油和天然气储备的中亚和里海地区的储量仅次于中东和新西伯利亚。美国介入开发这里的能源资源可以减少对中东石油的依赖,打破俄罗斯在这地区的能源垄断。更重要的是,美国将会强有力地保障这地区的能源安全。

11. Washington may not have a nightlife scene on a par with New York or Miami, but this city still has a lot to offer. Washington always has scores of young people looking

for something to entertain themselves. More importantly, we have a diversity of huge dance clubs, cozy Irish pubs, Ethiopian nightclubs, places to watch European soccer, and country karaoke. It might some take some legwork, but is there, we promise.

华盛顿或许没有像纽约和迈阿密那样的夜生活场面,但这座城市仍有很多东西可供选择。华盛顿总是有很多年轻人寻找各种方式消遣。更重要的是,我们有各色各样的大型舞蹈俱乐部,舒适的爱尔兰酒吧,黑人夜总会,看欧洲足球的地方以及乡村卡拉OK。或许需要些时间去找,但我们保证你一定可以找得到。

12. The symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are not like those of pneumonia. People get a very high fever at least 38.5 degrees have shortness of breath and the dry cough. Some people get other symptoms including a headache, stiff or ached muscles, a loss of appetite and fatigue. The incubation period is between 2 and 7 days after exposure, with most people getting symptoms in 3 to 5 days.

非典型肺炎(沙士)的症状不像其他的肺炎。 患者会发高烧至少到38.5度,并且会气促和干咳。还有的人有其他症状,包括头疼,肌肉僵硬疼痛,没胃口以及疲劳。潜伏期通常在感染后的2到7周,一些人3到5天出现病征。

13. ESL programs are growing fast due to the fact that the immigrant population is exploding in United States. According to the US Department of Education, there are more than 2 million adults eolled in state of minister classes. The young those federally-funded programs which are often taught in public schools and community colleges, ESL is also being offered in churches, community centers and homes by instructors with varying degrees of training.

因为美国移民人口增长非常快,所以ESL(英语为第二语言)课程也发展得很快。根据美国教育部统计,超过两百万成人在ESL课程注册。这个由联邦政府资助的课程通常在公立学校和社区大学开展但在教堂,社区中心和家庭,导师们也会用给人们提供各种训练。

14. The United States generates about 175 million tons of solid wastes every year, about 83% of which go to landfill dumps. But landfill poses a widespread pollution hazard. Since it not only pollutes land but also poisons underground reservoirs of water with metals and chemicals from packaging materials. With the annual disposal of more solid wastes by means of landfills, this form of water pollution is an increasing concern.

美国每年产生1.75亿吨固体废物,其中83% 会送去堆填区。但是堆填的方式会造成广泛的污染危害。这种方式会使包装材料里的金属和化学成分污染土地以及地下水。随着每年填埋的固体废物的增多,水污染的问题引发越来越多的担忧。

15. A professor of information system said, “Some people seem to trust the spell checking software too thoroughly.” A study found in some cases phrases or sentences flagged by the software as grammatically suspicious were correct. A Microsoft technical specialist said, “Grammar and spelling technology was meant to help writers and editors, not to solve all their problems.” A computer engineer said, “Grammar and spelling software would never approach the complexity of the human brain.”

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