the english note of Book 4 of Republic Plato

Book 4

(单词前的数字表示行数，前面带*的单词出现在小标题或注释中，书中标的“5”、“10”行

数有错，按自己数的来

将前两版的部分错误进行校正并翻译解释中较难懂的词汇，在解释的重点处通过加粗表

示）

* narration n. the act or process（经过，过程） or an instance of telling (as a story) in detail

419a

4.derive v. to take, receive, or obtain（得到） especially form a specified（详细） source

（来源） derive sth from sth to get sth from sth

6.furnishings n. the furniture, carpets, curtains, etc. in room or house

6.private adj. belonging to or for the use of a patticular person or group；not for public

use

6.sacrifice n. the act of offering sth to god, especially an animal that has been killed in a

special way；an animal that is offered in this way

7.guest n.a person that you have invited to your house or to a particular event that you are

paying for

8.blessed adj. enjoyable in away that gives you a sense of peace or a feeling of freedom

form anxiety（焦虑） or pain

9. auxiliary n. a person who is employed to assist other people in their work

420a

1. garrison n. a group of soldiers whose task is to guard the town or building where they

live（protecter）

2. upkeep n. the cost or process of giving a child or an animal the things that they need

3.wage n. a regular amount of money that you earn，usually every week, for work or

services

6. omit v. not include sth in an activity or piece of work, deliberately（谨慎地） or

accidentally

a host of = a lot of

7.charge n. a statement accusing sb of doing sth wrong or bad

420b

3.path n. a line along which sb or sth moves；the space in front of sb or sth as they move

6.outstandingly adv. extremely well

8.contrast n. the fact of comparing two or more things in order to show the differences

between them

10. inquire=enquire

Enquire（询问，打听） into sth：to find out more information about sth

420c

2.separate v. to divide into different parts or groups；to divide things into different parts or

groups

* resume v. begin speaking again after being stopped for a short time

* unity n. the state of different areas or groups being joined together to form a single

country or organization.

8.defense=defence n. something that is said or written in order to support sth（protect）

420d

3.appropriate adj. suitable，acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances（环境，

情形）

420e

2. robe n. （长袍）a loose piece of clothing which covers all of your body and reaches the

ground

festoon v. to decorate sth by hang or wrap something around it

jewelry=jewellery n. objects such as rings and necklaces that people wear as

decoration

3. potter n. someone who makes pottery 陶工

4. recline v. sit or lie on it with the upper part of your body supported at an angle

couch n. a long, comfortable seat for two or three people

5. feast v. to eat a large amount of food，with great enjoyment

6. pot n. 陶罐

421a

2. cobbler n. a person whose job is to make or mend shoes

inferior adj. less important because of having less status or ability

3. corrupt adj. to be morally wrong, especially by doing dishonest or illegal things in

return for money or power

5. utterly adv. to be very great in extent, degree, or amount

8. genuine adj. to refer to things such as emotions that are real and not pretended

421b

1. critic n. a person who disapproves of sb. and criticizes sb. publicly

pseudo- prefix. to form adjectives and nouns that indicate that something is not the

thing it is claimed to be

421c

1. compel v. to force sb to do sth

2. craftsman n. a skilled person，especially one who makes beautiful things by hand

4. share n. an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person

* gild v. cover sth’s surface in a thin layer of gold or gold paint

* toastmaster n. the person who proposes toasts and introduces the speakers at a special

ceremony or formal dinner

* counterclockwise adv. moving in the opposite direction to the direction in which the

hands of a clock move

421d

1. corrupt v. to have a bad effect on sb and make them behave in immoral or dishonest

way

exent n. how large，important，serious，etc. sth is

8. idler n. sb. who is criticized because he is lazy and should be working

421e

3. practitioner n. one who practices a profession

7. detect v. notice or sense sth, even though it is not very obvious

8. slip adj. to go somewhere quickly and quietly，especially without being noticed

422a

1. luxury n. the enjoyment of special and expensive things，particularly（特别的） food and

drink，clothes and surroundings

2. revolution n. an attempt, by a large number of people , to change the government of a

country , especially by violent action

illiberality n. the quality or state that is contrary to generosity（慷慨，大方）

422b

4.warrior n. a person who fights in a battle or war

athlete n. a person who is good at sports and physical exercise

422c

2. stifling adj. to describe the heat is so intense that it makes you feel uncomfortable

overcome v. to defeat sb

3. enemy n. a country that you are fighting a war against；the soldiers, etc. of a country

8. likelihood n. the chance of sth happening；how likely sth is to happen

10. grant v. to accept that it is true

422d

1. envoy n. someone who is sent as a representative from one government or political

group to another

2. divine adj. to describe something that is provided by or relates to a god or goddess

4. property n. a thing or things that are owned by sb；a possession or possessions

5. lean adj. without much flesh；thin and fit

hound n. a type of dog that is often used for hunting or racing

6. tender adj. easily hurt or damaged

422e

1. amass v. gradually get a lot of sth

2. innocent adj. have little experience of the world , especially of sexual matters , or of evil

or unpleasant things

3. construct v. to build or make sth such as aroad , buildings or machine

deserve v. it is right that they have it , because of the way they have behaved or

because of what they are

423a

4. inhabitant n. the people who live in a particular place

ally n. a person who helps and supports sb who is in a diffcult situation , especially a

politician

* obscure adj. not readily understood or clearly expressed

* proverb n. a short sentence that people often quote, which gives advice or tells you

something about life

* subset n. smaller number of things that belong together within that group

5. temperately adv. calmly, reasonably or moderately（适度）

6. arrange v. to plan or organize（组织） sth in advance

reputation n. the opinion that people have about what sb or sth is like , based on what

has happened in the past

9. barbarian n. people from other countries who were thought to be uncivilized and violent

（异邦人）(野蛮人)

reputed adj. generally thought to be sth or to have done sth , althought this is not

certain

423b

4. proper adj. right , appropriate or correct；according to the rules

5. mark off make sth separate, for example by putting a line on it or around it

423c

4. adequate .adj enough in quantity（大量）, or good enough in quality , for a particular

purpose or need

5. trivial adj. of little worth or not importance

Instruction n. something that sb tells you to do

7. offspring n. a person's children or to an animal's young

Inferior adj. not good or not as good as sb or sth else

423d

4. pursuit n. something that you give your time and energy to ,that you do as a hobby

5. entire n. including everything , everyone or every part

thereby adv. used to introduce the result of the action or situation mentioned

7. minor adj. to describe something that is less important, serious, or significant than other

things in a group or situation

9. numerous adj. existing in large numbers

10. insignificant adj . not big or valuable enough to be considered enough

safeguard v. to protect sth or sb from loss , harm or damage；to keep sb or sth safe

423e

1. upbringing n. the way that your parents treat you and the things that they teach you

when you are growing up

4. moderate adj. describe people or groups whose political opinions or policies are not

extreme

6. procreation n. producing young or babies

424a

4. constitution n. the system of laws and basic principles that a state , a country or an

organization is governed by

7. predecessor n. the person who had your job before you

424b

3. briefly adv. in few words

overseer n. someone whose job is to make sure that employees are working properly

4. cling vi. to hold or hold on tightly or tenaciously（坚持）

cling to ：to be unwilling to get rid of sth , or stop doing sth

5. innovation n. the introduction of something new / a new idea, method, or device

8. dread vi. to be apprehensive（忧虑的，不安的） or fearful

9. float v. to move slowly on water or in the air

10. lip n. either of two soft edges（边缘模糊） at the opening to the mouth 嘴唇

424c

3. beware of sth warn that sth may be dangerous

4. wholly adv. completely

5. political adj. connected with the state , government or public affairs

6. convinced adj. completely sure about sth

424d

1. guardhouse n. a building occupied（占用） by a guard or used as a headquarters by soldiers on guard duty / a military（军事） jail（监狱）

3. insert v. to put sth into sth else or between two things

5. as such = in itself

6. flow v. to move steadily（稳定的） and continuously in one direction

9. vigor=vigour n. intensity of action or effect : force

10. utmost adj. greatest；most extreme

insolence n. the quality or state of being rude to someone they ought to be respectful to.

424e

1. overthrow v. remove sth from power by force

6. abiding adj. lasting for a long time and not changing

7. follow suit= to act or behave in the way that sb else has just done

425a

5. foster v. to help something such as an activity or idea to develop

correct v. to make sth right or accurate（精确的） , for example by changing it or

removing mistakes

6. neglect v. to not give enough attention to sth

8. rediscover v. to find again sth that had been forgotten or lost

seemingly adv. in a way that appears to be true but may in fact not be

insignificant adj. not big or valuable enough to be considered important

9. conventional adj. tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in

general；normal and ordinary , and perhaps not very interesting

425b

1. in the presence of=in sb’s presence with sb in the same place

4. general adj. affecting all or most people , places or things

6. legislate vi. to make or enact laws

verbal adj. spoken rather than written

7. decree n. an order usually having the force o law

425c

4. outcome n. the result or effect of an action or event

9. marketplace n. an open area in a town where a market is held

425d

1. slander n. an untrue spoken statement about someone which is intended to damage

their reputation

indictment n. the action or the legal process of charging with a fault or offense

2. jury n. the group of people who have been chosen from the general public to listen to the facts about a crime and to decide whether the person accused is guilty or not(陪审团) due n. charges , for example to be a member of a club

4. harbor=harbour n. an aren of water on the coast , protected from the open sea by strong walls , where hips can shelter 堤坝

regulation n. an official tule made by a government or same other authority

5. dictate vi. tell sb what they should do or can do

dictate to sb = to give orders to sb , often in a rude or aggressive way

425e

3. intact adj. to be complete and have not been damaged or changed.

4. enact v. to establish by legal and authoritative act; specifically : to make (as a bill) into law

5. amend v. to put right; especially : to make emendations（修订） in (as a text)

7. intemperate adj. not keeping or held with limits

426a

1. lead v. to have a particular type of life

charming adj. extremely pleasing or delightful

3. complex adj. made of many different things or parts that are connected；diffcult to

understand

5. invalid n. one who is sickly or disabled

6. feature n. a prominent part or characteristic8.

8. overeat v. to eat more than you need or more than is healthy

indulgence n. the act of indulging

indulge v. to take unrestrained pleasure in

426b

1. cautery n. the way by searing to cure a wound

surgery n. medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a person’ body and often removing or replacing some parts；the branch of medicine connected with this treatment

amulet n. a small object that you wear or carry because you think it will bring you good luck and protect you from evil or injury

charm n. an act, saying, or object that is believed to have magic powers

2. harsh adj. unkind and showing no understanding or sympathy（同情）

5. apparently adv. according to what you have heard or read；according to the way sth

appears

9. occur v. to exist or be found somewhere

426c

1. threaten v. to seem likely to happen or cause sth pleasant

2. penalty n. a punishment that someone is given for doing something which is against a law or rule

serve v. to provide an area or a group of people with a product or service

3. indulge v. to yield（屈服，让步） to the desire of sb.

yield vi. to give way to pressure or influence : submit to urging, persuasion, or entreaty flatter v. to praise excessively especially from motives of self-interest

4. anticipate v. do what is necessary or required before the question, request, or need occurs

. fulfill v. satisfy

anticipate v. to see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for it on that amount = because of the particular thing that has been mentioned

426d

2. lighthearted adj. intended to be entertaining or amusing, and not at all serious

3. delude v. to mislead the mind or judgment of : deceive, trick

5. the masses 人民群众

6. sympathy n. the act of showing support for or approval of an idea , a cause an organization , etc

7. measure v. to be a particular size , length , amount , etc.

426e

1.ignorant adj. lacking knowledge or information about sth；not educated

427a

5. accomplish v. to succeed in doing or completing sth

427b

6. daimon=demon n. a supernatural being of Greek mythology（希腊神话） intermediate between gods and men

mythology n. the myths dealing with the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people

myth n. a well-known story which was made up in the past to explain natural events or to justify religious beliefs or social customs

intermediate n. one that is or occurs at the middle place, stage, or degree or between extremes

legendary adj. well-known or famous, especially relating（涉及，关联） to stories coming down from the past

427c

1. interpreter n. a person whose job is to translate what sb is saying into another language ancestral n. the family or the race of people that you come from

2. deliver v. to give a speech , talk , etc. or other official statement

interpretation n. the particular way in which sth is understood or explained

navel n. the central point : middle 肚脐

4. well put 说的好！

* slay v. kill in a violent way

* oracle n. a priest or priestess who made statements about future events or about the truth In ancient Greece

427d

1. get hold of = to find sth that you want or need

8. nonsense n. ideas , statements or beliefs that you think are ridiculous or not true

427e

1. impious adj. showing a lack of respect for religious things

10. temperate adj. behaving in a calm and controlled way

428a

5. prudent adj. being sensible and careful

7. ignorance n. the state or fact of being lack of knowledge, education, or awareness

10. multifarious adj. being many in number and of many different kinds

428b

1. odd adj. strange or unusual

3. prudent adj. sensible and careful when make judgement and decisions；avoiding

unnecessary risks

9. multifarious adj. of many different kinds；having great variety

12. carpenter n. a person whose job is making and repairing wooden objects and structures（构造）

428c

3. deliberate vi. to think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully

6. bronze n. a yellowish-brown metal which is a mixture of copper and tin (青铜)

428d

2. internal adj. connected with a country’s own affairs rather than those that involve other countries

guardianship n. the position of being a guardian

* kingship n. government by a king (君主政体)

* steer vi. to pursue a course of action

10. metalworker n. 铁匠

428e

6. by far far and away (very very very ……..)

9. class n. one of the groups of people in a society that are thought of as being at the

same social or economic level

10. inherent adj. involved in the constitution or essential character of something : belonging by nature or habit

429a

8. spot v. detect or notice or identify

429b

1. cowardly adj. being, resembling, or befitting a coward ( it is the antonym（反义词） of brave)

2. wage v. to engage in or carry on

10. inspire v. to make sb have a particular feeling or emotion

terror n. a feeling of extreme fear

429c

5. preservation n. the act of keeping sth in its original state or in good condition

7. inculcate v. to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions

429d

1. appetite n. a strong desire for sth

2. resemble v. to look like or be similar to another person or thing

3. dye v. to impart a new and often permanent color to especially by impregnating a

soluble or insoluble coloring matter

4. impart v. to give sth certain quality

5 .impregnate v. to make the substance spread through sth and stay in it

soluble adj. a substance that is soluble will dissolve in a liquid

dissolve v. If a substance dissolves in liquid or if you dissolve it, it becomes mixed with the liquid and disappears

6. elaborate adj. planned or carried out with great care

429e

1. detergent n. a chemical substance, usually in the form of a powder or liquid, which is used for washing things such as clothes or dishes

8. contrive v. to bring about with difficulty : manage

430a

5. rear v. to bring to maturity or self-sufficiency usually through nurturing care

6. scour v. to remove by rubbing hard and washing

7. alkali n. a substance with a pH value of more than 7 (碱)

* carbonate n. substances that are formed from carbonic acid, which is a compound of carbon dioxide and water (碳酸盐)

430b

4. presume v. to expect or assume especially with confidence

430c

6. sufficient adj. enough for a particular purpose；as much as you need

430e

3. concord n. a state of agreement

4. harmony n. a state of peaceful existence and agreement

previous adj. immediately before the time you are talking about

431a

5. mastery n. skill or knowledge that makes one master of a subject : command；control or power

6. disgraceful adj. being a source of shame

7. associate v. to spend time with sb , especially a person or people that sb else does not

approve of

8. majority n. the largest part of a group of people or things

431b

1. plausible adj. superficially pleasing or persuasive

431e

5. subject n. one that is placed under authority or control

7. hunch n. a strong intuitive feeling concerning especially a future event or result

11. reside v. to be present as an element or quality

432a

1. literally adv. actually

3. unison n. a harmonious agreement or union : concord ; the state of being so tuned or sounded

5. hence adv. therefore

6. unanimity n. the quality or state of being unanimous

unanimous adj. being of one mind : agreeing / having the agreement and consent of all

432b

8. vanish v. to pass quickly from sight : disappear

obscurity n. the state of being dark

432c

1. peel v. to strip off an outer layer of

strip v. to remove clothing, covering, or surface matter from

8. impenetrable adj. incapable of being penetrated or pierced

penetrate v. to see into or through / to discover the inner contents or meaning of / to affect profoundly with feeling

9. all the same : (here ‘same’ is a pronoun) nevertheless

432d

4. quarry n. game ; specifically : game hunted with hawks

432e

7. prelude n. an opening voluntary (开场白之类 )

433a

4. meddle v. to interest oneself in what is not one’s concern : interfere without right or propriety

interfere v. to enter into or take a part in the concerns of others

433e

4. lawsuit n. a suit in law : a case before a court

7. deprive v. to take something away from / remove

434a

10. puff v. to become distended : swell ---usually used with up

swell v. to expand (as in size, volume, or numbers ) gradually beyond a normal or original limit

distend v. extend

434c

7. reverse n. something directly contrary to something else : opposite

434d

4. assent v. to agree something especially after thoughtful consideration

435a

1. blaze v. to burn brightly / to flare up : flame

435c

2. inevitably adv. in the way of being incapable of being avoided or evaded

3. trivial adj. ordinary

4. stumble v. to come unexpectedly or by chance

435d

8. weary v. to be exhausted in strength, endurance, vigor, or freshness

endurance n. the ability to withstand hardship or adversity; especially : the ability to sustain（维持，支撑） a prolonged stressful effort or activity

435e

4. spiritedness n. the state of being full of energy, animation, or courage

436a

2. Phoenician 腓尼基人

11. akin adj. related by blood : descended from a common ancestor or prototype

436b

1. impulse n. inspiration, motivation

7. undergo v. undertake

436c

8. dispute n. debate, quarrel

436d

3. charming adj. extremely pleasing or delightful

4. sophisticate v. to deprive of genuineness, naturalness, or simplicity; especially : to deprive of naïveté and make worldly-wise : disillusion (诡辩)

5. peg n. a small usually cylindrical pointed or tapered piece (as of wood ) used to pin down or to pin down or fasten things or to fit into or close holes

436e

1. axis n. an imaginary line through the middle of something

circumference n. the outer edge or boundary of a circle, place, or round object

2. wobble v. make small movements from side to side

whereas adv. while on the contrary / although

437a

5. hypothesize v. assume

7. invalidate v. to prove that sth is wrong or cause it to be wrong

437b

1. dissent n. strong disagreement or dissatisfaction with a decision or opinion, especially one that is supported by most people or by people in authority

3. mutual adj. directed by each toward the other or the others

437c

5. strive v. to make a great effort to do or get sth

attainment n. the achieving of sth especially about skills or learning

437d

3. conspicuous adj. obvious to the eyes or mind

439b

1. impel v. to urge or drive forward : force

4. beast n. large, dangerous, or unusual animals

439e

9. corpse n. dead body （声明一下：不是僵尸是死尸）

executioner n. a person who has the job of executing criminals

execute v. to kill someone as a punishment for a serious crime

440a

2. wretch n. wicked or unfortunate man

440b

1. reproach v. to express disappointment in or displeasure with (a person) for conduct that is blameworthy or in need of amendment

440c

4. arouse v. to cause people to have a particular reaction or attitude

7. harsh adj. rough

9. imposition n. something imposed as an excessive or uncalled-for requirement or burden

impose v. force people to accept sth

440d

1.cease v. stop happening or existing

2. shepherd n. a person, especially a man, whose job is to look after sheep

5. obedient adj. submissive to the restraint or command of authority(当局，权力) : willing to obey

441a

1. deliberative adj. having power or the right to make important decisions and considerations

441c

1. rebuke v. speak severely to someone because they have said or done something that you do not approve of

441d

2. pertain v. relate, belong, or apply to sth

441e

8. concordant adj. in agreement : having the same characteristics

442a

7. insatiable adj. always wanting more : not able to be satisfied

442d

7. blur v. to make (something) unclear or difficult to see or remember

443a

8. adultery n. voluntary sexual intercourse（交流，性交） between a married man and someone other than his wife or between a married woman and someone other than her husband

443d

6. octave n. a series of eight notes in a musical scale. It is also used to talk about the difference in pitch between the first and last notes in a musical scale (八度音阶)

444b

1.faction n. a group within a larger group that has different ideas and opinions than the rest of the group

5. disorder n. violence or rioting in public

6. licentiousness n. immoral sexual behaviors

444c

8. engender v. cause sth to occur

445a

3. penalty n. a punishment that someone is given for doing something which is against a law or rule

445b

4. turmoil n. a state of confusion, disorder, uncertainty, or great anxiety

6. clarity n. the quality of being well explained and easy to understand

445c

3. vantage n. a position giving a strategic advantage, commanding perspective, or comprehensive view

445d

6. aristocracy n. the highest social class in some countries : the people who have special titles (such as duke and duchess ), who typically own land, and who traditionally have more

疑难未解之处(未完，有多处正思考中，由于没带中文版，比较纠结 )

429b 5 S : Because, I take it, whether the others are courageous or cowardly doesn’t 429b 10&429c 8 433d 5 S : it seems, then, that this power----which consists in everyone’s doing his own ’s virtue.

440d S : And it even if it suffers hunger, cold, and every imposition of that sort, doesn’t it stand firm and win out over them, not ceasing its noble efforts until it achieves its purpose, or die, or like a dog is called back by the reason alongside it and becomes gentle?

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