translation

第一章 翻译基础理论

1.1 什么是翻译

1.1.1 Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of

an equivalent target-language text. 1.1.2 In Other Words.

1.1.3 Classification of Translation.

1.1.3.1 In terms of the mode: Oral Interpretation, Written Translation & Machine Translation.

1.1.3.2 In terms of disposal: Full Text Translation, Abridged Translation (摘译) & Adapted Translation (改译). 1.1.3.3 In terms of materials to be translated: Translation of 1) Scientific Materials.

2) Literature Works (novels) 3) Political Essays (speeches) 4) Practical Writings (contracts)

1.1.4 Roman Jakobson (罗曼·雅各布森)

1.1.4.1 语内翻译(Intralingual Translation)，或重新措辞，即用同一种语言中的某些符号来解释另一些符号。 1.1.4.2 语际翻译(Interlingual Translation)，或平时说的狭义翻译，即用某种语言符号来解释另一种语言符

号。

1.1.4.3 符际翻译(Intersemiotic Translation)，或跨类翻译，即用非语言符号系统的符号来解释语言符号。

1.2译者的素质

1.2.1 良好的英语基础 1.2.2 扎实的汉语功底 1.2.3 懂点翻译理论

1.2.4 一丝不苟、精益求精的精神

1.2.4.1 勤查字典，切勿望文生义 e.g.: For good 永远

Get the drop on先发制人

Put a feather in one's cap 获得成就 Pull off 胜利完成

Play the field 用情不专

1.2.4.2 勤改译文，切勿满足于“差不多”

e.g.: * He will come again in autumn to discuss business for next year. 他秋天将再来讨论明年的生意。 他秋天将再来洽谈明年的业务。 他秋天将在来，洽谈明年的业务。

* Please let us know as soon as you have made choice so we can make necessary arrangements for

shipment without delay.

一旦做出选择，请马上让我们知道，以便我们为及时装运做必要的安排。 一旦做出选择，请马上通知我们，以便为及时装运做必要的安排。 选妥请即通知，我方好及时安排装运。

* 他的身份背景如何？没人知道！所以大家都对他很好奇。可是，直到今日，他对自己的身份仍

然不说，而有关他的一切仍然是个谜。

What’s his personal background? Nobody knows! Therefore, everybody feels curious about him.

However, he doesn’t talk about himself! Until today, everything about him is still a riddle.

People’s curiosity toward his mysterious identity remains dissatisfied. People remain curious about his mysterious identity.

1.3 事关翻译 1.3.1 翻译标准

严复：信、达、雅。(Faithfulness, Expressiveness & Elegance) P14

Faithfulness means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. Expressiveness demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. Elegance requires the translator to adopt the ancient Chinese in their final work.

鲁迅：信、顺。(Faithfulness, Smoothness) P15

Faithfulness refers to the content of the original work. The translator must bring out the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thought.

Smoothness requires that version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed (晦涩的) language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid (混乱的) logic.

Alexander Fraser Tytler: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original

work. (译文应完整再现出原作的思想)

2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of

the original. (译文的风格和笔调应与原作的性质相同)

3) The translation should have all the ease of original composition. (译文应与原

创作品那样行文自然)

Eugene A.Nida: Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are terms for methods of translation

coined by Eugene Nida. The two terms have often been understood as fundamentally the same as sense-for-sense translation (translating the meanings of whole sentences) and word-for-word translation (translating the meanings of individual words in their more or less exact syntactic sequence), respectively, and Nida did often seem to use them this way. But his original definition of dynamic equivalence was rhetorical: the idea was that the translator should translate so that the effect of the translation on the target reader is roughly the same as the effect of the source text once was on the source reader.

Illustration： 过去，人们往往主张以教育的手段来提高读者的阅读能力，然而现在，在翻译所有

大众文学的时候，常规的做法是，把同一原文译成不同层次的译文，这样，不同阅历水平的人就可以根据自身的条件，选择相应译本。比如，美国圣经学会，正在着手以三种译文形式，把《圣经》译成西班牙语：一种是传统型的，对象是目前新教教徒；另一种在性质上更为现代化，难度也更大，对象是受过良好教育的非教会成员；第三种，使用非常简朴的西班牙语，对象尤其是那些初识文化，平时又和新教教会少有接触的人。

Functional Equivalence （改变语言形式的5个条件） 1当直译传递完全错误的意义时；

2 当引入外来语形成语义“空缺”，并因此有可能被填入错误的意义时； 3 当形式对应引起严重的意义晦涩时；

4 当形式对应导致明显的非原文作者之意图的歧义时； 5 当形式对应导致不合译文语言语法或文体规范时。

1.3.2 Literal Translation & Liberal Translation (Free Translation)

Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another

\Examples of Literal Translation: 1) Time is money.时间就是金钱。（一寸光阴，一寸金） 2) sustainable development可持续发展 3) 房改housing reform 4) 访问学者visiting scholar 5) 纸老虎 paper tiger

6) peace-keeping force维和部队 7) green food绿色食品

8) environmental friendly society 环境友好型社会 9) True Lies《真实的谎言》 10) Chain reaction连锁反应

Liberal Translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order

of the original.

Examples of Literal Translation:

1) A nod is as good as a wink to a blind horse

Literal translation: 点头再好,眨眼再好,示意盲马,同样无效 Free translation: 犟汉难劝,狂人难喻

2) The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.

Literal translation: 最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响

Free translation: 才学最差,叫喊最响;能猫不叫,叫猫不能

3) When the going gets tough, the tough gets going. (When the situation becomes difficult, the strong will

work harder to meet the challenge.) 沧海横流方显英雄本色.

4) Faults are thick where love is thin.

一朝情义淡, 样样不顺眼.

5) You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.

骗人一夕一事易,欺众一生一世难.

1.3.3 Domestication & Foreignization

Domestication refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are exploited and turned into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for the target readers.

Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one.

Examples:

1) Behind the mountain, the sun set. 归化：日落山阴。

异化：山背后，太阳落下去了。

2) In the kingdom of blind men the one-eyed man is king.

归化：山中无老虎，猴子称大王；蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋。 异化：在盲人的王国里，独眼人就是王。 3) He was already three score and ten.

归化：他已至古稀之年。 异化：他已经六十有十了。

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