初中 中考 句子成分详解及练习

句子的成分是指组成句子的各个部分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、补足语、定语、状语等。

主要成分：主语 和 谓语

次要成分：表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语 等

一、 主语：句子所叙述的主体。一般位于句首，表示句子所说的是

“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名词、代词、数词、 不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。

注意：在there be结构、疑问（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，

主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。

例如：Tom is a good boy. (名词)

We often speak English in class. (代词) One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词) To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词) When we are going to have a test has not been decided. (主语从句)

It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式)

（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主

语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，一般由动词或动词

短语来充当，一般放在主语之后。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语的构成如下： 1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

I like apples. ( 动词 ) He practices running every morning. （动词短语）

2. 复合谓语：（1）由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

（2）由（系动词+表语）构成。 We are having a quick breakfast.

（三） 表语：用于说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态等，说明主

语“是什么”或“怎么样”。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、 动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。

位置：用在动词be和系动词（如keep, remain, become, get.

grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等）的后面。

表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语，即成系表结构。

My mother is a doctor. (名词)

Is it yours? (代词) The weather has turned cold. （形容词）

The speech is exciting. （现在分词） The door is closed. （过去分词） Three times seven is twenty one. （数词） His job is to teach English. （不定式） His hobby is playing football. （动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over. (副词)

The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句） （四） 宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后

面,说明主语“做什么”，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容 词、不定式和宾语从句。及物动词必须加宾语。

They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词）

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）

How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. （数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容

词）

He pretended not to see me. （不定式） I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词） I think (that) he is fit for this job. （宾语从句） 宾语种类：

< 1 > 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）

有的动词后面可接双宾语，包括常用来指人的间接宾语和常用来指物的直接宾语。

Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please.

间宾 直宾 直宾 间宾 ※ 这类词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make,

do等。带双宾语的及物动词,如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前,必须在变换时加“to”或“for”。

这类词可以归纳为“七 给” 一 “带” to不少, “ 买 ” 画 “ 制作” for来了：

1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring) 8个及物动词,在直接宾 语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“ vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如：

He lent some money to me.

类似动词的还有：get, mail, offer, pay, promise, read, sell, take, teach等

2、“buy” (买) ；“draw” (画) ；“make” (制作) 三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在 后边加“for”,构成 “vt. + sth. + for + sb.”

Mother bought a new dress for me。

类似动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix, leave, order等。

3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后。如：

Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西

Give it to me。把它给我

4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask, teach,

tell, owe, pay.

I asked John. 我问约翰

I asked a question. 我问了一个问题

I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题

< 2 >复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），例如：

They elected him their monitor.

宾语 宾语补足语

（五）宾语补足语：有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上

一个补足语。如果没有宾补, 有时候句子的意思就不完整。用来补充说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：

某些及物动词（如make, let, see, find, name等）或介词（如with）+ 宾语 +宾补

如 His father named him Dong Ming. (名词) They painted their boat white. (形容词) Let the fresh air in. （副词）

⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school. ⑩ They didn't know who \ really is. 5. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 6. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the

reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 7. 找出下列句中的定语

① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 8. 找出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 答案 1. ① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do 2. ① B② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C⑨ A⑩ A 3. ①tired. ②worried ③yellow. ④interested ⑤the first 4. ①homework. ②English. ③attention ④ words ⑤to go swimming ⑥ he was ill. ⑦ him monitor ⑧ bridge museum ⑨ it school. ⑩ who “Father Christmas” really is. 5. ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 ③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 ⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语 6.① to read

newspapers and books ② to take the boy ③ difficult ④ Lily ⑤ get on the bus ⑥ playing football 7.① family ②given③third ④ some ⑤ downstairs ⑥ of the other shoe! 8.① on her face. ②Every night ③ when he was eleven. ④ too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm ⑥ because she loves books. ⑦ if you’ve lost it ⑧ to see the other machine.

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