阅读理解（一） - 细节理解题

阅读理解（一）------细节理解题解题技能

细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。

常见的命题方式通常有：

1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；

2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT； 3. 以According to? 开头提问方式； 4. 以填空题的形式，如：

（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised . （2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that . （3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .

（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit .

（5）The policemen were told ―to look the other way‖ (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that .

（6）The policeman who said ―Good evening‖ to Rolls wanted to . 等等 5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。

做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 ―带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将―无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。

了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。

有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。

值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型： 1．描写类细节题

描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考

生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。

例题：（全国高考—上海卷A篇）

You either have it, or you don’t—a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?

Scientists say we’re all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use is, we lose it.

―Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,‖ says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. ―However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they never develop the skills.‖

Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:

●If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.

●If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.

●Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.

Now you need never get lost again! 65. Scientists believe that_______.

A. some babies are born with a sense of direction. B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older C. people never lose their sense of direction

D. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth

66. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage? A. They never have a sense of direction without maps

B. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around

D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car. 68. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to ________. A. ask policemen for directions.

B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself

C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs D. count the number of landmarks that you see

答案与解析：65.选D。根据第二段首句可知：科学家认为我们生来就有方向感。 66.选C。根据第三段首句可知，七岁大的小孩就具备了辨别方向的能力。 68.选B。根据Jim Martland所给的第三条建议中的“… by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you.”即可得出答案。

2．数据计算题

此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。

例题：（全国高考—安徽卷D篇） ?

Tuition Fees (学费)

Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui @ waikato．ac．nz. Accommodation (住宿)

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@ waikato．ac．nz

…

69. You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000 答案与解析：选B。本篇是介绍新西兰Waikato大学的广告。从Tuition Fees (学费)：Tuition fees are different from department to department．generally from$5，000 to$6，000 a year. For further information：tui @waikato.ac.nz . Accommodation(住宿)：You can have a room in a 4- bedroom fiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person. For further information：acc @ waikato．ac．nz．可知答案为B。$5000(学费)+$100(住宿费)x12(months)+$150(生活费)x12=$8000．

3．排序题

这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾法定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。

例题： （全国高考—浙江卷D篇） …

People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store. If you're looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.

…

54. Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?

a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list.

c. Find the things you want. D. Go to a self-checkout stand. A. abdc B. bacd C. acbd D. bcad 答案与解析：选B。细节理解题。由本段的描述可以确定第一件事是Make a shopping list（列购物清单，明确买什么）。最后一件事是Go to a self-checkout stand（去付款台（自动）付钱），排除A、 C，然后再看ab的先后顺序，排除选项D。本题也可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。

4．信息寻找题、广告阅读题

信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。

广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉

文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。

（1）补全成分法

省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。

（2）联想推测法

在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。

为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：

Tel. =telephone number

Ph. =phone Add (r). =address co. =company Ltd=Limited Max=maximum Min=minimum hr=hour t=time

fig=figure ft=foot ml=mile doz=dozen Mt=Mountain P=page prof. =professor Dr. =doctor s=south n=north

w=west Sta=Station pop=popular vs=versus

Xmas=Christmas info=information VIP=very important persons hrs=hours

aft=after ad=advertisement p/t=part time exp=experienced PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)

例题： （全国卷I、II C篇）

Welcome to Adventureland!

Everyone loves Adventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you to explore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visit will be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched, longing to come back. What are you going to do this time? The Travel Pavilion

Explore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.

Visit the Amazon jungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, the Berber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who will tell you about their lives, and things they make. You can try making a carpet, making nets, fishing … The Future Tower

This exhibition shows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then. Spend some time in our space station climb into our simulator (模拟装置) for the Journey to Mars!

The Nature Park

This is not really one park but several.

In the Safari Park you can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers; see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the Ocean Park to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still the Aviary to see… The Pyramid

This is the center of Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps? For all these things and many more, visit our underground shopping centre. Come here for information and ideas too.

63. The Travel Pavilion is built to help visitors ________. A. realize the importance of traveling

B. become familiar with mountain countries C. learn how to make things such as fishing nets

D. learn something about different places in the world

64. If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit

_____________.

A. the Travel Pavilion B. the Future Tower C. the Safari Park D. the Pyramid

65. If you want to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likely go? A. The Pyramid B. The Nature Park. C. The Future Tower D. The Travel Pavilion

答案与解析：63. 选D。运用“题干定向法”捕捉相关信息。根据The Travel Pavilion部分第一句“Explore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.”，便可知该活动有助于游客了解世界各地风情。

64. 选B。根据The Future Tower 这一标题和内容梗概，其中特别有一句“It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then.”，不难发现只有该项能够让人们了解未来社会的发展。

65. 选A。本题考察了考生信息寻找能力和细节处理能力。根据最后一段第二句告诉我们The Pyramid提供一些游客必须品。第三句则暗示The Pyramid是购买旅游纪念品的理想场所。

5. 图文转换题

此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。

例题：（全国高考—北京卷A篇）

The Home of My People

When Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always broke those agreements and demanded more land.

Other chiefs refused to go along with the government’s plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people lived in the Wallowa Valley（present-day Oregon）.

“In order to have all people understand how much land we owned, ”he once explained, “my father planted poles around it and said: ‘Inside is the home of my people?It circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. ’”

But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move.

Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in.

56. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of today’s Nez Perce Reservation? A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar.

C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. 57. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map? A. They were in the state of Oregon. B. They have become a historic site. C. They have become much smaller.

D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley. 答案与解析：56. 选D。此题考察学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点（有■标志）。可以看到Chief Looking Glass Camp位于Nez Perce Reservation（范围以内）的南部。

57. 选C。从地图中我们可以看到，Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地（粗线范围内）比现在的Nez Perce保留区（阴影部分）大多了。

6．表格理解题

表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容，看懂行和列分别代表的意义，在正确理解的基础上才能做出正确的选择。通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点，而有些信息与题干无关，如通篇阅读，既缺少针对性又浪费时间，一般采用“首读题干法”为上策，即先读题目要求，带着问题在表格里查找相关信息，去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系，这就需要对各数据进行分析，找出隐含规律，此时常用“文表分析法”来提示其规律。 Country or Area A B C D E The above chart shows Japanese direct investment in Asian countries or areas (A、B、C、D, and E) from 1951 till 2003. The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion. In resources development, Japan didn’t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore. In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia. 1.We learn from the passage that the ―A‖ in the chart stands for _____.

A. China B. Singapore C. Indonesia D. Hong Kong 2.In total, Japan invested about 70 billion dollars more in Hong Kong than in ____. A. Singapore B. Indonesia C. Taiwan D. China

3.Japanese investment in resources development in Singapore was _____times that in Taiwan. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4.In manufacturing, Indonesia ranked ________.

A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

5.According to the chart, we know _______ attracted Japan most. A. manufacturing B. resources development C. commerce and services D. others 答案与解析：考查学生理解图表和结合文字叙述摄取有关信息的做题能力。此题首先要清楚A、B、C、D、E所代表的国家或地区。从“The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, ”可以知道A、E代表香港和中国大陆，从后一句“but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion.”可以进一步确定A代表香港，E代表中国大陆。从“In resources development, Japan didn’t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore.”可以知道C是新加坡，B是台湾，D无疑就是印度尼西亚了，从最后一句“In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia”也可得到印证。确定了这五个国家和地区，问题就迎刃而解了。答案：1-5 DDAAC

Manufacturing 7220 20490 29370 36570 7160 Resources Development 380 40 120 68130 840 Commerce and Services 89520 5170 36300 12090 19520 Others 1370 1070 1010 120 710 Total 98490 27310 66800 116910 28320 7．代词指代题解题技能

代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。

例题1：（全国卷C篇） …

The theory is supported by the facts that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars –seems too little for a car worth many times more.

Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. ―We have more important things to do, ‖ he said.

52. The underlined word ―they‖ in the last paragraph refers to .

A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money

答案与解析：选D。从文中最后一段可知，they 应当对应该段前面的“Demands for pigeon-delivered money”。该部分大意为“媒体一报道这些事件之后，发案率有所下降。即使demands for money的势头有所上升，陈表明，捉住罪犯也没什么希望，因为他们（警察）有更重要的事要做。”。

例题2：（全国高考—天津卷E篇） …

Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable (可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves (涉及) a ―sudden insight‖ which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution. 54. What does the underlined word ―this‖ refer to? A. Great contributions to the society B. Long-time study of the subject matter. C. Various statements about problem solving. D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.

答案与解析：选B。这里的this指代前面的内容，从本段的第一句可以看出，其指代的是Long-time study of the subject matter。

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