高考英语二轮阅读理解基础训练题(12)

高考英语二轮阅读理解基础训练题（12）

【2014高考英语安徽省六校联考】D

XI’AN–China has introduced various emergency responses and long-term measures against air pollution in the central and eastern regions.

The air quality index (AQI) for Xi’an reached 500 on Wednesday afternoon, at the top of the AQI scale, according to the national air quality monitoring website. Xi’an weather forecasters predict the smog (雾霾) will continue for the next week and air pollution may worsen.

“I have to keep buying masks for my family,”said Liu, buying masks at a pharmacy (药店) near her home in downtown Xi’an. “This is the only thing we can do to protect ourselves.”

On Wednesday, a city government emergency response plan was put into action,

off the road. Power plants must limit their output and reduce emissions.

Nearly half the country, more than 100 cities in 20 provinces, has suffered from smog since last December. Many have taken action, including experimenting with artificial methods to reduce smog, limiting vehicle use and fining polluters.

Assessments based on GDP alone were abandoned last month and more emphasis has been put on public well-being and the environment. Whether the move will be effective in forcing local governments consider environmental issues over economic growth remains to be seen. Environmental protection professionals are doubtful about the immediacy of the effects of these measures.

Xiao Hang, an urban researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said it took London 50 years to lose the moniker (绰号) “foggy London town”, and Los Angeles still struggles to control its photochemical (光化学) smog. “We can’t ignore environmental problems during the development process and China has a long way to go,” he said.

68. What would be the best title for the article?

A. AQI for Xi’an reached 500

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B. Smog crisis tries the limits of people’s patience

C. Smoggy Chinese cities to clear the air

D. Dust masks become hot sellers

69. The underlined word “suspending” in Paragraph 4 can be replaced by ________.

A. encouraging

B. stopping

C. continuing

D. expanding

70. We can infer from the article that _________.

A. China is the only country suffering from smog

B. environmental professionals believe the air quality will soon be improved with these measures

C. assessments based on GDP alone were harmful to environmental protection

D. Xi’an was the most polluted city in China

71. What Xiao Hang said indicates _____________.

A. London still has serious air pollution after 50 years of effort

B. the development of China is more important

C. solving environmental problems requires great effort

D. it’s normal for China to have environmental problems

【参考答案】68~71 CBCC

阅读理解课堂练学案（30）

Passage Thirty-four

(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such

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qualitative persity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the perse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

However, cortical as perse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.

1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental

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experience are related would most likely have been met with

[A]. vexation. . irritability. [C]. discouragement [D]. neutrality

2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the

[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.

. similarities in the views of the scientists.

[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.

[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.

3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?

[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.

. Qualitative persity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.

[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.

[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?

[A]. Nerve cells. . Nerve impulses.

[C]. Cortical areas. [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.

Vocabulary

1. mental experiences 精神感受

2. discharge 释放

3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不计的

4. manifold 多种多样的，多方

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面

5. neuron 神经元/细胞

6. neural （中枢）神经的（系统）

7. qualitative persity 质的多样性，量变的

8. disprove 反驳，反证

9. homogeneous 相似的

10. sensory nerve 感觉神经

11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的

12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层

13. locus 地点，区域

14. psychoneural 精神神经

15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的

16. spatiotenporal 时空的

难句译注

1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

[结构分析] 句型为such…as可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。

[参考译文] 神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联系来说仍然意义不大。

2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead

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to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

[参考译文] 有可能用其他办法来显示神经类型之间细微的结构差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差别的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展模式。

3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. [结构分析] 主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：that is ……。

[参考译文] 在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。

4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

[参考译文] 其他实验揭示了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和相互联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经相互关系而论，这些感觉部位相互之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。

5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue.

[参考译文] 总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的基本相似的脉冲。

写作方法与文章大意

文章是对“大脑神经活动和精神感受关系的探讨。”采用时空写法。先从1950年，探索两者关系的结果令人沮丧谈起。在临近本世纪转折时期，由赫林提出的不同的感觉态可能和某种神经能量有关。经过一系列理论和经验探索，最后得出大脑理论说明神经感受和相对相似的神经细胞单位活动有关的结论。这是一种通过相似的大脑结构引导相似脉冲的活动。

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答案祥解

1. C. 令人失望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”

A. 令人恼火。

B. 激怒。 D. 中立。均不对。

2. A. 在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异（差别）。Common currency 本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点；那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内基本相似，并作为无变异脉冲（普通脉冲）经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上基本相似。

B. 科学家观点上的相似性。

C. 人类感觉相似性。

D. 神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和common currency 无关。

3. A. 受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3。

B. 现在对神经潜力的质量变化可以进行更精彩的研究。

C. 感官刺激是异源的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉（感受器）的影响。

D. 神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。

4. B. 神经脉冲。这在第2题答案A中译注（即第二段）已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上基本相似……。”

A. 神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他办法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的结构差异。” C. 外皮区域（部位）。 D. 神经脉冲空间模式。见难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空模式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是“Least qualitative variation.”

阅读理解------D

Saturday, October 7th, was a marathon of sad tasks for Anna Politkovskaya. Two weeks earlier, her father, a retired official in the department of foreign affairs, had died of a heart attack as he emerged from the Moscow Metro while on his way to visit Politkovskaya’s mother, Raisa Mazepa, in the hospital. She had just been diagnosed (诊断)with cancer and was too weak even to attend her husband’s funeral.

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“Your father will forgive me, because he knows that I have always loved him,” she told Anna and her sister, Elena Kudimova, the day he was buried. A week later, she had an operation and since then Anna and Elena had been taking turns helping her deal with her grief.

Politkovskaya was supposed to spend the day at the hospital, but her twenty-six-year-old daughter, who was pregnant, had just moved into Politkovskaya’s apartment, on Lesnaya Street, while her own place was being prepared for the baby. “Anna had so much on her mind,” Elena Kudimova told me when we met in London, before Christmas. “And she was trying to finish her article.” Politkovskaya was a special reporter for the small newspaper Novaya Gazeta, and, like most of her work, the piece focused on the terror that can be seen all over the southern republic of Chechnya. This time, she had been trying to report repeated cruel acts done by people faithful to the Prime Minister, Ramzan Kadyrov, who are in favour of Russia. In the past seven years, Politkovskaya had written dozens of accounts of life during wartime; many had been collected in her book “A Small Corner of Hell: reports from Chechnya.” Politkovskaya was far more likely to spend time in a hospital than on a battlefield, and her writing bore frequent witness to robbery, and the uncontrolled cruelty of life in a place that few other Russians—and almost no other reporters—cared to think about.

16. Politkovskaya’s father died of ______.

A. tiredness

B. a heart disease

C. an attack

D. an accident

17. From the text we know that Raisa Mazepa ______.

A. didn’t love her husband

B. didn’t attend her husband’s funeral

C. was having an operation the day her husband was buried

D. was too sad to attend her husband’s funeral

18. The underlined word “emerged” most likely means ______.

A. came out

B. went into

C. disappeared

D. left for

19. How many family members of Anna are mentioned in the passage?

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A. Three.

B. Four

C. Five

D. Six

20. Which of the following words can best describe Politkovskaya’s character?

A. Curious

B. easy-going

C. careless

D. responsible

【参考答案】16—20、BBACD

阅读理解（一）

NASA’s Mars detector (探测器), Opportunity, succeeded in finding signs that water once existed on the planet. Opportunity landed on Mars in January. Scientists now believe that the planet could once have supported life.

This discovery was chosen by Science, one of the world’s leading magazin es, as the most important scientific achievement of 2004 last Friday.

“This little, wheeled, one-armed box went around another planet and has done something no human has ever managed,” according to Science. “It has discovered another place in the universe where life could once have existed.”

“Although we still can’t say that life could have existed in this environment, it is now certain that there was water on Mars,” said Steve Squyres, one of the scientists working on the Mars mission. The evidence comes from pictures and chemical readings taken by Opportunity. It includes marks on rocks like those caused by flowing water on Earth and salty chemicals like those found in dried-out sea-beds. Scientists said the new evidence proved beyond doubt that water has been existed on Mars. But it is still unknown whether the water on Mars was like an ocean or just ice.

While Opportunity has not found any signs of life, the presence of water means life is possible. “In everything we know about life on Earth, there is no example without liquid water,” Squyres said. “So water is important for the search for life on Mars.”

Researchers agree that a future mission (任务) should bring back physical samples (样品). But some scientists worry about the risk that this could introduce dangerous foreign creatures to Earth. “The problem here is how to get the samples back,” Squyres replied. “I think it is our responsibility to limit any risk.”

1. ________ prove that water existed on Mars.

A. The physical samples with salty chemicals

B. The marks on rocks and salty

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chemicals

C. Scientific achievements of 2004

D. Creatures from Mars

2. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A. It is now certain that there was water on Mars.

B. The water on Mars was like an ocean.

C. Evidence of life on Mars has been found.

D. Search for life on Mars is a great risk to humans.

3. How did scientists draw the conclusion that there was water on Mars?

A. The world’s leading magazine has announced the fact.

B. Scientists have taken many pictures and chemical readings on the Mars.

C. Astronauts have got some rocks from Mars.

D. Scientists have made a study of the pictures and readings sent back by Mars detector.

4. It can be inferred that, if the creatures from Mars came to Earth, ________.

A. they would be kind to humans

B. they would be cruel to humans

C. they would be a great danger to Earth

D. it would be hard to say whether it would be a good news or bad news

1. B 事实细节题。根据短文第五段“It includes marks on rocks like those caused by flowing water on Earth and salty chemicals like those found in dried-out sea-beds”一句可知：岩石上有类似地球上水流的痕迹和化学物。

2. A 事实细节题。根据第二段“succeeded in finding signs that water once existed on the planet”一句可判断，火星上有水。

3. D 事实归纳题。人们对火星的研究是通过探测器“机遇号”发回的图片和数据进行分析得出的，人类还没有登上火星，所以B、C两项不符文意。A项“杂志上报道的”更不能作为结论的根据

4. D 推测题。根据短文最后一段“some scientists worry about the risk that this could introduce dangerous foreign creatures to Earth”的意义，科学家有这种担心外星人是否会对人类造成危害。由此可推测：如果外星人来地球，是好是坏不得而知。

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