计算机专业英语(2)

Co

计算机专业英语

Tom:Why is it so slow? How much RAM do you have? Jerry:I think I have 128 Megs.

Tom:That’s your problem.If you want Windows 7 to run smoothly, you need at least 256 Megs. Jerry:I have 512 Megs now. and most things work better, but I can't get my mouse to work properly. First it moves and then, all of a sudden, it jerks all the way across the screen. What can I do?

Tom:Here, let me see. You should open the mouse and take out the ball.Do you see these contacts here?

Jerry:Yes, they look pretty dirty.

Tom: That's right. Let me clean those for you, and you'll be back to normal in no time. Jerry: Wow, you are so professional.Thank you. Tom:It’s my pleasure.

TASK II TEXT A

The Organization of Computer System Unit

Figure 2.1 The Organization of Computer Components

A computer is a programmable machine designed to or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. A general-purpose computer has four main memory, and the input and output devices. These parts are

sequentially[si5kwZnFEli] adj. sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic 从而，循序地

readily[5redili] adv. 容易地，乐意地

component[kEm5pEunEnt] n. components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the 部件，组件 · 18·

Unit 2 Computer Hardware

bus [bQs] n. 总线

ArithmeticLogic Unit 运算器，运算逻辑部件

circuit[5sE:kit] n. 电路，环形

fundamental[7fQndE5mentEl] adj. 基本的，重要的

maintain[men5tein] vt. 保持，interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires (See Figure 2.1).

Arithmetic Logic Unit

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found 坚持

accommodate[E5kCmEdeit] vt. 容纳，顺应

classification[7klAsifi5keiFEn]n. 分类，类别

distinct[dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的，明显的

architecture[5B:kitektFE] n.体系结构，建筑学

address[E5dres] n. 住址，地址

binary[5bainEri] n. 二进制

register[5redVistE] n. 寄存器

inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.

Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC. Research into ALUs remains an important part of computer science, falling under arithmetic and logic structures in the ACM Computing Classification System.

Control Unit

The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. In computers, the control unit was historically defined as one distinct part of the 1946 reference model of Von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged.

Memory

A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered “address” and can store a single number. The information stored

in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte).

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than

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计算机专业英语

random-access memory 随机存取存储器

read-only memory 只读存 储器

start-up 启动 无限期地

blur[blE:] vt.&vi. (使)变模糊 be restricted to 仅限于……，限制在……

sophisticated[sE5fistikeitid] adj.精密的，复杂的

the main memory area. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory greatly increases the computer's speed.

Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory or RAM and read-only memory or ROM. RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.

In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.

Input/Output

I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data received by the computer, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. Note that the designation of a device as either input or output depends on the perspective. Mouse and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and converts it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human users can see or read. For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input. These interactions between computers and humans are studied in a field called human–computer interaction.

indefinitely[in defEnEtli] adv. but ROM retains its data indefinitely. Flash memory blurs the

peripheral[pE5rifErEl] n. 外围设备，周边设备

perspective[pE5spektiv] n. 远景，透视

monitor[5mCnitE] n. 监视器，显示器

representation[7reprizen5teiFEn] n. 表示，表达

interaction[7intEr5AkFEn] n.交互作用，互动 · 20·

Unit 2 Computer Hardware

Exercises

I. March each of the following terms to its equivalent(s).

II.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.

1. In computing, __________ __________ __________ __________ (ALU) is a digital __________ that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

2. Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: __________ __________ or RAM and __________ __________ or ROM.

3. Inputs are the signals or data __________ by the computer, and outputs are the signals or data __________ __________ it.

4. In computers, the control unit was historically defined as one __________ part of the 1946 reference model of Von Neumann __________.

5.

Note that the designation of a device as either input or output depends on the __________. III. Mark the following sentences with true or false according to the passage.

1. A computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices;and they are interconnected by business. with the outside world.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2. I/O(Input and Output Devices) is the means by which a computer exchanges information 3. Mouse and keyboards take as output physical movement that the human user inputs and converts it into signals that a computer can understand. from it.

4. RAM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read 5. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.

IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and

reprogrammed. It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state

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计算机专业英语

drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once.

TASK III TEXT B

Input and

Output

Figure 2.2 Input and Output Devices

attach to 使依附 layout[5leiaut] n. 布局

A computer is only useful when it is able to communicate with the external environment. When you work with the computer you feed your data and instructions through some devices to the computer. These devices are called input devices (See Figure 2.2). Similarly computer after processing, gives output through other devices called output devices (See Figure 2.2).

Input Device

Input devices are necessary to convert our information or data in to a form which can be understood by the computer.

Keyboard: This is the standard input device attached to all computers. The layout of keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter of the type QWERTY. It also contains some extra command keys and function keys. It contains a total of 101 to 104 The computer can recognise the electrical signals corresponding to the correct keys combination and processing is done accordingly.

combination[7kCmbi5neiFEn] keys. You have to press correct combination of keys to input data. n. 结合，组合

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Unit 2 Computer Hardware

rolls on 滚滚向前

censor[5sensE] vt. 检查 cursor[5kE:sE] n. 光标

monochrome[5mCnEkrEum] adj. 单色的，黑白的

dumb terminal 哑终端 intelligent terminal 智能终端

hammering[5hAmEriN] n.捶打，捶打的声音

ribbon[5ribEn] n（打印机的）.色带

Mouse：Mouse is an input device that is used with personal computer. It rolls on a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top. When you roll the mouse across a flat surface, the screen censors the mouse in the direction of mouse movement. The cursor moves very fast with mouse giving you more freedom to work in any direction. It is easier and faster to move through a mouse.

Scanner：Scanner is an optical device that can input any graphical matter and display it back. The common optical scanner devices are Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR), Optical Mark Reader (OMR) and Optical Character Reader (OCR).

Output Device

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipm- ent used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by a computer to the outside world.

Visual Display Unit：The most popular output device is the Visual Display Unit (VDU). It is also called the monitor. A keyboard is used to input data and monitor is used to display the input data and to receive massages from the computer. A monitor has its own box which is separated from the main computer system and is connected to the computer by cable. In some systems it is compact with the system unit. It can be color or monochrome.

Terminals：It is a very popular interactive input/output unit. It can be divided into two types:hard copy terminals and soft copy terminals. A hard copy terminal provides a printout on paper whereas soft copy terminals provides visual copy on monitor. A terminal when connected to a CPU sends instructions directly to the computer. Terminals are also classified as dumb terminals or intelligent terminals depending upon the work situation.

Printer：It is an important output device which can be used to get a printed copy of the processed text or result on paper. There are different types of printers that are designed for different types of applications. Depending on their speed and approach of printing, printers are classified as impact and non-impact printers. Impact printers use the familiar typewriter approach of hammering a typeface against the paper and inked ribbon. Dot-matrix printers are of this type. Non-impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They use electro-static chemicals and ink-jet technologies.

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计算机专业英语

dot-matrix 点矩阵 ink-jet 喷墨式

elaborate[I5lAbEreit] vt. 详细设计

Laser printers and ink-jet printers are of this type. This type of printers can produce color printing and elaborate graphics.

Exercises

I. March each of the following terms to its equivalent(s).

II. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.

1. Terminals can be divided into two types: __________ terminals and __________ _________ terminals.

2. graphics.

3. A monitor has its own box which is __________ the main computer system and is __________ to the computer by __________.

4. 5.

The __________ of keyboard is just like the__________ typewriter of the type QWERTY. Mouse __________ __________ a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top. Laser printers and __________ printers can produce __________ printing and __________

III. Mark the following sentences with true or false according to the passage.

1. Input devices are necessary to convert our information or data into a form which can be understood by the computer. called the monitor .

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2. Visual Display Unit (VDU) is the most popular input/output device of computer , it is also 3. Scanner is an important inputer device,it is a kind of optical device that can output any graphical matter and display it back. and has two or three buttons on the top. combination of keys, you can input special data.

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4. Mouse is an input device that is used with your personal computer, and it rolls on a small ball 5. A keyboard contains some extra command keys and function keys. When you press correct

Unit 2 Computer Hardware

IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.

A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photo receptor.

TASK IV Writing Training

Business Card

名片，又称卡片，是标示姓名及其所属组织、公司单位和联系方法的纸片。名片是新朋友

互相认识、自我介绍的最快捷有效的方法之一。交换名片是商业交往的第一个标准官式动作。

1. Sample

[中文]

2. Exercises

Please design an English business card for yourself.

TASK V Translation Tips

计算机英语专业词汇的构成

英语的词汇构成有很多种，而真正的基本词汇则不多，很大部分词汇属于构成型词汇。这

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计算机专业英语

里，仅介绍在专业英语中遇到的专业词汇及其构成。目前，各行各业都有一些自己领域的专业词汇，有的是随着本专业发展应运而生的，有的是借用公共英语中的词汇，有的是借用外来语言词汇，有的则是人为构造成的词汇。

1. 派生词

派生词(Derivation)词汇非常多，它是根据已有的词加上某种前后缀，或以词根生成，或以构词成分形成新的词。科技英语词汇中有很大一部分来源于拉丁语、希腊语等外来语，有的是直接借用，有的是在它们之上不断创造出新的词汇。这些词汇的构词成分(前缀、后缀、词根等)较固定，构成新词以后便于读者揣度词义，易于记忆。

1) 前缀

采用前缀构成的单词在计算机专业英语中占了很大比例，通过下面的实例可以了解这些常用的前缀构成的单词。

multi- 多

multiprogram多道程序 multimedia多媒体 multiprocessor多处理器 multiplex多路复用 multiprotocol多协议 inter- 相互、在……间 interface接口、界面 interlace隔行扫描 interlock联锁

internet互联网络(因特网) interconnection互联 multi，poly相当于many。 uni，mono相当于single。 bi，di相当于twice。 equi，iso相当于equal。 simili，homo相当于same。 semi，hemi相当于half。 hyper，super相当于over。 2) 后缀

后缀是在单词后部加上构词结构，形成新的单词。 -scope探测仪器 baroscope验压器 telescope望远镜 spectroscope分光镜

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hyper- 超级 hypercube超立方 hypercard超级卡片 hypermedia超媒体 hypertext超文本 hyperswitch超级交换机 micro- 微型

microprocessor微处理器microkernel微内核 microcode微代码 microkid微机迷 microchannel微通道

super- 超级

superhighway超级公路 superpipline超流水线 superscalar超标量 superset超集 superclass超类 tele- 远程的 telephone电话 teletext图文电视 telemarketing电话购物 telecommuting家庭办公teleconference远程会议

单词前缀还有很多，其构成可以同义而不同源(如拉丁、希腊)，可以互换，例如：

如：multimedia多媒体，polytechnic各种工艺的 如：unicode统一的字符编码标准，monochrome单色 如：bichloride双角的，dichloride二氯化物 如：equality等同性，isoline等值线 如：similarity类似，homogeneous同类的 如：semiconductor半导体，hemicycle半圆形 如：hypertext超文本，superscalar超标量体系结构

-meter计量仪器 barometer气压表 telemeter测距仪 spectrometer分光仪

-graph记录仪器 barograph气压记录仪 telegraph电报

spectrograph分光摄像仪

Unit 2 Computer Hardware

-able可能的 enable允许、使能 disable禁止、不能 programmable可编程的 portable便携的 scalable可缩放的 2. 复合词

复合词(Compounding)是科技英语中另一大类词汇，其组成面广，通常分为复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词等。复合词通常以小横杠“-”连接单词构成，或者采用短语构成。有的复合词进一步发展，去掉了小横杠，并经过缩略成为另一类词类，即混成词。

-based基于，以……为基础 rate-based基于速率的 credit-based基于信誉的 file-based基于文件的

Windows-based以Windows为基础的 -oriented面向……的 object-oriented面向对象的 market-oriented市场导向 process-oriented面向进程的 thread-oriented面向线程的 info-信息，与信息有关的 info-tree信息、树 info-sec信息安全 其他

point-to-point点到点 plug-and-play即插即用 easy-to-use易用的 off-the-shelf现成的 peer-to-peer对等的 leading-edge领先的 end-user最终用户 sign-on登录 pull-down下拉 pop-up弹出

此外，以名词+动词-ing构成的复合形容词形成了一种典型的替换关系，即可以根据需要在结构中代入同一词类而构成新词，它们多为动宾关系。如：

man-carrying aircraft载人飞船 earth-moving machine推土机

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-ware件(部件) hardware硬件 software软件 firmware固件 groupware组件 freeware赠件

-ity性质 reliability可靠性 availability可用性 accountability可核查性 integrity完整性 confidentiality保密性

-centric以……为中心的 client-centric以客户为中心的 user-centric以用户为中心的 host-centered以主机为中心的

-free自由的，无关的 lead-free无线的 jumper-free无跳线的 paper-free无纸的 charge-free免费的 info-channel信息通道 info-world信息世界

point-and-click点击 drag-and-drop拖放 line-by-line逐行

store-and-forward存储转发

operator-controllable操作员可控制的 over-hyped过度宣扬的 front-user前端用户 sign-of取消 pull-up上拉

计算机专业英语

time-consuming operation耗时操作 ocean-going freighter远洋货舱

然而，必须注意，复合词并非可以随意构造，否则会形成一种非正常的英语句子结构。虽然上述例子给出了多个连接单词组成的复合词，但不提倡这种冗长的复合方式。对于多个单词的非连线形式，要注意其顺序和主要针对对象。此外，还应当注意，有时加连字符的复合词与不加连字符的词汇词意是不同的，必须通过文章的上下文推断。如：

force-feed强迫接受(vt.)，而force feed则为“加压润滑”。

随着词汇的专用化，复合词中间的连接符被省略掉，形成了一个单词，例如： videotape录像带 online在线 logout撤销 3. 混成词

混成词(Blending)不论在公共英语还是科技英语中都大量出现，也有人将它们称为缩合词(与缩略词区别)、融合词，它们多是名词，也有地方将其作为动词用，对这类词汇可以通过其构词规律和词素进行理解。这类词汇将两个单词的前部拼接、前后拼接或者将一个单词前部与另一个词拼接构成新的词汇，实例有：

brunch (breakfast+lunch) 早中饭 smog (smoke+fog) 烟雾

codec (coder+decoder) 编码译码器 transeiver (transmitter+receiver) 收发机 compuser (computer+user) 计算机用户 syscall (system+call) 系统调用

mechatronics (mechanical+electronic) 机械电子学 calputer (calculator+computer) 计算器式电脑 4. 缩略词

缩略词(Shortening)是将较长的英语单词取其首部或者主干构成与原词同义的短单词，或者将组成词汇短语的各个单词的首字母拼接为一个大写字母的字符串。随着科技发展，缩略词在文章索引、前序、摘要、文摘、电报、说明书、商标等科技文章中频繁采用。对计算机专业来说，在程序语句、程序注释、软件文档、文件描述中也采用了大量的缩略词作为标识符、名称等。缩略词的出现方便了印刷、书写、速记及口语交流等，但也同时增加了阅读和理解的困难。

缩略词开始出现时，通常采用破折号、引号或者括号将它们的原形单词和组合词一并列出，久而久之，人们对缩略词逐渐接受和认可，作为注释性的后者也就消失了。在通常情况下，缩略词多取自各个组合字(虚词除外)的首部第一、二字母。缩略词也可能有形同而义异的情况。如果遇到这种情况，翻译时应当根据上下文确定词意，并在括号内给出其原形组合词汇。缩略词可以分为如下几种。

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fanin扇入 onboard在板上 pushup拉高

fanout扇出 login登录 popup弹出

Unit 2 Computer Hardware

1) 压缩和省略

将某些太长、难拼、难记、使用频繁的单词压缩成一个短小的单词，或取其头部、或取其关键音节。如：

flu=influenza流感 lab=laboratory实验室 iff=if only if 当且仅当 2) 缩写

将某些词组和单词集合中每个实意单词的第一或者首部几个字母重新组合，组成为一个新的词汇，作为专用词汇使用。在应用中它形成以下3种类型。

(1) 通常以小写字母出现，并作为常规单词。 radar(radio detecting and ranging) 雷达

laser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) 激光 sonar(sound navigation and ranging)声纳

spool(simultaneous peripheral operation on line)假脱机 (2) 以大写字母出现，具有主体发音音节。

BASIC(Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)初学者通用符号指令代码 FORTRAN(Formula Translation)公式翻译

COBOL(Common Business Oriented Language)面向商务的通用语言 (3) 以大写字母出现，没有读音音节，仅为字母头缩写。 ADE(Application Development Environment)应用开发环境 PCB(Process Control Block)进程控制块 CGA(Color Graphics Adapter)彩色图形适配器 DBMS(Data Base Management System)数据库管理系统 FDD(Floppy Disk Device)软盘驱动器 MBps(Mega Byte Per Second)每秒兆字节 Mbps(Mega Bits Per Second)每秒兆字位

RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)精简指令集计算机 CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computer)复杂指令集计算机 5. 借用词

借用词一般来自厂商名、商标名、产品代号名、发明者名、地名等，它通过将普通公共英语词汇演变成专业词意而实现。有的则是将原来已经有的词汇赋予新的含义。例如：

woofer低音喇叭 tweeter高音喇叭

flag标志、状态

cache高速缓存 semaphore信号量 firewall防火墙 mailbomb邮件炸弹 scratch pad高速缓存 fitfall专用程序入口

在现代科技英语中借用了大量的公共英语词汇、日常生活中常用词汇，而且，以西方特有的幽默和结构讲述科技内容。这时，读者必须在努力扩大自己专业词汇的同时，掌握和丰富自己的生活词汇，并在阅读和翻译时正确采用适当的含义。

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math=mathematics数学 ad=advertisement广告

rhino=rhinoceros犀牛

计算机专业英语

TASK VI Legendary Stories in IT

The Apple Inc

The Apple Inc is a personal computer company

苹果公司是1976年由史蒂文·乔布

founded in 1976 by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak. 斯和史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克创立的一个个Throughout the history of personal computing, Apple 人计算机公司。纵观个人计算机历史，has been one of the most innovative influences. In fact, 苹果公司已经成为最具创新影响力的公some analysts say that the entire evolution of the PC 司之一。事实上，一些分析师认为，个can be viewed as an effort to catch up with the Apple 人计算机的整个演变可以看成是努力追除了发明新Macintosh. In addition to inventing new technologies, 赶苹果Macintosh机的过程。

Apple also has often been the first to bring 技术，苹果公司也经常给个人计算机带sophisticated technologies to the personal computer.

Apple’s innovations include: graphical user

来精良的制作工艺。

苹果公司的创新包括：图像用户界

interface (GUI). First introduced in 1983 on its Lisa 面(GUI)。GUI首先在1983年苹果公司computer. Many components of the Macintosh GUI 的Lisa计算机引入。许多Macintosh机have become facto standards and can be found in other 的GUI组件已经成为实际上的标准，它operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows. Color. 们也能在诸如微软视窗这样的操作系统The Apple II, introduced in 1977, was the first 中找到。彩色。1977年引入的苹果二代personal computer to offer color monitors. Built-in (Apple II)是第一台提供彩色显示器的个networking . In 1985, Apple released a new version of 人计算机。内置网络。1985年，苹果公the Macintosh with built-in support for networking 司发布了一款新的内置网络支持(本地(LocalTalk). Plug and play expansion. In 1987, the 对话)的Macintosh机。即插即用扩展。Mac二代引入一款叫NuBus的Mac II introduced a new expansion bus called NuBus 1987年，

that made it possible to add devices and configure 新扩展总线，它可以增加设备并且完全them entirely with software. QuickTime. In 1991, 以软件形式安装它们。QuickTime。1991Apple introduced QuickTime, a multi-platform 年，苹果公司引入了QuickTime，一款standard for video, sound, and other multimedia 支持视频、音频和其他多媒体的多平台applications. Integrated television. In 1993, Apple 标准应用程序。互动电视。1993年，苹released the Macintosh TV, the first personal computer 果公司发布Macintosh TV，第一款内置with built-in television and stereo CD. RISC. In 1994, 电视和立体声CD的个人计算机。Apple introduced the Power Mac, based on the RISC(精简指令集计算机)。1994年，苹PowerPC RISC microprocessor.

果引入了基于PowerPC 精简指令集计算机微处理器的Power Mac。

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