跨文化交际复习题及答案

判断题

T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。

F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科

F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体 而沟通是一个动态的过程

T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为

T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。

T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。

T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解，甚至个人之间的不适感

F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. 所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化 T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 虽然两国文化有着相同的想法，但它们的意义和意义可能不一样

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F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化

II Comprehension Check

T 1、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.

所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同

T_2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击，这是很难得的进攻

T_3、Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Brown” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise. 解决形式如“玛丽小姐”，“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式。

T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校，上校，上校，可以用作头衔 F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。

F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯，他是个律师，律师道格拉斯。

F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的。

F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏。

F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来！“当客人刚到的时候，这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式。

T_10.”I’m sorry to have wasted your time” or “I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually

appropriate for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”或者“我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间”，通常都是适

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合商务拜访的。

III Comprehension Check

T 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有时，中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美

T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同。

T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable. 在非正式场合，大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的

F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 文化的假设是文化的相同的。 T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese. 形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话，而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里。

F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”. 英语的赞美常以“你”一词开头，而中国人的赞美常以“我”一词开头

F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在日常生活中，中国人比美国人更为赞美。

F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses. 美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应。 F 9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式

T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest. 如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话，中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人。

IV Comprehension Check

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F 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言语交际比非语言交际更为重要 F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese. “龙”是指同为西方人的“龙”到中国。 F 3The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”. 中国“知识分子”具有相同的含义是“知识

T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词

F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language. 在谈到动物和鸟类，中国的做法是通常，但不总是，用“公”或“母”来表明该生物是否是男性或女性。这与英语是一样的。

T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language. 以下六个英文单词：“副”、“联想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中 F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 有许多相似之处，英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同。

T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌 T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思维方式随文化而变化。

T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective.

在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的T10，例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳，俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎，和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感。

V Comprehension Check

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T1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 说只是一种交流方式。还有许多人 F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者断言，在面对面的交流中，约有70%的信息是通过说话，而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的

T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers. 环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一

T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我们大部分的非语言行为，如文化，往往难以实现，自发的，往往超越我们的认识

F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化。

T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯属于艰难的文化

T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在一些文化中，为了表示尊重或服从，应该避免使用目光接触

T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同 F9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children. 西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩。

F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. 座位安排体现文化。中国人倾向于和他们说话，而不是坐在他们旁边的人

VI Comprehension Check

F1.Gender is the cultural meaning of “sex”. 性别是“性”的文化内涵 F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词

T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或两者的结合

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and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

1. Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.

16. Connotation（内涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.

17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.

18. Euphemism委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.

Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 More haste, less speed. 欲速不达 To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠 as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛

dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底捞月 to drink like a fish 牛饮 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡 to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽

landscape engineer 园林工人 tonsorial artist 理发师 sanitation engineer 清洁工 shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠 soft in the head 发疯的 reckless disregard for truth 撒谎 to take things without permission 偷窃 industrial climate 劳资关系紧张

justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺 diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手 golden saying 金玉良言

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You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直

better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后 tread upon eggs 如履薄冰

简答题

9 components of communication（交际的十大要素） ①source(来源）：the person who desires to

②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径） ⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages

⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does

⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning

⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确） the communication 1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.

①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统） ②innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）③economic globailzation(经济全球化）④widespread migrations(广泛的移民) 2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?

①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)

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②behavior(what they do)③concepts(共有观点）(what they think) 3.How to understand cultural iceberg?

just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface 4.What are the characteristic(特点） of culture?

①shared ②learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning one's culture)

③dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is superior) 5.What are the characteristic of communication?

①dynamic(动态性）；②irreversible(不可逆转的）③symbolic(符号的）④systematic(系统性）⑤transactional（互动性）⑥contextual(语境)

1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?

①In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name； in English this order is reversed.

②In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.

Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.

(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.

Chinese use a person's title、office、or profession to indicate(表明） the person's influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and

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captain.(p24)

1. What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?

M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的

P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered. 3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97 M: Do one thing at a time Take time commitments seriously Are committed to the job Adhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptness

Are accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at once

Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are committed to people and human relationships Change plans often and easily Base promptness on the relationship

Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships

M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.

P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.

2. What are the social functions of compliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)

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Creating or reinforcing(加固） solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism（委婉批评）,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（窘迫）. 2. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?

The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.

In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.

4. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（佛教） and Christianity（基督教）?

Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.

Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.

Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.

5. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（美国文化价值取向）As far as the human

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