初中语法&短语讲解

铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解

一．名词 I.

名词的种类： 专有名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 普通名词 不可数名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数：

1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

规则 1 一般情况在词尾加-s 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 以-f或变-f和-fe为v再加-es 3 -fe结尾的词 加-s 4 5 例词 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities i加-es 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 名词以y结尾的，加-s 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 以辅音字母加6 -o结尾的名词 不少外来词加-s 两者皆可 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 2 单复数相同 3 只有复数形式 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数

例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, people, police - 1 -

铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 也可以作复数（成员） customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese Englishmen, Frenchwomen sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 6 复数形式表示特别含义 加-s 表示7 “某国单复数同形 人” 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women 将主体名词变为复数 8 合成名无主体名词时将最后一部分grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 词 变为复数 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s 一般在末尾加’ 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 均须加’s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 末加’s 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 后名词省略 2. ’s所有格的用法： １ 2 3 4 5 6

表示时间 表示自然现象 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地方的the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 名词 表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 与人类活动有特殊关系the life’s time, the play’s plot 的名词 - 2 -

铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I.

不定冠词的用法：

1 2 3 4 5 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you. 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 某名人有类似性质的人或事 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 6 用于固定词组中 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, This room is rather a big one. such之后 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法： 1 表示某一类人或物 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded the Greens, the Wangs He is the taller of the two children. 4 用于乐器前面 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 7 8 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 岛的名词前 The compass was invented in China. 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个in the 1990’s 年代 I hired the car by the hour. 11 用于表示单位的名词前 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示He patted me on the shoulder.

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铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

时间的词组前 III. 零冠词的用法： 1 2 3 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? every等限制 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐March, Sunday, National Day, spring 前 Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals. 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 三．代词： I.

代词可以分为以下七大类：

人称主格 1 代词 宾格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 2 代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 4 指示代词 5 疑问代词 6 关系代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine.

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7 不定代词 铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容词和副词 I.

形容词：

1. 形容词的位置：

1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置： 1 2 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成nobody absent, everything possible 的复合不定代词时 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible the only person awake a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and beautiful a man difficult to get on with 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 5 成对的形容词可以后置 6 形容词短语一般后置

2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 冠词

数词 序数基数性质 大小 - 5 -

性状形容词 新旧 颜色 国籍 材料 名冠词

铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

前的形容词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 the a this another your 词 词 状态 长短 形状 温度 产地 质地 词 all both such second one next four beautiful large good short poor square new black Chinese silk cool yellow London stone 3) 复合形容词的构成： 1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 6 名词+形容词 7 名词+现在分词 8 名词+过去分词 9 数词+名词+ed 10 数词+名词 world-famous peace-loving snow-covered three-egged twenty-year 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 4 副词+现在分词 5 副词+过去分词 II. 副词

副词的分类： 1 2 3 4 时间副词 地点副词 方式副词 程度副词 hard-working newly-built soon, now, early, finally, once, always, often, frequently, seldom, 5 频度副词 recently never here, nearby, outside, upwards, above hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 8 关系副词 when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。

五．介词 I.

介词分类：

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铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

1 简单介词 2 合成介词 3 短语介词 4 双重介词 5 6 分词转化成的介词 形容词转化成的介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between considering(就而论), including like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区别： 1 表示时间的in, on, at 2 表示时间的since, from 3 表示时间的in, after 4 at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关 since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始 in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 表示地理位置的in, on, in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 to 5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 6 7 表示“穿过”的through, across 表示“关于”的about, on through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关 about指涉及到，on指专门论述 8 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 9 besides与except的区别 10 表示“用”的in, with 11 as与like的区别 12 in与into区别 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首 with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似 in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 六．动词 I.

动词的时态：

1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 一般 进行

现在时 ask / asks 过去时 asked 将来时 shall/will ask 过去将来时 should/would ask should/would be asking am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking - 7 -

铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

完成 完成进行 have/has asked have/has been asking had asked had been asking shall/will have asked should/would have asked shall/will have been should/would have been asking asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关） 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式： 1 将来时 will/shall+动词原形 用法 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 例句 My sister will be ten next year. It’s going to clear up. be going to+动词原含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，2 We’re going to have a party 形 或表示很有可能要发生某事 tonight. be + doing 进行时3 表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等He is moving to the south. 词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的Are they leaving for Europe? 动作 I was about to leave when the 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的bell rang. 动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. be about to + 动词4 原形 5 be to + 动词原形 The meeting starts at five 一般现在时表示将时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事o’clock. 6 The plane leaves at ten this 来 情，可用一般现在时表示将来 evening.

II. 动词的被动语态： 常用被动语态 构成 6 - 8 - 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked

过去进行时 was/were being asked 铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

2 一般过去时 was/were asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 7 8 9 10 现在完成时 have/has been asked 过去完成时 had been asked 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… 注 It is supposed that… 意 It is reported that… 事 It must be admitted that… 项 It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七．情态动词 I.

情态动词基本用法： 情态动词 can could may might

用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 能力（体力，智力，技能） can not / cannot /can’t Can…do…? 允许或许可（口语中常用） do Yes,…can. 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句No,…can’t. couldn’t do 或疑问句中） 可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中） may not do might not do - 9 -

May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. Might…do…? 铭仁教育初中英语语法讲解 一对一辅导热线：18841260589

Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必须，应该（表主观要求） must not/mustn’t do 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. Do…have to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，don’t have to do 有时态人称变化） ought to Ought…to do…? 应当（表示义务责任，口语中ought not to/oughtn’t Yes,…ought. to do 多用should No,…oughtn’t. 将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味） Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. Should…do…? Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. shall shall not/shan’t do should will would dare should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中wouldwould not/wouldn’t 比较委婉 do 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） dare not/daren’t do need 需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问句need not/needn’t do 中） used to 过去常常（现在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测： 以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定

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