翻译作业

1.What is translation?

(1)翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动，是\把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来\范存忠：《翻译理论与技巧》1985)。

(2)翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(Translation is a linguistic practice of employing one language to realize the thoughts expressed in another language exactly and completely.) (张培基, 1983)

(3)Translation, essentially, is the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written or said in another language. （钟述孔）

(4)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。）(Eugene A. Nida, 1984)

(5)Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). （翻译是用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。） (Catford)

(6)King James Bible: Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we may look into the most holy place; that removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.

(7)Bassnett&Lefevere: “虽然从理想的角度来说，翻译可看成是两种不同的文字或文字背景之间的美满婚姻，使得两者和谐相处，同甘共苦，但是实际上翻译的进行是呈垂直轴线而非平行轴线的。换句话说，翻译者要么把译品提升至原文与原作者的水平，要么把目的语的文化看得更高，于是就完全让原作去适应它。这后一种情形在今天是经常发生的，特别是当译者所处理的篇章与现在有相当大的时空距离时，情形更是如此。”

(8)Peter Newmark：What is translation? Often, though not by any means

always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (A Textbook of Translation)

(9)Professor Zhou Yuzhong: Translation is to substitute one language from another to express the same message or information. Translation is a cross-linguistic, cross-cultural and cross-social communication.

(10)Definition in textbook: Translation is a communicative act between different languages and cultures achieved through selecting the nearest equivalent in the target language for message units in the source language.

(11)Von Humbolt: All translation seems to me to be simply an attempt to solve an insolvable problem.

2.What is the purpose of translation?

(1)The purpose of translation is to pass on an understanding to people in their own language and create the same impact as the original text. A translator needs to gain a full understanding of the original text (known as source text) as a first step of the translation process. Great translations are not made by translators boasting \knowledge\of a subject. They are made by hard-working knowledgeable translators suffering from acute dictionaries.

翻译的目的是为了帮助读者能以自己熟悉的语言了解原文意义，并且产生和原文同等效果的影响力。译者进行翻译的第一步即是对原文全盤的了解。伟大的翻译作品并不来自译者的自命全知，而是经由博学且认真的译者不断求证与求知而完成。

(2)The purpose of translation is to realize cross cultural social communication and transferring.

翻译的目的是实现跨文化的社会交际和语码转换 ,成功的译者必须具有强烈的文化意识 ,译者不仅要精通原语和译入语 ,还要了解语言背后的文化。

(3) The purpose of translation is to present and protect the differences in languages and cultures.

翻译应该表现语言和文化上的差异，并提供实现和研究差异的场所。

3.What is the criterion of translation?

(1)严复：信、达、雅

By faithfulness, Yan Fu means to be faithful to the meaning and form of the source text.

By expressiveness, he means to express the source text content (including meaning, information, spirit, style and so on) smoothly in the target text so that the target language readers can fully understand it.

By elegance, Yan Fu thinks the translator should use elegant language before the Han Dynasty in his translation. But now translation theorists change this criterion to “keeping the style of the source text”.

(2)Chinese scholar Si Guo（思果）supposed that the translation principle might be changed into faithfulness, expressiveness and appropriateness(信、达、贴) on the basis of Yan Fu's principle. The so-called faithfulness refers to the responsibility to the writer. A translator should express the original meaning faithfully. Expressiveness means that a translator should stand beside the reader's side after faithfully translating the original．The reader should understand the translation. As for the third character，it wants to say that the translation should be proper or appropriate to the original style，manner，flavor，strength etc.

(3)Liu Zhongde（刘重德）put forward a moderate revision：faithfulness（信，to be faithful to the content of the original），expressiveness（达，to be as expressive as the original）and closeness（切，to be as close to the original style as possible）．

(4)鲁迅：凡是翻译，必须兼顾这两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的风

姿。 翻译应该“保存异域文化色彩”不能因看不惯兰眼睛、高鼻子而对原作“削鼻剜眼”。

（5）Qu Qiubai（瞿秋白）pointed out the principle of equivalent in A Letter to Mr Lu Xun《给鲁迅的信》）in 1931．He said，“我的意见是，翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确的介绍给中国读者，使中国读者所得到的概念等同于英俄日德法读者从原文得到的概念。”

（6）傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。

他认为“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求不在形似而在神似”。所谓“神”，就是指原作精神。神似也叫传神，即除了传意外，还需要尽力保存原作的神韵和风姿。

（7）钱钟书：不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有

的风味，那就算得入于“化境”（sublimation）“精神姿致依然故我”。

钱钟书指出，“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变为另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算的入于‘化境’。”所谓化境，就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换了，而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本地化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。

（8）林语堂：忠实、通顺、美

（9）北大教授许渊冲：诗歌翻译应该追求“音美、形美、意美”

许教授的‘意美’指的是深层结构；‘音美’是争对译诗在节奏和韵式而言的；‘形美’是针对译诗在行数、分以及字（词）数而言的。‘三美’的重要性并不是三足鼎立在的，‘意美’第一位，‘音美’第二位，‘形美’第三位。要在传达原文意美的前提下，尽可能的传达音美，又要在传达原文意美和音美的前提下，尽可能的传达形美，努力做到‘三美’齐备。如果三

者不可兼得，可以先不求形似，也可以先不求音似。但无论如何都要尽可能的传达原文的‘意美’和‘音美’。

（10）Alexander Fraser Tytler: (18th century, English scholar)

A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and manner of the writing should be of the same character as that of the original; a translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

（11 ）E．U．Nida：

It is essential that functional equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.

（12）德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems &

Methods一书中说：

Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。）

（13）The Three Principles of Alexander Tytler:

First, the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.Second, the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.Third, the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

（14）Dynasty，the learned monk Xuan Zang（玄奘，602-664 A. D.）contributed his life to translation and put forth the criteria of translation\既须求真，又须喻俗”(“must be both truthful and understandable to the populace”),

（14）Dynasty，the learned monk Xuan Zang（玄奘，602-664 A. D.）contributed his life to translation and put forth the criteria of translation\既须求真，又须喻俗”(“must be both truthful and understandable to the populace”),

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/lktg.html