语法层次、句子成分和句子类型 (I)

一、语法层次

英语有五个语法层次，上一级语法单位由一个或多个下一级的语法单位构成。 自由词素：可以构成简单词并能独立使用, 但不能被进一步切分，常作词根构成派 词素 生词，如work, luck, friend.

粘着词素：不可独立成词，也不可独立使用，只能作为词缀，附着在词根上，

如 worker lucky friendly中的-er, -y, -ly

简单词：由一个自由词素构成的词，如上文的work, luck, friend.

词 派生词：由自由词素（作词根）加粘着词素（作词缀）构成，如worker lucky friendly。 复合词：由两个或更多的自由词素合并而构成的词：police + man= policeman

名词词组：a close friend

动词词组：drive a car, to learn English, playing basketball

词组 形容词词组：very far

副词词组：so actively

介词词组: in the meeting

简单句：只有一个“主语 + 谓语”结构的句子：He likes dancing.

并列句： 两个或多个简单句通过并列连词and, but, or连接起来的句子: He likes

句子 dancing, but I like swimming.

复杂句: 一个句子的成分直接由另一个句子充当，该句便是复杂句：

主语 谓语 宾语（从句） (简单句）

段落：段落由一个或多个句子组成，表达相对完整的意思，一般在段首或段尾有主题句（topic sentence)

二、句子成分

句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分包括表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。

（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当

主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

请对下列句子的主语部分划线并指出其语法特征：

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

We often speak English in class.

One-third （of the students in this class）are girls.

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

Smoking does harm to the health.

The rich should help the poor.

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

It is necessary to master a foreign language.

（二）谓语：谓语动词说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般

放在主语之后。谓语动词有时态、语态、单复数的变化。

（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get,

look, grow, turn, seem，feel等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

请对下列句子的表语部分划线并指出其语法特征:

Our teacher is an American.

Is it yours?

The weather has turned cold.

The speech is exciting.

Three times seven is twenty one.

His job is to teach English.

His hobby is playing football.

Time is up.

The truth is that he has never been abroad.

（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

请对下列句子的宾语部分划线并指出其语法特征:

They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

He pretended not to see me.

I enjoy listening to popular music.

I think（that）he is fit for his office.

宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

Please show me the book.

（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected (made) him their monitor.

（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/keep等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

请对下列句子的宾语补足语划线并指出其语法特征：

His father named him Dongming.

They painted their boat white.

Let the fresh air in.

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

We saw her entering the room.

We will soon make our city what your city is now.

思考题1：双宾语与宾语补足语的区别是什么？如何区分？

（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语，定语一般置于被修饰语之前，偶

尔也置于被修饰语之后（something new / what else ），请分析以下句子，在定语处下划线，观察该定语的词性，并注意定语与其被修饰项的位置关系：

Guilin is a beautiful city.

China is a developing country; America is a developed country.

There are thirty women teachers in our school.

His rapid progress in English made us surprised.

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

He is the person I want to make friends with.

He is reading an article about how to learn English.

（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征的句子成分，叫

做状语。请对下列句子的状语部分划线并指出其语法特征：

Light travels most quickly.

He has lived in the city for ten years.

I came here to help you. Wait a minute.

Once you begin, you must continue.

状语种类如下（对状语划线）：

How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）

Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）

She was so angry as to be unable to speak. （结果状语）

She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）

He came here to help me. (目的状语）

（八）同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明，这个

名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.

三、句子类型

（一）句子种类两种分类法

1.按句子的用途可分四种：

1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.

2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven

years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?

3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class.

4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!

2.按句子的结构可分三种：

1）简单句：只有一个“主语 + 谓语”结构的句子。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构

成。

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、

表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。简单说来，复合句就是大句子里嵌入小句子：

（二）简单句的五种基本句型

1.主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.

2.主语+不及物动词：e.g. He laughed.

3.主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.

4.主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.

5.主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.

注：其他各种句子都可由这几种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

四、并列句的类型

1. 以and为代表。对并列的A、B两项均肯定，常用and, not only…but also…：

He likes dancing, and his brother likes dancing, too.

Not only is he interested in dancing, but (also) his brother is interested in it.

另外，对AB两项内容均否定，常用neither…nor…, nor连接:

Neither did Jim go to the party, nor did his brother.

I am not going to the party, nor is my brother.

2. 以or为代表。常用的连词有or, either…or…,

You do it yourself, or you may ask somebody else do it.

Either you are mad, or I am.

3.转折型：以but为代表。常用的连词有but, yet, while, whereas等。

He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and

interesting.

He is thin, while his mother is fat.

请注意：并列连词and, but, (not only...) but also…, or, (either…)or, yet, while, whereas前一般

要加逗号。

五、复合句的类型

句子的8种成分（主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语）中，除了

谓语和宾语补足语之外，其他6种成分均可由从句充当，分别叫做主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句。其中主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句在语法的功能和作用上相当于名词，故而叫做名词性分句。定语从句修饰名词、代词或相当于名词的成分，定语从句在语法的功能和作用上相当于形容词，故而叫做形容词性分句。状语从句是由一个句子充当句子的状语，在语法的功能和作用上相当于副词，故而叫做副词性分句。

（一）名词性分句

主语从句：What you did is not right.

表语从句: My question is why you did it.

宾语从句：Please explain why you are late.

同位语从句：I have no idea how much money he has.

（二）形容词性分句：定语从句可由who, whom, whose，which, that, when, where, why等次

引导。定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句的引导词和先行词间常不加逗号，但非限定性定语从句的引导词和先行词间常常加逗号，且不能用that引导。

定语从句(非限定性）

定语从句(非限定性）

思考题2：限定性和非限定性定语从句有什么区别？请指出以上定语从句的先行词。

(限定性定语从句） （非限定性定语从句）

（三）副词性分句即状语从句，有常用的八种状语从句。请把以下6个句子的状语用从句替

换，从而形成带有状语从句的复合句。

1. How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）

2. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）

3. Mr. Smith works on the third floor.（地点状语）

4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）

5. She was so angry as to be unable to speak. （结果状语）

6. He came here to help me. (目的状语） 思考题3：区分不同从句时，不仅要根据从句的引导词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。请判断一下以where引导的从句分属什么从句？

You will find the book where you left it.

Tell me the address where he lives.

I don’t know where he came from.

Where he has gone is not known yet.

This place is where they once hid.

思考题4：区分下列两个从句是定语从句，还是同位语从句？判断同位语（从句）有何技巧？ Those who work hard will succeed．

The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody．

思考题5：分析以下两个长句，该句的主要意思（main idea)是什么？该句的各个分句间是什么关系，如并列、从属？然后分析各个分句的语法结构。

1.When reports came into London Zoo that a wild tiger had been spotted (目击）forty-five miles south of London, the reports were not taken seriously, but, when the evidence increased greatly, experts from the Zoo felt it necessary to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed(声称) to have seen the tiger were surprisingly similar.

2. When we came into the park that was built in 1950s when PRC was newly founded, we were surprised to see so many beautiful cars, which were too much expensive for common Chinese workers, but which were absolutely affordable（付得起的） to American factory workers in the USA, which was already the biggest producers of cars in the world at that time.

思考题6： 请把以下每组句子通过并列或从属合并为一个句子：

1）I saw a film yesterday. The film was dull.

2）Walden Pond is now the place where many people stand.

Walden Pond was once praised by Jim for its natural beauty.

3) Mr. Wood ran up the stairs.

Mr. Wood felt tired.

Mr. Wood stood at his neighbour's door.

Mr. Wood knocked the door again and again.

Someone opened the door.

4） He has only daughter.

He had greatly wronged her daughter.

Her daughter might never forgive him.

六、活学活用

Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Elderly

It was on May Day. Two students, Li Yue and Zhang Hua, from Class Three, Grade Two, went to Sunshine Nursing Home where their voluntary work left people a deep impression.

The moment they arrived, they sent the best wishes from our school to the elderly people. The gift like cake, flowers moved them greatly. Then, the two boys made use of every minute to do what they can, such as cleaning the windows and sweeping the floor. Having finished everything, they began to chat with the elderly people, whose humor made the house filled with laughter. Just when the volunteers were about to leave, the elderly people offered to take photos with them, saying that they will remember their kindness and the day forever.

For Li Yue and Zhang Hua, they not only brought joy to others, but also saw the difference they can make to them.

1. 结合所学关于句子类型的知识，分析该文中的每个句子分属于简单句，并列句，还是复合句？如果是复合句，该句包含什么从句？

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