(完整word版)高分子材料工程专业英语翻译解析

Unit 1 What are polymers?

What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt.

什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。

To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands.

与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。

These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much sma ller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds.

这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。

To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound.

举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种化合物组成的高聚物。

Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.

另一方面，环可以大小不同、材料不同, 相连接后形成具有不同化合物组成的聚合物。This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’ and mer meaning ‘part’ (in Greek).

聚合物的名称来自于许多单元相连接，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。

As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight.

例如：气态化合物丁二烯的分子量为54，连接4000次可得到分子量大约为200000的聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）高聚物。

The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows:

形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程：

butadiene + butadiene + ??? + butadiene--→polybutadiene(4 000 time)

丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯（4000次）

One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight.

能够知道分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。

It is essentially the “giantness” of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior (different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene.)

实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物（的性能）

Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5℃and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene.

例如固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。

As against this well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into clean liquid.

与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。

Instead, it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass. Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene. (Fig. 1.1) .

而聚合物变得越来越软，最终变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，它会转变成不同气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process.

聚合物行为和低分子量化合物另一不同的行为为溶解过程。

Let us take, for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to fixed quantity of water. The salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to a point (called saturation point) but, thereafter, any further quantity added does not go into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid.

例如，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到定量的水中。盐作为一种低分子量化合物，在水中溶解直到某一点（叫饱和点），但进一步添加, 盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态

The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of water. But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately.

饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度接近.但是，如果我们用聚合物，如聚乙烯醇添加到定量水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。

The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution.

聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生变形，经过很长时间后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。

Also, we can add a very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached.

同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。

As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increases and the mix ultimately assumes a soft, dough-like consistency.

将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。

Another peculiarity is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature [as the excess sodium chloride does] [in a saturated salt solution].

另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。

In conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution, (2) the absence of a saturation point, and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer.

总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustrated in Fig.1.2.

Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form chain-like macromolecules through elimination of the double bond, a phenomenon first recognized by Staudinger. Diolefins polymerize in the same manner, however, only one of the two double bonds is eliminated.

Staudinger首先发现许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。二烯烃以同样的方式聚合，但仅消除两个双键中的一个。

Such reactions occur through the initial addition of a monomer molecule to an initiator radical or an initiator ion, by which the active state is transferred from the initiator to the added monomer.

这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。

In the same way by means of a chain reaction, one monomer molecule after the other is added (2000~20000 monomers per second) until the active state is terminated through a different type of reaction.

单体分子通过链式反应以同样的方式一个接一个地加上（每秒2000～20000个单体）直到活性中心通过不同的反应方式终止。

The polymerization is a chain reaction in two ways: because of the reaction kinetic and because as a reaction product one obtains a chain molecule. The length of the chain molecule is proportional to the kinetic chain length.

聚合反应成为链式反应的两种原因：反应动力学和作为链式反应产物分子。链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。

One can summarize the process as follow (R. is equal to the initiator radical):

链式反应可以概括为以下过程（R·相当与引发剂自由基）：略

One thus obtains polyvinylchloride from vinylchloride, or polystyrene from styrene, or polyethylene from ethylene, etc.

因而通过上述过程由氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯，或由苯乙烯获得聚苯乙烯，或乙烯获得聚乙烯，等等。

The length of the chain molecules, measured by means of the degree of polymerization, can be varied over a large range through selection of suitable reaction conditions.

分子链长通过聚合度测量，可以通过选择适宜的反应条件大为改变

Usually, with commercially prepared and utilized polymers, the degree of polymerization lies in the range of 1000 to 5000, but in many cases it can be below 500 and over 10000.

商业制备和使用的聚合物，聚合度通常在1000～5000范围内，但在许多情况下可低于500或高于10000。

This should not be interpreted to mean that all molecules of a certain polymeric material consist of 500, or 1000, or 5000 monomer units. In almost all cases, the polymeric material consists of a mixture of polymer molecules of different degrees of polymerization.

这不应该把聚合物材料所有的分子理解为由500，或1000，或5000个单体单元组成。在几乎所有的情况下，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。Polymerization, a chain reaction, occurs according to the same mechanism as the well-known chlorine-hydrogen reaction and the decomposition of phosegene.

链式聚合反应的机理与众所周知的氯（气）-氢（气）反应和光气的分解机理相同。The initiation reaction, which is the activation process of the double bond, can be brought about by heating, irradiation, ultrasonics, or initiators. The initiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly with radical or ionic initiators.

通过双键活化的引发剂反应，可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。可以很清楚地进行研究用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发的链式反应。

These are energy-rich compounds which can add suitable unsaturated compounds (monomers) and maintain the activated radical or ionic state so that further monomer molecules can be added in the same manner.

这些是高能态的化合物，它们能够加成不饱和化合物（单体）并保持自由基或离子活性中心以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。

For the individual steps of the growth reaction one needs only a relatively small activation

energy and therefore through a single activation step (the actual initiation reaction) a large number of olefin molecules are converted, as is implied by the term “chain reaction”.

对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的活化反应（即引发反应）即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。

Because very small amounts of the initiator bring about the formation of a large amount of polymeric material (1:1000 to 1:1000), it is possible to regard polymerization from a superficial point of view as a catalytic reaction.

因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料（1：1000～1：10000），从表面上看聚合反应被看成是催化反应。

For this reason, the initiators used in polymerization reactions are often designated as polymerization catalysts, even though, in the strictest sense, they are not true catalysts because the polymerization initiator enters into the reaction as a real partner and can be found chemically bound in the reaction product ,i.e. ,the polymer.

由于这个原因，通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发剂。但因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分，同时可以在反应产物，既聚合物的末端发现催化剂，所以严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂，

In addition to the ionic and radical initiators there are now metal complex initiators (which can be obtained, for example, by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride or titanium trichloride with aluminum alkyls), which play an important role in polymerization reactions (Ziegler catalysts) ,The mechanism of their catalytic action is not yet completely clear.

除离子引发剂和自由基引发剂外，还有金属络合物引发剂（可以通过四氯化钛或三氯化钛与烷基铝的反应得到）。它们在聚合反应中起到了重要作用（齐格纳引发剂）。它

Disproportionation,歧化（终止）

子。Anion:阴离子

Complex：络合物

Di-: 二。Tri-:三。Tetra-: 四。Mono-：单。

Penta-：五个；hexa-:六

Alkyl：烷基alkane：烷烃。Alkene: 烯

烃

by means of…: B y using

One…after the other…一个接一个…..

be proportional to…: 和…成正比

Lie in 处于，落在，在于

Bring about,引起，产生，导致

from a superficial point of view, 从表面上

看

in the proper(strict、literal)sense 在本来

（严格、字面）的意义上说的

play an important role in…: 在….方面起

重要作用

Even though=even if ,即使，纵然

In addition to…除了…….之外，在…….

起重要作用

Many different chemical reactions may be used to synthesize polymeric materials by step-growth polymerization. These include esterification, amidation, the formation of urethanes, aromatic substitution, etc.

通过逐步聚合可用许多不同的化学反应来合成聚合材料。这些反应包括酯化、酰胺化、氨基甲酸酯、芳香族取代物的形成等。

Polymerization proceeds by the reactions between two different functional groups, e.g., hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, or isocyanate and hydroxyl groups.

通过在两种不同的官能团，如，羟基和羧基，或异氰酸酯和羟基之间可发生聚合反应。All step-growth polymerization fall into two groups depending on the type of monomer(s) employed. The first involves two different polyfunctional monomers in which each monomer possesses only one type of functional group.

所有的逐步聚合反应根据所使用单体的类型可分为两类。第一类涉及两种不同的官能团单体，每一种单体仅具有一种官能团。

A polyfunctional monomer is one with two or more functional groups per molecule. The second involves a single monomer containing both types of functional groups.

一种多官能团单体每个分子有两个或多个官能团。第二类涉及含有两类官能团的单个单体。

The synthesis of polyamides illustrates both groups of polymerization reactions. Thus, polyamides can be obtained from the reaction of diamines with diacids or from the reaction of amino acids with themselves.

聚酰胺的合成说明了两类聚合反应。因此聚酰胺可以由二元胺和二元酸的反应或氨基酸之间的反应得到。

The two groups of reactions can be represented in a general manner by the equations as follows

两种官能团之间的反应一般来说可以通过下列反应式表示

Reaction (3.1) illustrates the former, while (3.2) is of the latter type.

反应（3.1）说明前一种形式，而反应（3.2）具有后一种形式。Polyesterification, whether between diol and dibasic acid or intermolecularly between hydroxy acid molecules, is an example of a step-growth polymerization process.

聚酯化反应是逐步聚合反应过程的一个例子。反应可能在二元酸和二元醇之间或羟基酸分子间进行。

The esterification reaction occurs anywhere in the monomer matrix where two monomer molecules collide, and once the ester has formed, it, too, can react further by virtue of its still-reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.

酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基还可以进一步进行反应。

The net effect of this is that monomer molecules are consumed rapidly without any large increase in molecular weight.

酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却没有多少增加。

Fig. 3.1 illustrates this phenomenon. Assume, for example, that each square in Fig. 3.1a represents a molecule of hydroxy acid. After the initial dimmer molecules from (b), half the monomer molecules have been consumed and the average degree of polymerization (DP) of polymeric species is 2.

图3.1说明了这个现象。假定图3.1中的每一个方格代表一个羟基酸分子。产生二聚体分子后（b），一半的单体分子消耗了，这时平均聚合度（DP）是2。

As trimer and more dimer molecules form (c), more than 80% of the monomer molecules have reacted, but DP is still 2.5. When all the monomer molecules have reacted (d), DP is 4.

（c）中形成三聚体和更多的二聚体，超过80%的单体分子已参加反应，但DP仅仅还是2.5。（d）中所有的单体反应完，DP是4。

But each polymer molecule that forms still has reactive end groups; hence the polymerization reaction will continue in a stepwise fashion, with each esterification step being identical in rate and mechanism to the initial esterification of monomers.

但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基；因此，聚合反应将以逐步的方式继续进行，其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。Thus, molecular weight increases slowly even at high levels of monomer conversion, and it will continue to increase until the viscosity build-up makes it mechanically too difficult to remove water of esterification or for reactive end groups to find each other.

这样，分子量在高单体转化率下缓慢增加，继续增加直到粘度增加到难以除去酯化反应的水或端基难以相互反应为止。

It can also be shown that in the A-A+B-B type of polymerization, an exact stoichiometric balance is necessary to achieve high molecular weights. If some monofunctional impurity is present, its reaction will limit the molecular weight by rendering a chain end inactive. 在A-A+B-B的聚合反应中，精确的定量配比是获得高分子量所必需的。假如存在一些单官能团杂质，由于链的端基失活，其反应将限制分子量。

Similarly, high-purity monomers are necessary in the A-B type of polycondensation and it follows that high-yield reactions are the only practical ones for polymer formation, since side reactions will upset the stoichiometric balance.

同样，在A-B类的缩聚反应中高纯度的单体是必要的。因为副反应会破坏定量配比，

Ionic polymerization, similar to radical polymerization, also has the mechanism of a chain reaction. The kinetics of ionic polymerization are, however, considerably different from that of radical polymerization.

离子聚合反应，与自由基聚合反应相似，也是链反应机理。但离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应。

(1) The initiation reaction of ionic polymerization needs only a small activation energy. Therefore, the rate of polymerization depends only slightly on the temperature.

(1)离子聚合的引发反应仅需要很小的活化能。因此，聚合反应的速率与温度关系不大。Ionic polymerizations occur in many cases with explosive violence even at temperature. below 50℃(for example, the anionic polymerization of styrene at –70℃in tetrahydrofuran, or the cationic polymerization of isobutylene at –100℃in liquid ethylene ).

在许多情况甚至低于50℃下离子聚合反应剧烈（例如，苯乙烯的阴离子聚合在-70℃在四氢呋喃中反应，异丁烯的阳离子聚合在-100℃在液态乙烯中反应）。

With ionic polymerization there is no compulsory chain termination through recombination, because the growing chains can not react with each other.

对于离子聚合来说，因为生长链之间不能发生反应，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止。

Chain termination takes place only through impurities, or through the addition of certain compounds such as water, alcohols, acids, amines, or oxygen, and in general through compounds which can react with polymerization ions under the formation of neutral compounds or inactive ionic species.

链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过和某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应生成中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物。

If the initiators are only partly dissociated, the initiation reaction is an equilibrium reaction, where reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in the other direction to chain termination.

如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，引发反应即为一个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。

In general ionic polymerization can be initiated through acidic or basic compounds.

通常离子聚合反应能通过酸性或碱性化合物被引发。

For cationic polymerization, complexes of BF3, AlCl3, TiCl4, and SnCl4 with water, or

alcohols, or tertiary oxonium salts have shown themselves to be particularly active. The positive ions are the ones that cause chain initiation. For example:

对于阳离子聚合反应来说，BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4和SnCl4与水、或乙醇，或叔烊盐的络合物活性特别高。正离子产生链引发。例如：

However, also with HCl, H2SO4, and KHSO4, one can initiate cationic polymerization. Initiators for anionic polymerization are alkali metals and their organic compounds, such as phenyllithium, butyllithium, phenyl sodium, and triphenylmethyl potassium, which are more or less strongly dissociated in different solvents.

但BF3与HCl、H2SO4和KHSO4也可以引发阳离子聚合反应。阴离子聚合反应的引发剂是碱金属和它们的有机金属化合物，例如苯基锂、丁基锂和三苯甲基锂，它们在溶剂中高度离解。

To this group belong also the so called Alfin catalysts, which are a mixture of sodium isopropylate, allyl sodium, and sodium chloride.

所谓的Alfin催化剂就是属于这一类，这类催化剂是异丙醇钠、烯丙基钠和氯化钠的混合物。

With BF3 (and isobutylene as the monomer), it was demonstrated that the polymerization is possible only in the presence of traces of traces of water or alcohol.

BF3为引发剂（异丁烯为单体），在痕量水或乙醇下聚合反应才可以进行。

If one eliminates the trace of water, BF3 alone does not give rise to polymerization. Water or alcohols are necessary in order to allow the formation of the BF3-complex and the initiator cation according to the above reactions. However, one should not describe the water or the alcohol as a “cocatalyst”.

如果消除痕量的水，BF3单独不会引发聚合反应。对于上述反应，水或乙醇对于形成BF3-络合物和引发剂离子是必需的。但是水或乙醇不应认为是“助催化剂”。

Just as by radical polymerization, one can also prepare copolymers by ionic polymerization, for example, anionic copolymers of styrene and butadiene, or cationic copolymers of isobutylene and styrene, or isobutylene and viny ethers, etc.

与自由基聚合反应一样，通过离子聚合反应也能制备共聚物，例如，苯乙烯-丁二烯阴离子共聚物，或异丁烯-苯乙烯阳离子共聚物，或异丁烯-乙烯基醚共聚物，等等。

As has been described in detail with radical polymerization, one can characterize each monomer pair by so-called reactivity ratios r1 and r2.

正如对自由基型聚合已经详细描述过那样，人们可以用所谓的竞聚率r1和r2来表征每

Traditional methods of living polymerization are based on ionic, coordination or group transfer mechanisms.

活性聚合的传统方法是基于离子，配位或基团转移机理。

Ideally, the mechanism of living polymerization involves only initiation and propagation steps.

理论上活性聚合的机理只包括引发和增长反应步骤。

All chains are initiated at the commencement of polymerization and propagation continues until all monomer is consumed.

在聚合反应初期所有的链都被引发，然后增长反应继续下去直到所有的单体都被消耗殆尽。

A type of novel techniques for living polymerization, known as living (possibly use “controlled” or “mediated”) radical polymerization, is developed recently.

最近开发了一种叫做活性自由基聚合的活性聚合新技术。

The first demonstration of living radical polymerization and the current definition of the processes can be attributed to Szwarc.

第一个活性自由基聚合的证实及目前对这一过程的解释或定义，应该归功于Szwarc。Up to now, several living radical polymerization processes, including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), etc., have been reported one after another.

到目前为止，一些活性自由基聚合过程，包括原子转移自由基聚合，可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合，硝基氧介导聚合等聚合过程一个接一个被报道。

The mechanism of living radical polymerization is quite different not only from that of common radical polymerization but also from that of traditional living polymerization.

活性自由基聚合的机理不仅完全不同于普通自由基聚合机理，也不同于传统的活性聚合机理。

It relies on the introduction of a reagent that undergoes reversible termination with the propagating radicals thereby converting them to a following dormant form：

活性自由基聚合依赖于向体系中引入一种可以和增长自由基进行可逆终止的试剂，形成休眠种：

The specificity in the reversible initiation-termination step is of critical importance in achieving living characteristics.

这种特殊的可逆引发-终止反应对于获得分子链活性来说具有决定性的重要意义。This enables the active species concentration to be controlled and thus allows such a condition to be chosen that all chains are able to grow at a similar rate (if not simultaneously) throughout the polymrization.

可逆引发终止使活性中心的浓度能够得以控制。这样就可以来选择适宜的反应条件，使得在整个聚合反应过程中(只要没有平行反应)所有的分子链都能够以相同的速度增长。

This has, in turn, enabled the synthesis of polymers with controlled composition, architecture and molecular weight distribution.

这样就可以合成具有可控组成，结构和分子量分布的聚合物。

They also provide routes to narrow dispersity end-functional polymers, to high purity block copolymers, and to stars and other more complex architecture.

这些还可以提供获得狭窄分布末端功能化聚合物，高纯嵌段共聚物，星型及更复杂结构高分子的合成方法。

The first step towards living radical polymerization was taken by Ostu and his colleagues in 1982.

活性自由基聚合是Ostu和他的同事于1982年率先开展的。

In 1985, this was taken one step further with the development by Solomon et al. of nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP).

1985年，Solomon等对氮氧化物稳定自由基聚合的研究使活性自由基聚合进一步发展。This work was first reported in the patent literature and in conference papers but was not

widely recognized until 1993 when Georges et al. applied the method in the synthesis of narrow polydispersity polystyrene.

这种方法首先在专利文献和会议论文中报道，但是直到1993年Georges等把这种方法应用在窄分子量分布聚苯乙烯之后，才得以广泛认知。

The scope of NMP has been greatly expended and new, more versatile, methods have appeared.

NMP的领域已经得到很大的延展，出现了新的更多样化的方法。

The most notable methods are atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and polymerization with reversible addition fragmentation (RAFT).

最引人注目的方法是原子转移自由基聚合和可逆加成断裂聚合。

Up to 2000, this area already accounted for one third of all papers in the field of radical polymerization, as shown in Fig.5.1.

到2000年，这个领域的论文已经占所有自由基聚合领域论文的三分之一。如图5.1所示。

Naturally, the rapid growth of the number of the papers in the field since 1995 ought to be almost totally attributable to development in this area.

很自然，自从1995年以来，在这个领域里论文数量的快速增长应当完全归功于这个领

Prime, 最初的，基本的，首要的，首位的，最好的，第一流的

对聚合物的合成和应用而言，聚合物的分子量是最重要的。

The interesting and useful mechanical properties which are uniquely associated with polymeric materials are a consequence of their high molecular weight.

令人感兴趣的和具有使用价值的力学性能与高分子材料存在的唯一的相关性，而这些性能是聚合物的高分子量带来的。聚合物材料的高分子量带来了令人感兴趣的和具有

利用价值的力学性能。

Most important mechanical properties depend on and vary considerably with molecular weight.

最重要的力学性能取决于分子量，而且随着分子量变化而发生很大的变化。

Thus, strength of polymer does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000～10 000 is achieved.

因此,直到最小分于量增大到大约5 000～10 000 以后, 聚合物的强度才开始显示出来. Above that size, there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of polymers as their molecular weight increases; the effect levels off at still higher molecular weights. Level off…达到平衡，变平缓，趋缓

分子量大于这个值的时候，随着分子量的增加，聚合物的机械性能快速增加;达到更高的分子量的时候，这种效应才变平缓。

In most instances, there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application.

In most instances, 在大多数情况下Optimum，最适条件，最适度，最适合的

在大多数情况下，对于某种特定的应用来说，某种聚合物存在着某一个分子量范围。The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerization process.

Be essential for…, 对……是必需的

聚合物分子量的控制对聚合过程的实际应用而言是必需的。对实际的聚合过程而言，必须控制聚合物的分子量。

When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer, one means something quite different from that which applies to small-sized compounds.

Speak of…，谈到……..

当人们谈到聚合物分子量的时候，他所指的是和(适用于)低分子化合物的分子量完全不同的另一回事。

Polymers differ from the small-sized compounds in that they are polydisperse or heterogeneous in molecular weight.

Differ from…，与……..不同，或不一致。Polydisperse, 多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均匀的，非均相的，

聚合物与小分子量化合物的不同在于聚合物的分子量是多分散性的或不均匀的。Even if a polymer is synthesized free from contaminants and impurities, it is still not a pure substance in the usually accepted sense.

Free from…,没有……，无…….. Contaminant,污物Impurity, 杂质In the usually accepted sense…，在能被人们广泛接受的意义上

即使聚合物在没有污物和杂质的情况下被合成，在人们广泛接受的意义上，它仍然不是纯物质。

Polymers, in their purest form, are mixture of molecules of different molecular weights.

最纯净的聚合物是具有不同分子量的分子的混合物。

The reason for the polydispersity of polymers lies in the statistical variations present in the polymerization processes.

Lie in…，在于……. Statistical, 统计的Variation [v?ri’eiS?n],n，变化，改变聚合物多分散性在于聚合过程中展现的统计变化。

When one discusses the molecular weight of a polymer, one is actually involved with its average molecular weight.

当我们讨论聚合物的分子量，准确的含义是平均分子量。

Both the average molecular weight and the exact distribution of different molecular weights within a polymer are required in order to fully characterize it.

In order to, 为了……

为了充分地表征聚合物，不仅要求平均分子量，而且也要求聚合物内不同分子量的确切的分布情况。

The control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD) is often used to obtain and improve certain desired physical properties in a polymer product.

为了获得和改善聚合物产品的某些理想的物理性质，我们经常需要控制分子量和分子量分布。

Various methods are available for the experimental measurement of the average molecular weight of a polymer sample.

在聚合物样品平均分子量的实验测试中有许多方法可以利用。

These include methods based on colligative properties, light scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation, and sedimentation.

Colligative property, 依数性；Light scattering, 光散射Viscosity,粘度法Ultracentrifugation, 超速离心分离Sedimentation,沉降法

这些方法基于依数性，光散射，粘度法，超速离心分离，沉降法。

The various methods do not yield the same average molecular weight.

不同的方法得到不同的平均分子量。

Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured are biased different toward the different sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample. biase [‘bai?s],斜线，倾向性，偏向

Be biased toward….,有….偏向，偏于…

(对同一聚合物)得到了不同的平均分子量，因为所测得的性质对试样中不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差。

Some methods are biased toward the larger sized polymer molecules, while other methods are biased toward the smaller sized molecules.

一些方法对较大尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差（倾向性），而另外一些方法则对较小尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差（倾向性）。

The result is that the average molecular weights obtained are correspondingly biased toward the larger or smaller sized molecules.

所获得的平均分子量分别对较大的或较小的分子有（偏差）倾向性。

The most important average molecular weights which are determined are the number-average molecular weight Mn, the weight-average molecular weight Mw and the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv.。

被测定的最重要平均分子量有数均分子量Mn, 重均分子量Mw,和粘均分子量Mv.

In addition to the different average molecular weights of a polymer sample, it is frequently desirable and necessary to know the exact distribution of molecular weights. 除聚合物样品的不同的平均分子量外，经常需要知道确切的分子量分布。

A variety of different fractionation methods are used to determine the molecular weight

distribution of a polymer sample.

A variety of…,各种各样的Fractionation[fr?kS?’neiS?n],分级

各种各样的不同的分级方法被用来确定聚合物样品的分子量分布。

These are based on fractionation of a polymer sample using properties, such as solubility and permeability, which vary with molecular weight.

Solubility, 溶解性Permeability, 渗透性

这些方法基于使用诸如溶解性，渗透性等性质进行聚合物样品的分级，这些性质随着

溶解高分子需要一个缓慢的过程，这个过程分两步发生。

First, solvent molecules slowly diffuse into the polymer to produce a swollen gel. Diffuse，vt，扩散。Diffusion，n，扩散

溶剂分子缓慢地扩散到高分子中产生溶胀凝胶。

This may be all that happens if，for example，the polymer-polymer intermolecular forces are high because of crosslinking，crystallinity·or strong hydrogen bonding.

例如, 如果因交联，结晶和很强的氢键而形成很大的分子间力，(聚合物的溶解过程)有可能就只停留在这一阶段。

But if these forces can be overcome by the introduction of strong polymer-solvent interactions, the second stage of solution can take place.

但是如果这些力被强的高分子-溶剂之间相互作用克服，溶解的第二阶段就会发生。Here the gel gradually disintegrates into a true solution. Disintegrate，分解，崩解，分裂，蜕变；disintegrable，能（在水中）崩解的

即，凝胶逐渐变成一个真正的溶液。

Only this stage can be materially speeded by agitation.

Agitation，搅拌，agitate，vt，搅拌，搅动，鼓动。注意：Stir之间的区别。Agitator，stirrer，都是搅拌器，stirrer更强调具有反应的搅拌器。Speed, vt, 促进；materially, ad,物质上，实质上，大大地，相当地

只有这个阶段可以通过搅拌得到明显促进。

Even so, the solution process can be quite slow (days or weeks) for materials of very high molecular weight. Even so，虽然如此

虽然如此，对高分子量的材料而言，溶解过程是相当缓慢的（几天或几个星期）。Solubility relations in polymer systems are more complex than those among low molecular-weight compounds, because of the size differences between polymer and solvent molecules, the viscosity of the system, and the effects of the texture and molecular weight of the polymer.

因为高分子和溶剂分子之间尺寸上的区别，体系的粘度以及聚合物分子量及织态结构的影响等原因，高分子体系的溶解性关系比低分子量化合物要复杂得多。

In turn，the presence or absence of solubility as conditions(such as the nature of the solvent，or the temperature)are varied can give much information about the polymer. 当条件(溶剂的性质或温度)变化的时候，有无溶解性又可提供出许多关于这种聚合物的信息。

As specified in the literature，the arrangements of the polymer chain differing by reason of rotations about single bands are termed conformations.

Specify, 定义，literature,文献，by reason of…由于….的原因Be termed…被定义为….，叫做……..arrangement，排布，排列Conformation，构象

正如在文献中所定义的那样，由于围绕着单键的旋转而导致的聚合物链不同的空间排布叫做构象。

In solution, a polymer molecule is a randomly coiling mass most of whose conformations occupy[‘okjupai] many times the volume of its segments alone.

Segment, 链段，randomly，无规则的，coiling，线团状的，mass，物质，质点

在溶液中，聚合物分子是无规线团状,而大部分构象占链段分子自身体积的许多倍。The average density of segments within a dissolved polymer molecule is of 10-4~10-5g/cm3.

溶解聚合物分子里的平均链段密度是10-4~10-5g/cm3

The size of the molecular coil is very much influenced by the polymer-solvent interaction forces.

聚合物-溶剂之间的作用力对分子线团尺寸有很大的影响。

In a thermodynamically “good”solvent, where polymer-solvent contacts are highly favored, the coils are relatively extended.

在热力学上的好溶剂中，聚合物-溶剂作用较强，线团是相对伸展的。

In a “poor” solvent they are relatively contracted.

Contracted，收缩的，缩小的，缩短的，已订婚的

而在不良溶剂中，线团则是相对收缩的。

It is the purpose to describe the conformational properties of both ideal and real polymer chains.

使用上述方法的目的是描述理想的和真实的聚合物链构象。

The importance of the random-coil nature of the dissolved, molten, amorphous, and glassy states of high polymers cannot be overemphasized.

Overemphasize, [ouv?’emf?saiz],过分强调

我们无论怎样强调溶解的，熔融的，无定形的，玻璃态的高分子无规线团性质的重要性都不过分。

Many important physical as well as thermodynamic properties of high polymers result from this characteristic structural feature.

高分子的许多重要的物理及热力学性质都是这个结构特征引起的。

The random coil(Fig. 7. 1) arises from the relative freedom of rotation associated with the chain bonds of most polymers and the formidably large number of conformations accessible to the molecule.

Arise from 由于…….而产生，而造成，起因于……. Associate with….联合…..，与……发生联系Formidably, 可怕地，难对付地，难克服地

Accessible to...为……..所能达到的…….

无规线团(图7. 1)一方面是由于聚合物链上的键自由旋转而产生的，另一方面是由于(聚合物)分子(链)可达到巨大的构象数而产生的。Fig. Tab.

One of these conformations, the fully extended chain has special interest because its length, the contour length of the chain, can be calculated in a straightforward way. Contour，外形，轮廓，contour length ，伸直长度，

in a straightforward way，直接地

我们对这些构象之一，也是充分伸展的链有特殊的兴趣，因为它的长度，即链的伸直长度可以直接地计算出来。

In all other cases the size of the random coil must be expressed in terms of statistical parameters such as the root-mean-square distance between its ends, (r2)1/2, or its radius of gyration, the root-mean-square distance of the elements of the chain from its center of gravity, (s2)1/2.

the elements of the chain,链节。radius of gyration ，回转半径，回旋半径。For linear polymers that are not appreciably extended beyond their most probable shape, the mean-square end-to-end distance and the square of the radius of gyration are simply related:r2=6s2. for extended chains r2>6s2.

Appreciably，可估计地，可感觉到地

在线型聚合物的形状没有超出的充分伸展的情况下，平均末端距离的平方和回转半径之间可以简单地相关：r2=6s2。对伸展链则有：r2>6s2.

The use of the radius of gyration is sometimes preferred because it can be determined experimentally.

有时回旋半径更为常用，因为它可以用实验来确定。center of gravity，重心，质心。在所有其他的场合，无规线团的尺寸必须用统计参数来表示，如链末端之间距离的均

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