诗歌的韵律及押韵格式

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第一节 头韵

头韵是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。如克里斯蒂娜?罗塞蒂的《歌》前两诗节:

When I am dead, my dearest, Sing no sad songs for me; Plant thou no rose at my head, Nor shady cypress tree:

Be the green grass above me With showers and dewdrops wet; And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget. (Christina Rossetti: Song)

第一行的dead / dearest,第二行的sing / sad / songs,第五行的green / grass,第六行的 with / wet押头韵。

又如柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》第103~第106行: The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.

(Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)

前三行里,头韵[f]重复七次。这个摩擦送气的清辅音模仿柔风轻涛的声音,创造出一种宁静的意境。第四行里的两个[s]音宛如和风吹过沉寂海面而发出的咝咝声。头韵在这里的使用,令读者有身临其境之感。另外,中间韵blew / flew,first / burst,furrow / followed,尾韵free / sea形成悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。

再如莎士比亚编号为71的十四行诗前八行: No longer mourn for me when I am dead Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell Give warning to the world that I am fled

From this vile world with vilest worms to dwell. Nay, if you read this line, remember not The hand that writ it; for I love you so

That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot If thinking on me would make you woe. 每行都有不同的头韵。第一行为mourn / me,第二行为surly / sullen,第三行为warning / world,第四行为world / worm,第五行为read / remember,第八行为me / make和would / woe。第二行、第三行和第五行为than / that / this,第七行和第八行为thoughts / thinking。这样的不同首字母交替出现在一个诗节中,可以称为交叉头韵。

诗人在使用头韵时,还使用一种声音的重复,通过这种声音的重复表达一种独特的情感。如多恩的《歌》:

When thou sigh‘st, thou sigh‘st not wind But sigh‘st my soul away;

When thou weep‘st, unkindly kind, My life‘s blood doth decay. It cannot be,

That thou lov‘st me, as thou say‘st, If in thine my life thou waste, Thou art the best of me. (John Donne: Song)

此诗节使用的头韵有when / wind / weep / waste,sigh / soul / say,doth / decay,blood / be / best,thou / then / that等。另外,在sigh、kindly、thine、my和life中有频繁的元音字母i,此音暗示悲伤和抑郁,加上它是一个长元音,自然就减缓了诗行自然的快节奏运动,哀伤和抑郁之情得到了充分的表现。

同样的诗歌技巧也体现在爱伦?坡的《乌鸦》之中,如该诗的最后一节: And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,

And the lamp-light o‘er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted –nevermore! (Allan Poe: The Raven) 此诗节中除了各行的头韵(still / sitting,pallid / Pallas,his / have,lamp / light,from / floating / floor),还有内韵(flitting / sitting,seeming / dreaming等),贯穿整个诗节的短元音、[æ],长元音[i:]、[o:]和双元音[?u]生动地传达出了主人公的痛苦和绝望。 第二节 尾韵

尾韵(end rhyme)指行尾押韵单词最后的重读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同,而元音前面的辅音则不能相同。也就是说,元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵,而元音前面的辅音则不押韵。这种韵又被称为全韵(perfect rhyme)。根据音节的数量,可分为单音节尾韵(single rhyme)、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)和三重音节尾韵(triple rhyme)。 单音节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵(masculine rhyme),是在诗行结尾重读音节之间出现的最普遍的押韵。如米勒《在太平洋之滨》第二诗节: Above yon gleaming skies of gold One lone imperial peak is seen; While gathered at his feet in green Ten thousand foresters are told. And all so still! So still the air That duty drops the web of care. (Joaquin Miller: By the Pacific Ocean)

第一、四行押韵,第二、三行押韵,第五、六行押韵,都是重读单音节。 虽然是单音节押韵,但它只要求一个音节押韵,而不要求押韵的一个音节是一个单音节单词。例如叶芝《走过柳园》第一节:

Down by the sally gardens my love and I did meet; She pass‘d the sally gardens with little snow-white feet. She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree; But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree. (W. B. Yeats: Down by the Sally Gardens)

这里第四行的agree就是一个双音节单词,它只在第二个音节上与前行的tree押韵,而且它是重读音节。

双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵(feminine rhyme),其基本特征是行尾单词最后两个音节押韵,

其中倒数第二个音节是重读音节,而最后一个音节是非重读音节。由于其读音是重读加非重读结构,因此它又称扬抑格韵(trochaic rhyme)。如华兹华斯的《写于三月》前四行: The cock is crowing, The stream is flowing, The small birds twitter, The lake doth glitter.

(William Wordsworth: Written in March at Brother‘s Water)

行尾的crowing / flowing,twitter / glitter相互押韵。两组押韵都是由双音节单词组成,每个单词的第一个音节为重读音节,第二个音节为非重读音节。 又如丁尼生《女郎夏洛特》第一部分的第二诗节: Willows whiten, aspens quiver, Little breezes dusk and shiver

Through the wave that runs forever By the island in the river Flowing down to Camelot.

Four grey walls, and four grey towers, Overlook a space of flowers, And the silent isle imbowers The Lady of Shalott.

(Alfred Tennyson: The Lady of Shalott, Part I)

行尾的quiver / shiver / river,towers / flowers / imbowers相互押韵,除了词都是双音节单词,都是第一个音节为重读,第二个音节为非重读。音节,但它的最后两个音节为重读加非重读,跟其余两个单词押韵。这就是说,双音节韵的单词也可以是多音节单词,但其押韵的音节只能是两个,而且是多音节中最后两个音节。时,其结构也不能改变,是重读音节加非重读音节。 再如济慈《致一些女士》第一诗节:

What though while the wonders of nature exploring, I cannot your light, mazy footsteps attend; Nor listen to accents, that almost adoring, Bless Cynthia‘s face, the enthusiast‘s friend. (John Keats: To Some Ladies)

这个诗节是单韵和双韵混合使用。exploring / adoring都是三个音节,个音节上,最后一个音节是非重读音节,因此它们押双韵。

在多音节单词中,如果最后两个音节押韵,但倒数第二个音节不是重读音节,韵。如下面这首选自莎士比亚《凤凰与斑鸠》中的一段诗: Beauty, truth, and rarity Grace in all simplicity,

Here enclosed in cinders lie. Death is now the phoenix‘ nest; And the turtle's loyal breast To eternity doth rest, Leaving no posterity:-- ‘Twas not their infirmity, It was married chastity.

imbowers,其余单imbowers虽然是三个同也可以归入双但重读音节在倒数第二Truth may seem, but cannot be; Beauty brag, but ‘tis not she: Truth and Beauty buried be. To this urn let those repair That are either true or fair;

For these dead birds sigh a prayer.

(Shakespeare: ―Threnos‖ of The Phoenix and the Turtle)

rarity / simplicity,posterity / infirmity / chastity都是三个音节或四个音节,它们在最后两个音节上都押韵,但倒数第二个音节都不是重读音节,虽不符合双韵的规定,非严格说来,也应该算双音节押韵。

另外,nest / breast / rest是标准的单音节押韵。repair / fair / prayer这个押韵组中,两个音节,但重读在第二个音节上。air与ayer字母组合虽然不同,但读音相同,因此,三个单词押单音节韵。

三重音节尾韵是在双韵的基础上增加了一个音节,因此它可以被看成是双韵的变体。韵的英语单词在韵步上属于扬抑抑格,因此,三重韵有时也被称为扬抑抑格韵(rhyme)。由于英语中符合三重韵规则的单词不多,因此三重韵可以由两个以上的英语单词构成,这种押韵被称为马赛克韵(mosaic rhyme),即几个单音节单词同一个多音节单词或几个单音节单词押韵。如拜伦《唐璜》第一歌第二十二段后四行: I don‘t choose to say much upon this head, I‘m a plain man, and in a single station, But-oh! Ye lords of ladies intellectual,

Inform us truly, have they not hen-peck‘d you all? (Byron: Don Juan, First Canto, XXII, Lines 173~176)

intellectual有五个音节,其中lectual有三个音节,同下一行的peck‘d you 韵。

第三节 内韵

内韵,又称中间韵、行内韵、腹韵,指一行诗内的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语或另一行诗中的一个词语之间的押韵。它不是在行尾的押韵,既可能与同一行诗中的词语押韵,也可能同下一行诗中的词语押韵,还可能同隔行诗中的词语押韵。

一行诗内的一个词语与同一行诗行尾的词语押内韵的例子,如雪莱的《云》例:

I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers, From the seas and streams;

I bear light shade for the leaves when laid In their noon-day dreams.

From my wings are shaken the dews that waken The sweet buds every one,

When rocked to rest on their mother‘s breast, As she dances about the Sun.

I wield the flail of the lashing hail, And whiten the green plains under, And then again I dissolve it in rain, And laugh as I pass in thunder. (Percy Bysshe Shelley: The Cloud)

repair虽是押三重dactylic all押三重马赛克,以第一诗节为单数行中的showers / flowers,shade / laid,shaken / waken,rest / breast,flail / hail,again / rain押内韵,它们都是行中间的词与同行尾词押韵。该诗的其他诗节也是如此押韵,从韵律角度看,相当优秀。另外,双数行行尾单词streams / dreams,one / Sun押单音节韵,under / thunder押双音节韵。

又如玛丽?伊丽莎白?柯尔律治的《女巫》第一诗节的前四行: I have walked a great while over the snow, And I am not tall nor strong.

My clothes are wet, and my teeth are set, And the way was hard and long.

(Mary Elizabeth Coleridge: The Witch) 诗中第三行的wet / set押内韵。该诗第二、三诗节的第三行分别是My hands are stone, and my voice a groan和She came—she came—and the quivering flame。其中的stone / groan和came / flame 也押内韵。

既在一行诗内押内韵,又在隔行中押内韵的诗,爱伦?坡的《乌鸦》是典型例子,下面是该诗的第二个诗节:

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;___ vainly I had sought to borrow

From my books surcease of sorrow___ sorrow for the lost Lenore___ For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore___ Nameless here for evermore. (Allan Poe: The Raven)

第一行的remember / December以及第三行的morrow / borrow分别都是同一行内押内韵。December / ember和borrow / sorrow 属于一行诗的尾韵词同下一行诗中间的词押韵,两行诗不再押尾韵,这种结构的押韵叫隔行内韵(alternate rhyme)。另外,第四行的lost Lenore和第五行的rare and radiant押头韵。 《乌鸦》第三节第一、二行如下:

And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me___ filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before. 《乌鸦》第五节后三行如下:

And the only word there spoken was the whispered word. ―Lenore!‖ This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, ―Lenore!‖ Merely this and nothing more.

在这些诗行中,thrilled / filled,whispered / murmured / word 都是同一行诗中两个或三个词语押韵,但不押尾韵。这种押韵被称为组合韵(sectional rhyme)。 第四节 元韵

元韵属于非全韵,指诗行中的元音读音相同,而元音前后的辅音则不同。从押韵的位置来看,元韵可分为尾元韵和行内元韵。

尾元韵同普通尾韵不同。尾韵要求行尾单词最后一个音节的元音和元音后面的辅音都要押韵,而尾元韵只要求行尾单词最后一个元音押韵,而不管元音后面的辅音是否押韵。例如: She sees the falling leaves, the dying leaves That cling there still; above

Through the brown horror of the boughs she sees The empty, arching skull.

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