语言学答案

一 填空

1. 语言变化包括phonological change(音位变化) , morphological change（形态变化） , syntactic change（句法变化）,lexical and semantic changes（词法和语义变化）。

2. 单词的意义变化可体现在哪三个方面widening of meaning narrowing of meaning ,meaning shift

3. 决定语域的三个变量：field of discourse(语场)、 tenor of discourse(语旨)、 mode of discourse（语式）。 4. 关于语言习得的三个理论：a behaviorist of language acquisition（行为主义者的语言习得观）、an innatist view of language acquisition(语言天生主义者的语言习得观)、an interactionist view of language acquisition(互动主义者的语言习得观)。

5. NL:TL comparisons ( Contrastive Analysis)对比分析：汉语—英语, IL: TL comparisons (Error Analysis)错误分析：汉语—英语， NL:IL comparisons (Transfer Analysis) 利用中介语分析

6. 克鲁申“i+1‖理论：Krashen’s Input Hypothesis：Krashen make a distinction between acquisition & learning.He put forward that learners advance their language learning gradually by receiving comprehensible input.He defined comprehensible input as ―i + 1‖ : ―i‖ represents learners’ current state of knowledge, the next stage is an ―i + 1‖.Krashen mistook input and intake, thus receive criticism. 7. 第二语言习得中个体差异包括：Language aptitude（能力） ，

Motivation，Learning strategies ，Age of acquisition（习得年龄） ，Personality 。

8. 新词的构成包括：compounding(复合词)、derivation(派生词)、coinage(创新词)、clipped words(缩略词)、blending（紧缩法）、acronyms（首词缩略）、back-formation（逆构词法）、functional shift（功能转换）、borrowing（借用）。

9. 语言的正式程度：intimate、casual、consultative、formal、frozen。 10. 语言变体分为哪三类：dialectal varieties（方言变体） ，register（语域），degree of formality（正式度）。

11. 表示中介语石化的原因：satisfaction of communicative needs，lack of control，quality of input，lack of input，native language influences，inappropriate target language instruction。 二 缩写

WTO：World Trade Organization、UNESCO：United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization、LAD: Language Acquisition Device、CPH: Critical Period Hypothesis(临界期假设)

SLA: Second Language Acquisition、UG: Universal Grammar、WHO: World Health Organization 三 名词解释

1Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）A sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.

2 Speech community（语言社区）In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as members of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study is called the speech community. 3 culture(文化) In a broad sense, culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc. There are generally two types of culture: material and spiritual.

4 Second language acquisition (SLA)（第二语言习得）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.

5 Language Acquisition Device（LAD）（语言习得机制）: originally Chomsky referred to this innate ability as Language Acquisition Device, also known as LAD. The LAD was described as an imaginary ―black box‖ existing somewhere in the human brain.

6Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)（临界期假说）Eric Lenneberg argues that the LAD, like other biological functions,works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time ---- a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.

7 Sapir –Whorf Hypothesis（假设假说） Sapir-Whorf believe that

language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

8 Interlanguage（中介语）,according to Selinker’s definition, is defined as an abstract system of learner’s target language system, it has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones. 四 True and False

1 All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language. (T) Because of LAD.

2 It is easy for parents to teach their children grammer.(F)

Because children’s grammatical development is gradual and some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of 10. 3 The young child is not taught to speak,or to understand his language.There is no formal learning of grammer or pronunciation practice. (T) Because language is acquired. 4 At first children do not inflect nouns or verbs. (T) Because at the very beginning,language is totally about content.

5 Children learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds of language samples they receive. (F) Because of CPH.

6 For a child to acquire his mother tongue the most basic requirement is

that he hears people speaking this language.He will then begin to learn the language. (T)

Because when a child acquires his native language,he needs language environment.

7 Phonology and grammar are finite,tightly structured systems,the child must master them before puberty（青春期）in order to be a native speaker of the language. (T) Because of CPH. 五 改错

1. Please do not hinder my work.

Please don’t hinder me in my work. (negative transfer) 2. --You aren’t satisfied with this work, are you?

-- No, I am No, I don’t. (negative transfer)

3. During the meeting we discuss about the research project.

During the meeting we discuss the research project. (Overgeneralization)

4. Alison is in poor health. She is easy to catch cold.

Alison is in poor health. It is easy to catch cold for him. (overgeneralization)

5. The scenery is too beautiful to describe it.

The scenery is too beautiful to describe. (Cross-association)

6. To touch the society. ---To keep in touch with the society. （negative transfer ）

7. There are many people come to study in the states.

There are many people who come to study in the states. (negative transfer)

8. I wait you at the gate of the school.

I wait for you at the gate of the school. ( negative transfer) 9. Eat medicine. ------ Take medicine. (negative transfer) 10. He gave me much books.

He gave me many books. (Cross-association) 11. Some students do not care others.

Some students do not care for others. (negative transfer)

12. They are busy searching jobs. ----They are busy searching for jobs. (negative transfer)

13. It has been existed for a long time.

Culture to language ：

Culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically.

A culture consists both of its ways how a social group represents itself, its technological achievements, monuments and works of art and of its historical identity recorded and passed down by the pop culture.

Culture also affects its people’s imagination or common dreams which are medicated through the language and reflected in their life. 5.Causes of the language change（语言变化原因） 1)Rapid development of science and technology 2)Social and political changes and political needs

3)As more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job have been created. 4)Certain rules may be simplified or overgeneralized. 5)Economy of memory 6)Theory of least effort 6 黑人英语的特点 Black

English

often

impress

people

as

―bad‖or

―poor‖or

“uneducated‖speech.Black English is just another non-standard variety of English,which differs from standard English in ways similar to those in which other non-standard varieties of English differ from the standard variety.

A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word.

A syntactic feature of Black English that has been cited to show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb ―be‖.Another syntactic feature of Black English that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions.

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