英国外交政策

Great Britain was the world's foremost power during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Until the Suez crisis of 1956, the country was considered a 'superpower'. After 1956 however, with the loss of the empire, its dominant role in global affairs was gradually diminished

1、 colonial expansion 16th century 殖民扩张

British foreign relations since 1600 have focused on achieving a balance of power, with no country controlling the continent of Europe. The chief enemy, from the Hundred Years' War until the defeat of Napoleon (1337-1815) was France, a larger country with a more powerful army. The British were generally successful in their many wars, with the notable exception of the American War of Independence (1775–1783), when Britain, without any major allies, was defeated by the colonials who had the support of France, the Netherlands and Spain. A favored diplomatic strategy was subsidizing the armies of continental allies, such as Prussia, thereby turning London's enormous financial power to military advantage. Britain relied heavily on its Royal Navy for security, seeking to keep it the most powerful fleet afloat with a full complement of bases across the globe.

The British built up a very large worldwide British Empire, which peaked in size in the 1920-40 era and in wealth around 1900, then began to shrink until by the 1970s almost nothing was left but a \to do.[2] Britain finally turned its attention to the continent, joining the European Union.[3]

After 1900 Britain ended its \

with the United States and Japan 1902. Even more important—by forming the Triple Entente with France (1904) and Russia (1907), thus forging the anti-German alliance that fought the First World War (1914-1918). The \relationship\War and the Cold War, and is in effect today through NATO. By 2014, however, the debate was underway whether Britain should reduce or cut its ties with the EU, and whether Scotland should leave the UK.[

2、splendid isolation WW1大陆均势

Splendid isolation is the foreign policy pursued by Great Britain during the late 19th century, especially under the Conservative Party premierships of Benjamin Disraeli and the Marquess of Salisbury.[1] The term was coined by a Canadian politician to praise Britain's minimal involvement in European affairs. There has been much debate among historians as to whether this policy was intentional or forced on Britain by contemporary events. Some historians, such as John Charmley, have argued that splendid isolation was a fiction for the period prior to the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1892, and that the policy was reluctantly pursued thereafter.[2] The Earl of Derby enunciated the policy in 1866 when he was foreign minister:

it is the duty of the Government of this country, placed as it is with regard to geographical position, to keep itself upon terms of goodwill with all surrounding nations, but not to entangle itself with any single or

monopolizing alliance with any one of them; above all to endeavor not to interfere needlessly and vexatiously with the internal affairs of any foreign country.\[2][3]

Background: During the late 19th century, Britain's primary goal in foreign policy

was to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to intervene should that balance be upset. Its secondary goal was to protect its overseas interest in the colonies and dominions, as free trade was what kept the Empire alive. The sea routes to the colonies, especially those linking Britain to India (via the Suez Canal), were vital.

The policy of 'Splendid Isolation' is perceived to have been characterized by a reluctance to enter into permanent European alliances or commitments with the other Great powers and by an increase in the importance given to British colonies, protectorates and dependencies overseas in an era of increasing competition in the wider world, a situation relatively unknown since Britain's conflicts with France during the eighteenth century.

Abandonment of this policy

Some historians argue that Britain's isolation was formally ended by the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance. However this is disputed by T.G. Otte, who argues that the Anglo-Japanese Alliance actually reinforced Britain's aloofness from the continent and the European alliance systems.[9] Britain began to normalize its relations with European countries that it had disputes with, and the Entente cordiale and the

Anglo-Russian Entente were signed in 1904 and 1907 respectively. The Alliance System was finally formed in the same year as the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, and is considered an important factor in the outbreak of World War I.[10] 3、allied powers 协约国一战时 4、splendid isolation

5、Policy of Appeasement WW2 绥靖主义

On 1 September 1939, German forces invaded Poland; Britain and France joined the war against Germany. Chamberlain's conduct of the war was not popular and, on 10 May 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister. In July, some politicians inside and outside the government were still willing to consider Hitler's peace offer, but Churchill would not.[13] Chamberlain died on 9 November the same year. Churchill delivered a tribute to him in which he said, \about these terrible, tremendous years, we can be sure that Neville Chamberlain acted with perfect sincerity according to his lights and strove to the utmost of his capacity and authority, which were powerful, to save the world from the awful, devastating struggle in which we are now engaged.\

After 1945 Britain systematically reduced its overseas commitments. Practically all the colonies became independent. Britain reduced its involvements in the Middle east, with the humiliating Suez Crisis of 1956 marking the end of its status as a superpower. However Britain did forge close military ties with the United States, and with traditional foes such as France and Germany, in the NATO military alliance. After years of debate (and rebuffs), Britain joined the Common Market in 1973; it is now the

European Union.[6] However it did not merge financially, and kept the pound separate from the Euro, which kept it partly isolated from the EU financial crisis of 2011.[7]

6、Three Circle Diplomacy:三环外交 1948

7、Iron curtain policy 铁幕政策 1946

The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet-controlled areas. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:

Member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Union as the leading state

Member countries of the European Community and/or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and with the United States as the leading country

Following a period of economic and political stagnation under Brezhnev and his immediate successors, the Soviet Union decreased its intervention in Eastern Bloc politics. Mikhail Gorbachev (General Secretary from 1985) decreased adherence to the Brezhnev Doctrine,[70] which held that if socialism were threatened in any state then other socialist governments had an obligation to intervene to preserve it, in favor of the \Doctrine\He also initiated the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring). A wave of Revolutions occurred throughout the Eastern Bloc in 1989.

8、splendid isolation policy made a comeback in the British media in 2011,

when UK Prime Minister David Cameron refused to back a deal to rescue the euro zone.[苏伊士] The EU plan for the banks was aimed to solve the European sovereign-debt crisis, by amending the EU treaties, which included the EU financial transaction tax. It would have cost Britain an estimated ￡26?billion a year. The veto was welcomed by Conservative MPs who support the traditional Tory stance of \isolation\in Europe, and advocate financial independence to regulate its own financial market.

9、Gunboat diplomacy 炮舰外交

The Second Anglo-Burmese War; 缅因战争 5 April 1852 – 20 December 1852) was the second of the three wars fought between the Burmese and British forces during the 19th century, with the outcome of the gradual extinction of Burmese sovereignty and independence；

The Second Opium War, was a war pitting the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860. It was fought over similar issues as the First Opium War.

补充：WW1 1914 - Again highlighted the fact that Britain was going to lose superpower status because of other countries had better economies, that were

growing faster, they had higher standard of living, better health and a more educated nation.

Prince George, son of Britain's Prince William and his wife Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge has caught the attention of the world and led a trend of \diaper diplomacy1\The trip also reminds the public of his father's first appearance in Oceania more than 30 years ago

乔治小王子——英国威廉王子和妻子凯瑟琳（剑桥公爵夫人）所生的儿子——首次海外出访，在新西兰和澳大利亚率先开展“尿布外交”，引来全球瞩目。这次出访让公众回忆起30多年前威廉小小年纪随父母访问新西兰。

许多媒体将乔治小王子的这次访问定名为diaper diplomacy ——“尿布外交”，足见小王子的人气甚至超过了父母。小王子抵达新西兰当天天气条件恶劣，因此小王子错过了famed Maori welcoming ceremony（著名的毛利人欢迎仪式）。不过小王子的父母和毛利人长者举行了nose-touching ceremony（碰鼻礼）。

小王子的母亲凯特王妃当天身穿buttoned-up red coat（红色双排扣外套），头戴同色系pillbox hat（平顶小圆帽），别着silver fern brooch（银蕨形胸针），抱着小王子走下飞机。这枚胸针是伊丽莎白二世60年前访问新西兰时收到的礼物，silver fern（银蕨）是新西兰特有的植物，是新西兰的标志。

Issue

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is highly important to the UK. Since 2011, the region has experienced major changes, driven by the political and economic demands of citizens of the region for more inclusive, democratic societies with a fair prospect of employment. MENA is also home to some of the most long-running and high-profile foreign policy issues in the world, including the current Syria crisis. MENA matters for our prosperity, too. Trade

between the UK and MENA exceeded ￡30 billion in 2011, and millions of British tourists visit the region each year.

Actions

Response to the Arab Spring: the Arab Partnership Through the Arab Partnership (AP), a joint Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Department for International Development (DFID) initiative, the government is supporting political and economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa region, to build a more inclusive, accountable MENA region. The AP includes diplomatic support for political reform, a ￡110 million bilateral fund to finance locally-led reform projects, and

influencing work through multilateral organisations, including the European Union, World Bank and International Monetary Fund, to build support for the region. The AP is led by demands from the region and its approach varies significantly from country to country in line with individual country contexts.

Ongoing support in Libya

The UK supported the Libyan people as they sought greater freedom after 42 years of repression under the Qadhafi regime. At the beginning of the revolution in March 2011, the UK was at the forefront of pushing for two UN Security Council Resolutions

to provide the international community with the legal mandate to take all necessary measures to protect civilians from the threat of attack and to enforce a no-fly zone.

Together with international partners, we are now providing a range of assistance to the new Libyan government. It faces significant challenges as it seeks to build a prosperous, open and democratic country which supports the rule of law and human rights. But the amount that has been achieved since the end of the conflict - most notably the successful national democratic elections held for the first time in nearly half a century - shows the determination of the Libyan people to rebuild their country after decades of misrule.

Finding an end to the crisis in Syria

The government is working with international partners to bring about an end to violence and achieve a managed political transition. We have already committed over ￡700 million to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis and help the Syrian people prepare economically and politically for a new government. More on the crisis in Syria.

Working to destroy the threat of ISIL

The government is working with international partners to dismantle and ultimately destroy the terrorist organisation ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also known as Islamic State, Da’esh or ISIS). We are undertaking a wide range of political, humanitarian and military activity to stop ISIL and support Iraq and Syria. The UK is playing an active role with airstrikes and intelligence gathering as part of the wider international strategy against ISIL involving Arab, US, and European nations. Find out more about the UK government’s actions to counter ISIL.

The Middle East Peace Process

Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of our top foreign policy priorities. This conflict matters to British national security, and to the security of the entire region, and we will take every opportunity to help promote a peaceful 2-state solution.

Stabilising Yemen

The UK is providing Yemen with ￡196 million from 2012 to 2015. Most of this money will go to alleviate humanitarian suffering and to the Social Fund for Development to improve rural

infrastructure and expand social protection.DFID is supporting

Yemen’s long-term development, stability and security. More on Yemen.

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) The G8’s Broader Middle East and North Africa (BMENA) initiative is an annual dialogue, run since 2004, between the governments and civil society representatives of the G8 and the BMENA countries and territories. In 2013 the UK, as the G8 Presidency, is co-chairing the BMENA initiative with the Egyptian government.

Background

The Arab Spring has shown that demands for political and economic freedom will spread widely by themselves, not because Western nations advocate these values, but because all people everywhere aspire to these freedoms.

In his speech to the National Assembly in Kuwait on 22 February 2011, the Prime Minister set out the UK’s approach to the Arab Spring, upholding universal values, rights and freedoms, with respect for the different cultures, histories and traditions of the countries in the region.

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