Xeqhso托福语法讲解

生命是永恒不断的创造，因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力，它不断流溢，越出时间和空间的界限，它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。

－－泰戈尔

高分语法讲解

第一章 名词 …… …… 点击进入 第二章 形容词 …… …… 点击进入 第三章 副词 …… …… 点击进入 第四章 介词 …… …… 点击进入 第五章 动词 …… …… 点击进入 第六章 代词 …… …… 点击进入 第七章 简单句 …… …… 点击进入 第八章 并列句 …… …… 点击进入 第九章 主从复合句 …… …… 点击进入 第十章 时态 …… …… 点击进入 第十一章 一致原则 …… …… 点击进入 第十二章 倒装 …… …… 点击进入 第十三章 被动语态 …… …… 点击进入 第十四章 常考关于It的句式 …… …… 点击进入 第十五章 虚拟语气 …… …… 点击进入

第一章 名词

正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容

第一节 可数名词

考点一 单复数

可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。

TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s，变为复数形式，其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 例如：various colors(various是各种各样的，后面当然要用复数形式)

下面我们会讲一下复数形式。

复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s，但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则：

1．结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如：buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 2．结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories

3．结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 4．结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs

例题：

(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. A B C D 答案：A

应改为：Flowers

解释：表泛指时，可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数，因谓语是复数，故改为复数

(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic A B C D pain. 答案：A

应改为：Doctors

解释：表泛指时，可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数，因谓语动词是复数，故名词也用复数 考点二 复数形式特例

这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆，作为考题并不过多的出现，但是在题干中的出现率却非常高，因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 1．单复数词形相同

如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species，sheep, deer, aircraft等

2．外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:

basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena

3．通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:

clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部)， 4．复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:

goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局)

5 不规则的名词复数

child - children mouse - mice louse - lice tooth - teeth foot - feet

6．注意：有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词

例题：

(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading A B C

jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. D (2)

Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed A B C feet. Ｄ 答案：D

应改为：foot

解释：feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 词汇：sanderling: 三趾滨鹬

第二节 限定词

名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 1．之后肯定接单数:

a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. 例句： Each of them has two books.

You can read either book. （两本书你可以随便读一本）

2．之后肯定接复数:

these, those, many, such, other，

大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million?),

a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several

one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of

3．之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc 注意：这几类词大多不能同时使用

考点一 否定限定词no

(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. No one is here.

(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现;

not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词

例题: (1)

The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. (A) none (B) no (C) not (D) nor

答案: C

解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 (2)

Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when A B C Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. D

答案: A 应改为: No

解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词

考点二 their等物主代词

1．物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外)， 例如：不能说no my car, my no car，但是可以说 My two red cars

2．英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系，这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点

例如：Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 这里用their 而不用 the

例题: (1)

A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten A B C the lives. D

答案: D

应改为: their

解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 (2)

A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any A B C specific way. D

答案: B

应改为: its

解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语

考点三 只接复数名词的限定词

a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词

例题: (1)

In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or A B C relating those objects. Ｄ

答案: B

应改为: is a set

解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 (2)

At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. A B C D

答案: D

应改为: responses

解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few

注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别

The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25， 后面谓语动词用单数)

A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, )

第三节 冠词作限定词

冠词是一个虚词，本身不能够独立使用， 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别，那些地方要加the那些地方不加。

考点一 不定冠词a / an

不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数，a和an 的主要区别是:

a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour

不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen).

例题:

(1)

How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever A B C been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. D 答案: B有错 应改为: puzzle.

解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle

(2)

Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a A B C D question of physiology and of culture.

答案: D有错 应改为: day

解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day (3)

Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the A B C nonprofessional metal worker. Ｄ 答案: C

应改为: still a practical

解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 例题: (1)

A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. A B C D 答案: A

应改为: An emotion

解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an

(2)

If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine A B C chemically with other atoms. D

答案: A

应改为: an atom

解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an

考点二 定冠词the

定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指，针对TOEFL应注意以下几点： (1) the和可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或物，如： the fern(蕨类), the wallflower

(2) 序数词之前必须用the，如：

the first woman, the nineteenth century 但前面有物主代词时除外，如 my first baby

(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外)，如： the largest city, the most advanced technology (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如： the development of the watch,

(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如：

the globe(地球)，the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun

在下列情况下，一般不用the：

(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加，如：

Dennis Chavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the the Great Lakes(美国五大湖)， the Changjiang River(长江)

(2) 无特指的不可数名词前，如：

algebra(代数学), advertising， accounting（会计学） (3) 表示类别的复数名词前，如：

Historians believe that?, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from? (4) 一些固定词组中，如：

in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 乘车的词组：

by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘

公共汽车),

by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) on foot (步行)， by plane(乘飞机)， by ship (乘船)， 打球的词组：

play tennis, play baseball, play basketball

注意：表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如：He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 例题：

(D)

Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. (A) it was the (B) that the

(C) there was a (D) the

答案：D

解释：空格后是主谓句，A、C可先排除，B使原句只有从句没有主句，只剩下D可选，D是定冠词作名词material的限定词，表特指

(2)

The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of A B Alaska and a territory of the Canada. C D

答案：D 应改为：of

解释：Canada是国名，属专用名词，之前不能加定冠词

(3)

The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to A B C nineteenth century. D 答案：D

应改为：to the nineteenth

解释：nineteenth是序数词，之前应加the

第四节 不可数名词

英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型

抽象名词如：

（不可触及的东西，表示动作、状态、品质、感情等）如：

news(新闻),

information(信息), music(音乐),

population(人口), management(管理), happiness(高兴)

English(英语),

enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), 还有表达学科类的名词如：

physics物理, mechanics力学, 物质名词如：

equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), grass(草),

考点一 与可数名词的显著区别

1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词,

如：a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture（一件家具）， two pieces of work（两份工作） an item of news(一条新闻) 2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后

不能够说：an advice(一个建议) ，而应该说 a piece of advice

3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, 而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类

例题： (1)

Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and A B C D trade. 答案：C

应改为：advertising

解释：advertising是不可数名词，不能加冠词 词汇：barter: 实物交易

考点二 限定词

不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词： much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的)

little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 例题： (1)

Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear A B C image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. D

答案：D

应改为：little.

解释：equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little

(2)

Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge A B

thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. C D

jewelry(珠宝)

glass(玻璃), wood(木头)

politics政治学, statistics(统计学)

mathematics数学, bioloby(生物学)

答案：B

应改为：much evidence

解释：many是复数名词的限定词，而evidence是不可数名词，应用much作限定词

另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 例如：

a lot of students , a lot of money

the rest of the students, the rest of money

Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun.

第五节 所有格及of结构

考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格

所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home， the president's office 如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' ,

如: the students' union, the ladies' room

例题: (1)

It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. (A) of the drop (B) the drop's (C) drop of

(D) drops their

答案: (B)

解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 (2)

Over a very lar

ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. (A) occurs

(B) will occur (C) can occur (D) occurring

答案：D

解释：句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除

考点二 of结构

所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系，或者说凡是不能够加's的名词，都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括

代词和动名词)

如： the title of the passage

例如: (1)

James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names A B C of some works years after their completion. D

答案: C

应改为: paintings 解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目

(2)

Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and A B C D spinal cord.

答案: B

应改为: stimulation

解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式

第六节 名词在句中的作用

考点一 名词(词组)作主语

填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 例题: (1)

In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. (A) was a major collection (B) that a major collection (C) a collection was major (D) a major collection

答案: (D)

解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 (2)

The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of A B C D medieval alchemists.

答案：A

应改为：beginnings.

解释：句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语

考点二 名词(词组)作宾语

填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 例题: (1)

In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. (A) new dance, the twist

(B) twist, was the new dance (C) twist, the new dance that (D) new dance is the twist

答案: (A)

解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语

(2)

Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep A B

to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. C D 答案: D

应改为: promise.

解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词

考点三 名词(词组)作同位语

同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 例题: (1)

In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. (A) that institutes (B) while instituted (C) was an institution (D) an institute

答案: (D)

解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 (2)

Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. (A) is the great modern choreographer

(B) one of the great modern choreographers (C) that the great modern choreographers (D) the modern choreographers were great

答案：B

解释：此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任；A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句

考点四 名词(词组)作定语

名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题

这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等

例题: (1)

Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, A B is a prosperous trading and distribute center. C D

答案: D

应改为: distribution/ distributing.

解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯

(2)

Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. A B C D

答案: D

应改为: color

解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果

第二章 形容词

形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分

第一节 形容词修饰名词

形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等

例题： (1)

The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. A B C D

答案：C

应改为：certain.

解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 (2)

Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. A B C D

答案：C

应改为：visual.

解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词

注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话：

The man was awake.

There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语)

这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable

例题： (1)

Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means A B C of on-the-spot, alive reports. D

答案： D

应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的)

解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道)

(2)

Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also A B C gather data from documentary and oral sources. D 答案： A

应改为：like

解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等，

注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 一般来说：这个排序的规则是:

冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词

如: two young American students my three red pencils

第二节 比较级

英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式：

在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； 或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等

少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)，

考点一 含有标志词than

1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象，

如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. She possesses more books than I do.

He is more intelligent than I expected. than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， 空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级，

空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。

例题： (1)

Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.

(A) coolest

(B) the coolest (C) cooler

(D) the cooler

答案：A

解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确

(2)

Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. A B C D 答案：A

应改为：more

解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级

2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: 情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分,

如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. (that 指代the population)

His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. (those 指代 designs)

情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语)

如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may probably contribute more to the success of a play. 例题：

Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. (A) than do

(B) that are having (C) which have (D) that do

答案：A

解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装

考点二 (not) so /as?as

比较级特殊句式(not)so/as?as 表示“如同??一样、不如??”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as?as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as?as必须搭配使用， 如：It is as good as it looks.

The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described.

填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 例题： (1)

The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. (A) possibly little nourishment (B) nourishment possibly little (C) little as possible nourishment (D) little nourishment as possible

答案：D

解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as?as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as?as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”.

(2)

There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. (A) so early

(B) the earliest (C) as early as (D) so early that

答案：C

解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as

考点三 the same?as

此句式也常用来表示“和??一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， 如：She looks just the same as before. I got the same feeling as you did.

改错题中常将此句式误用为the same?like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 例题： (1)

Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, A B C shorter tails, and longer bills. D 答案：B

应改为：as.

解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样”

(2)

Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of A B

perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. C D 答案：D 应改为：as

解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行

考点四 the more?，the more?

此句式常表示“越??越??”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略，

如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt.

The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot.

填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式

例题： (1)

The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.

(A) the greater the need there is (B) greater need

(C) is there great need (D) the great need

答案：A

解释：这是典型的 “the more?,

the more?” 句式, 意为 “越?, 越?” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.

(2)

The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. (A) the stress it is greater (B) greater is the stress (C) greater stress is

(D) the greater the stress

答案：D

解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D

考点五 no longer /not?any longer

no longer /not?any longer和no more/not?any more都表示“不再??”, 如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer.

注意no longer /not?any longer不要混用，no more /not?any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 例题： (1)

Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio A B

continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. C D

答案：A

应改为：no longer. 解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer

第三节 最高级

考点一 最高级的形式

一、英文中表示最的概念时，形容词要变为最高级，其形式主要有两种：

在词尾加-est (单音节形容词), 如：low-lowest, late-latest, lucky-luckiest, fit-fittest； 或在词之前加most (多音节形容词), 如：most important, most sensitive 少数词最高级形式特殊，如：good(well)-best, bad(ill)-worst, many(much)-most, little-least, etc. TOEFL经常会出现这样的搭配： most highest, 这是不对的，hightest已经是最高级，前面当然不能在加most.

例题： (1)

The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which involves using a circular A B dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Ｃ D

答案：A

应改为：easiest.

解释：easiest本身已是最高级, most纯属画蛇添足, 应去掉

二、没有等级的形容词

有些形容词本身就具有“比?.年长”、“ 比?..优越”等含义，因此也就没有比较级和最高级。比如： inferior, superior, senior, anterior。这些形容词往往和to连用，而不和than连用。

有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义，所以就没有最高级和比较级。如：

absolute(绝对的), unique(独一无二的), infinite(无限的), round(圆的), right(对的), correct(正确的), wrong(错误的), perfect(完美的)，这类形容词往往被称为绝对形容词 例题：

Geoffrey Chaucer occupies a ---- place in English literature. (A) most unique (B) unique

(C) least unique (D)very unique 答案： B

考点二 最高级前的限定词

(1) 形容级做定语时, 最高级前通常要加定冠词the ，如： the most important thing, the biggest elephant 但当最高级前有物主代词时，不需加the, 如：

my latest hobby, her most interesting experience (2) 形容词作表语时，最高级前通常不加限定词

如：She looks happiest whenever you are around. Excuse me, but I'm busiest at the moment.

例题： (1)

Of all the Native Americans in the United States, the Navajos form largest group. A B C D 答案: D

应改为: form the largest

解释: largest是最高级, 作group的定语, 之前必须加定冠词the

考点三 范围词

伴随最高级出现的往往有表示范围的词或短语，常用of 或among或 in 引导, 表示“在?.之中”。 如：of all, in the world, in the country等, 在填空题的题干中包含表示范围的词时，空格处需填最高级 例题： (1)

The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2, 020 miles from Maine to A B Georgia, is the longer continuous marked footpath in the world. C D

答案：C

应改为：longest.

解释：本句有范围词in the world, 则定冠词the 之后应采用形容词最高级形式 考点四 most的其他用法

对于most来讲，除了构成某些词最高级外，most的用法有几点需要注意，经常成为改错题的考点： 1． 当most表示大多数时，之前不加the, 并且有两种形式来表示大多数，分别为： most + 名词，如：most people, most Indian tribes； most + of + 限定词 + 名词或代词，如：most of his paintings，most of us, most of the modern artists 2. most有时意思等同于very, 此时most之前用不定冠词，如： a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal

例题： (1)

The most substances expand in volume when they are heated. A B C D

答案：A

应改为：Most

解释：most只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词，此句表示“大多数”，没必要加the. (2)

The most often flour is made from wheat, but it may also be made from the seeds A B C of other cereal plants. D 答案：A

应改为：most.

解释：the most 一般出现在最高级中, 此句most often为固定说法,意为经常 词汇：cereal: 谷类的

the end.

第三章 副词

副词和形容词有着千丝万缕的联系，相当比例的副词都是形容词加后缀-ly构成的，但副词在句中的作用却与形容词有较大区别，需细心领会：副词最主要的功能是作状语，用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、甚至整个句子，这些都是形容词不可替代的作用，但切记在TOEFL题中不可修饰名词 副词可大致分为时间副词(如：now, then, recently), 地点副词（如：here, upstairs, everywhere）, 方式副词（如：carefully, rapidly, happily）, 程度副词（如：much, quite, extremely）, 疑问副词(如：how, when, where), 承接副词（如：besides, however, therefore）等等

副词比较级和最高级的用法基本和形容词相同，形容词比较级的特殊句式同样适用于副词，稍有不同的是副词最高级前的the可用可不用，不用时居多。副词比较级和最高级作为考点的不多，但在题干中多次出现，可留心体会与形容词的区别和联系

第一节 副词修饰动词

修饰动词是副词的最主要作用之一，此处动词的含义包括谓语动词、不定式中的动词，被动式或进行时中的分词形式的动词

例如：You can't possibly arrive there on time. (谓语动词)

It's inconvenient to contact him directly. (不定式中的动词)

Her composition is frequently referred to as original. (被动式)

改错题中常误用形容词修饰动词，要注意识别 例题： (1)

In the United States, sleds for recreation were first produced commercial in the A B C 1870's or thereabouts. D

答案：C

应改为：commercially

解释：形容词commercial不能修饰谓语动词produce, 需改为副词

(2)

According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees ----, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. (A) facially (B) their faces (C) having facial (D) they had faces

答案：A

解释：resemble一词是本句的谓语动词, 已有了宾语chimpanzees, 之后需要的只可能是用来补充说明的非谓语, B、D可先排除; facial是形容词, 不能作have的宾语, 因此C肯定不对; A是副词, 恰好修饰动词作状语

第二节 程度副词much等

程度副词much, still, far, a little, a bit 的特殊之处在于：可用来修饰比较级，表示加强或减弱程度。 如： I'm much clearer about the situation now. She's not a bit more rational than you were.

注意：much不能加形容词原形代替比较级

比如想说更有耐心：不能够说much patient, 而应该说more patient； 同时more也不能替代much修饰比较级，

比如要说低得多：不能说more lower , 而应该说much lower;

例句：She is far better than me at English. ( 在英语方面她比我好的多) 例题： (1)

Watercolors dry more faster than other paints. A B C D

答案：C

应改为：much faster

解释：比较级more不能修饰比较级faster, 应改为程度副词much

(2)

Reptiles are widely distributed all over the world, but are much abundant in warm A B

regions and are virtually absent beyond the treeline in the Arctic. C D

答案：B

应改为：more. 解释：much作为形容词不能修饰另一个形容词, 而作副词时只能修饰形容词比较级, 如much better, much more expensive, 依句意是要将爬行动物在温带地区和寒带地区的分布加以对比, 因此改为比较级more abundant

(3)

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonmetals A B C oxygen and silicon are more still abundant. D

考点：程度副词 答案：D

应改为：still more

解释：程度副词still修饰比较级more时，应置于其前, 词汇：crust: 地壳 silicon: 硅

(4)

A goose's neck is a tiny longer than that of a duck and not so gracefully curved as a A B C D swan's.

考点：程度副词 答案：A

应改为：little

解释：形容词tiny不能修饰比较级longer, 应改用程度副词a little 词汇：gracefully: 优雅地， swan: 天鹅

第三节 副词在句中的位置

副词在句中的位置比较灵活，放在句首、句中、句尾都有可能，这是副词的优点，但同时给英语学习者带来了麻烦，往往难以抉择副词的位置，TOEFL出题者也借此大做文章，给考生制造障碍，在填空题、改错题中都涉及语序问题

几点参考规则：

1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后，若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后，如： She sings very well.

I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错)

2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前，如： These two are only slightly different. right after this, very smoothly

当然，副词enough是一个例外，要放在修饰成分的后面，如： I am not good enough to do this job. (对) I am not enough good to do this job. (错)

3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前，be动词之后，如：

He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8'clock. (be动词之后)

4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定，原则上接近被修饰词即可，如： only, even, still, perhaps, etc.

例题： (1)

When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the A B C D Sun.

答案：D

应改为：directly opposite.

解释：opposite 与the Sun 构成介宾短语, 修饰副词directly必须置于opposite之前 (2)

Amoebas are ---- small to be seen without a microscope. (A) far too (B) far and (C) so far

(D) as far as

答案：A

解释：空格前是句子的主谓语，空格处需要small的修饰语，B, C, D都不能修饰形容词, 故选A, 由副词too修饰small，副词far用来加深程度

第四节 容易混淆的词

hard (努力，副词) －hardly （几乎不，副词） close （接近，形容词） －closely（接近，副词）

near （接近，形容词） －nearly （几乎，副词）， nearby (adj.邻近的) most （大多数的，形容词） －mostly（主要地，大部分 副词）

late （迟、晚，形容词） －lately （最近，副词），later(adv.稍后的) high (高的，形容词) －highly (adv. 非常，大大的)

另外： friendly（友好的）， lovely(可爱的、有趣的)，尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词 例题： (1)

Chief Joseph La Flesche, a vigorous Omaha leader, worked hardly to make his nation A B a proud and progressive one. C D

答案：B

应改为：hard

解释：hard和hardly都是副词，前者表示努力地，后者表示几乎不，依据题意应改用hard 词汇：vigorous: 精力充沛的，progressive: 进步的

(2)

Glaciers that develop nearly the North and South Poles advance into the sea, break A B C D into pieces, and become icebergs.

答案：B

应改为：near

解释：nearly是副词，意为几乎，在此句中讲不通，改为介词near才可与名词the North and South Poles构成地点状语

词汇：glacier: 冰河， iceberg: 冰山

(3)

Those electrons most closely to the nucleus are held there by electromagnetic force. A B C D

答案：B

应改为：most close

解释：副词closely 不能修饰名词electrons, 应改为形容词, close to 构成形容词短语, 作electrons的后置定语

词汇：electron: 电子, electromagnetic: 电磁

第四章 介词

介词在英语中有着举足轻重的地位，其数量不多，拼写也不复杂，但要准确的把握其用法却非易事，介词的恰当使用常常成为令英语学习者头疼的问题。TOEFL中常考知识点是动词后面到底跟不跟介词，常用介词搭配, 常用动词与介词搭配

第一节 常用介词

考点一 常用介词的用法

常用介词包括简单的，

如：in, on, at, from, to, like, of, for, after, before, by, with, to, since, between, etc.； 还有一些组合的，如：into, onto, out of, throughout, within, upon, etc. 这些词的具体用法需要下功夫搞清，在TOEFL题中都有所体现。

例题： (1)

----one time, Manchester, New Hampshire, was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. (A) On (B) At (C) By (D) To

答案：B

解释：据选项可知需填介词，词组at one time意为“曾经、一度”，符合句意。

(2)

Saint Elmo's fire is a luminous blue discharge of electricity sometimes seen when a A B C D thunderstorm.

答案：D

应改为：in.

解释：when是连词，一般只引导从句，应该用介词引导宾语

考点二 及物动词和不及物动词

在改错题目中，经常会出现混淆及物动词和不及物动词， (1) 不及物动词后面必须要加上介词，比如go Guangzhou（到广州去），这样表达是不对的，必须改为 go to Guangzhou

(2) 而及物动词后面不能随意加上介词，因为及物动词后面可以直接接名词 比如 find the mistake (寻找错误) ， 不应该说 find for the mistake

例题： (1)

What makes for human skeleton hard and strong is the presence of the metallic A B C D element calcium. 答案：A

应改为：human

解释：make是及物动词，直接加宾语，for是多余的

词汇：skeleton: 骨骼, metallic: 金属的, calcium: 钙

(2)

The situation comedy has proved to a remarkably durable commercial television A B C D format. 答案：B

应改为：to be a / a.

解释：及物动词prove可直接加名词或不定式作宾语

词汇：situation comedy: 情景喜剧, durable: 持久的, format: 形式

第二节 介宾短语

介词不能单独使用，而必须和其他词连用，这些词称作介词的宾语，它们共同构成的介宾短语常在句中作状语，作名词的后置定语，有时作某些动词的宾语补足语

考点一 名词作介词宾语

大部分介词的宾语都是由名词(包括代词)充当的，如：under the tree, during the day, 这一考点在题中多次出现

例题： (1)

The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for ----with which to regulate them. (A) more accurate than sundials (B) more accurate sundials (C) sundials more accurately

(D) more accurately than sundials

答案：B

解释：search for缺少宾语, 只有B是表达无误的名词词组, 可以作宾语；其他选项的比较形式都有错。 (2)

Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty A B C feet in long. 答案：D

应改为：in length.

解释：long 是形容词, 不能单独接在介词之后, 其名词形式length与in构成介宾短语, 表示长度

考点二 动名词作介词宾语

名词作宾语时，之后不能再接宾语，这一缺陷可由动名词弥补。 如：before doing the job , after getting back

改错题中常把应该用动名词作宾语的地方误用为名词或不定式，需留心陷阱 例题： (1)

The Conestoga wagon, used for to carry heavy loads over long distances, originated A B C

around 1725 in a region of Pennsylvania occupied by the Conestoga Indians. D 答案：A

应改为：carrying.

解释：不定式不能作for的宾语, 改为动名词即可

(2)

Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae ----harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates. (A) does not (B) but does no (C) except (D) without

答案：D

解释：harming 是动名词形式, 因此要求前面的词是介词或可接动名词的动词. A B 可首先排除; C 虽是介词, 但与句意不符.

(3) Mary Ann Hardy was known for her skill to paint miniature watercolor portraits A B C on ivory. Ｄ

答案：B

应改为：in painting

解释：后置定语修饰名词，什么方面的技能，不能用不定式。 考点三 连接从句或不定式

介词之后还可以接宾语从句或不定式短语，但要借助于 连接代词 (如：what , which, whom) 或连接副词 (如：how, when，where)

例句： I knew nothing about how he got the green card. She's pretty hesitant about which one to choose.

例题： (1)

The Cubists were concerned with how----a given subject from different points of view simultaneously. (A) represented

(B) do they represent (C) to represent (D) representing

答案：C

解释：介词with后面的宾语不完整, C 是不定式短语作宾语. A D都不足以和how构成宾语从句; B不应用疑问句语序, 若去掉do则是正确的

(2)

The scholarly interest in perception stems largely from questions about the sources and validity of what ----.

(A) it is known as human knowledge (B) is known as human knowledge (C) known human knowledge

(D) is human knowledge known

答案：B

解释：介词of的宾语残缺, B 构成宾语从句, 包含短语be known as；A多主语it; C 无法与what契合; D 语序错误

注意：介词后面不能够接 that 所引导的从句，除非in that连起来作为特殊的状语从句引导词，表原因 (3) (Exer1_21_31)

Soprano Julia Migenes-Johnson believes in that her Latin American background A B

helped her interpret the role of the Spanish character Carmen in a 1984 opera film. Ｃ D

答案： A

应改为：believes

解释：介词后面一般不能够接that 引导的从句。除非in that连起来

(4)

Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ---- travel over land and water on a layer of air .

(A) they (B) in they (C) that they (D) in that they

答案：D

解释：空格前是句子的主谓语，空格后是谓语结构，空格处需要从句引导词及从句主语，只有D符合题意，in that是特殊的状语从句引导词，表原因 词汇：hovercraft: 水翼船, cushion: 垫子

第三节 介词固定搭配

介词和动词、形容词、名词等词的搭配是掌握介词用法的难点和关键，必须下大功夫牢记，TOEFL题中大量考察介词搭配问题，是准备的重点之一，下面对常见常考搭配稍作总结，可作复习的参考，但因篇幅所限，不可能面面俱到，还需考生多注意平时积累

一、常搭配使用的介词和介词短语 1. from?to /till /until

2. because of, on account of (由于), by means of, in front of, in spite of (=despite), instead of, in honour of (为纪念，为庆祝)，in danger of (在?.危险之中)

3. according to, due to, with regard to, prior to, owing to, , in relation to, in response to, to a great extent, in addition to(=besides)

4. together with, along with, in connection with, in comparison with, apart from 二、与on /upon搭配

1. act on, rely on, depend on, feed on, comment on, concentrate on, rest on, in 2. be based on, be keen on, be dependent on

The boy is keen on mathematics. (这个男孩对数学感兴趣)

三、与of搭配

1. think of , consist of, take charge of

2. be composed of, be made up of, be capable of, be typical of, regardless of, bare of, be deprived of

3. the use of, the ratio of?to, a minimum of

四、与with搭配

1. deal with, interfere with, compare with /to, share with, join with

2. be familiar with, familiarity with, be credited with, be associated with,

be concerned with, be filled with, be infused with, be consistent with

五、与in搭配

1. result in /from, succeed in, lie in, specialize in, originate in /from, live in, believe in 2. be interested in, be found in, be rich in, be involved in

六、与for搭配

1. account for, substitute for, look for, search for, run for (竞选), ask for 2. be suited for, be responsible for, be famous /known /noted for(因?..而著名) be valuable for, be appreciated for

七、与to搭配

1. belong to, lead to, refer to, relate to, devote to, adapt to, adjust to, dedicate to, commit to,

owe to, do harm to, lead to, date back to, give way to, contribute to

2. be resistant to, be similar to, be equal to, be sensitive to, be subject to, be close to, be native to, contrary to, be adapted to, be destined to (注定)

八、其他

1. range from?to, benefit from, distinguish?from , derive from, stem from, break away from, protect from, prevent from, prohibit from, shield from

2. serve as, regard as, consider as, describe as, remember as, be known as, 3. transform?into, convert?into, change?into, divide?into, 4. rank among

例题： (1)

The young of most bird species are totally dependence on parental care after A B C hatching. D 答案：B

应改为：dependent.

解释：be dependent on是固定词组, 意同depend on

(2)

Mary Cassatt specialized ----mothers with their children. (A) painted

(B) who painted (C) paintings (D) in painting

答案：D

解释：此句涉及动词词组specialize in doing ,表示专门从事某事。A 与原句谓语冲突;B定语从句无先行词；C与空前后的成分都无法连接

the end.

第五章 动词

动词是表达句意的精髓，句子的时态、语态等全依靠动词来体现。 动词可分为实意动词（如：go, do, make）、系动词（如：be, remain, seem）、助动词和情态动词（见第七章）

实意动词又可分为及物动词，即可接宾语的词，如：yield, resist, discover；和不及物动词，即不能直接接宾语的词，如：go, begin, happen。有很多词既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如：drop, grow, fail

第一节 不定式

不定式是动词的非谓语形式，它的构成为：to+动词原形，to可视为不定式的标志词，两个动词常用to连接构成不定式。

不定式可以有多种形式，如：主动式（to drink, to see）、被动式（to be continued, to be understood）、完成式（to have completed, to have been adopted）、进行式（to be leaving）等

不定式在句中常作下列成分：

考点一 不定式作宾语、主语或表语

1. 作宾语：不定式多接在谓语动词后作宾语

如：He decided to put in a good word for me at the meeting. I didn't expect to hear from you so soon.

常用的可接不定式宾语的动词有：decide, expect, determine, offer, forget, remember, want, prefer, wish, hope, continue, begin, attempt, agree, etc.

例：Human beings are social animals who usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation.

2. 作主语：不定式短语可作主语

如：To see is to believe (百闻不如一见)

To work hard should be your major concern.

注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替(详见第十七章) 例如上面第二句可以变为： It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如： It is very nice of you to help me.

It is hard for you to carry this heavy box.

3. 作表语：当句子的主语是purpose, aim, duty, goal, hope, plan, suggestion, idea, intention, problem, mistake, reaction等表示“意图”、“目的”、“功能”等意思的词时，一般由不定式作表语 如：His only purpose in life is to seek truth.

Our plan was to raise money for the new project.

例题： (1)

Before the invention of the clock, people had to reliable on the celestial bodies to A B C tell time. Ｄ

答案：C

应改为：rely.

解释：此处to是构成不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形

(2) Chinese immigrants began ---- to the United States in large numbers in the middle of the nineteenth century. (A) come (B) to come

(C) to have come (D) have come

答案：B

解释：空格处需要began的宾语，可以是动名词或不定式，A, D是动词原形，可先排除；C是不定式的完成式，不符合begin的用法；只有B正确

(3)

The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help A B achieve a carefully chosen goal. Ｃ Ｄ

答案：A

应改为：to make

解释：主语purpose决定应用不定式作表语，故改为to make

考点二 不定式作定语

不定式常接在名词之后作定语，如：

something to read, nothing to do, anything to declare, a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.

由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系，因此不及物动词之后必须加上相搭配的介词（例如上面的complain + of, talk +to）

不定式定语还可表示将来的含义，如：in the years to follow, the meeting to be held in June 针对TOEFL解题需注意下列情况：

1. 由序数词修饰的名词之后多用不定式作定语，

如：the first one to arrive, the last to mention, the only thing to talk about

例句：Not only was the Mariner spacecraft the first to fly beyond Mars, but it also survived in space well past its expected lifetime of twenty-one months.

2. 改错题常出现名词之后直接接动词，且二者间不是主谓关系而是动宾关系，此处必定有错，应在动词前加to，变为不定式作定语

如：Do you have anything declare (错)

Do you have anything to declare (对) （你有什么东西需要申报的吗？)

3. 少量题中出现了类似定语从句的不定式作定语，其基本形式为：介词+关系代词+不定式，如：Here is a blue pen, with which to fill out the form.

例题 (1)

An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was ---- a traveling company. (A) to form the first (B) the first to form (C) who formed the first (D) forming the first

答案：B

解释：空格前是句子的主谓语, 空格处需要was的表语, first不能和a连用, 故A、C、D肯定不对; B中the first作表语, 省略了后面的person, 不定式to form?作定语, the first to do是常见用法, 表示第一个做某事的人

考点三 不定式作状语

不定式作状语是相当普遍的语法现象，通常表示目的、结果或原因

如：I got an early morning to catch the first train to London. (表目的) She raised the lid only to find an empty bottle. (表结果) He trembled to think of his shameful failure. (表原因) TOEFL种主要涉及第一种用法

例题： (1)

Using their bills as needles, tailorbirds sew large leaves together with plant fiber A B C to forming their nests. Ｄ 答案：D

应改为：to form

解释：to是不定式的标志词，应接动词原形作目的状语 (2)

The dromedary camel is raised especially to racing. A B C D

答案：D

应改为：race

解释：此句中的to不是介词, 而是不定式的标志词, 之后应接动词原形作目的状语

考点四 是否用不定式

1．有部分动词的习惯用法要求采用不定式复合结构，其基本形式为：动词+宾语+不定式， 如：enable him to dance, cause the little girl to cry,

consider it to be a great honor, imagine herself to a soprano 常接不定式复合结构的词有：allow, enable, cause, ask, expect, invite, advise, permit, oblige, help, encourage, persuade, instruct, command, urge, consider, believe, declare, etc. 注意：help既可以接不定式，也可以接动词原形（或称不带to的不定式）， 如：help him to clean the lab, help me do the housework

例题： (1)

The flexibility of film allows the artist ----unbridled imagination to the animation of cartoon characters. (A) to bring (B) bringing (C) is brought (D) brings

答案：A

解释：allow somebody to do sth.属于固定动词词组搭配, 若allow之后无宾语则用allow doing 的形式。

例: Mum doesn't allow me to eat too much chocolate. Sorry, sir, but we don't allow smoking here.

(2)

A dictionary allows quick access to the meaning of a word only if one knows how A B C D spell the word.

答案：D

应改为：how to spell

解释：how和spell不能连用，应变为不定式复合结构，加上to, 构成know的宾语

2. 在一些表示“意图”、“目的”、“倾向”等意思的动词、形容词后面经常要跟不定式，而表示同样意思的名词后面经常需要用不定式做定语 例句：

Having lost the election, the presidential candidate intend to support the opposition despite the objections of his staff. Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other than light in their photographs.

这样的动词还有tend, plan, expect, endeavor, try, wish等 He is anxious to go home.

I am inclinded to work in Shanghai.

这样的形容词还有able, apt, eager, glad, ready, likely等

A loan may be acknowledged by a bond , a promissory note, or a mere promise to repay. He has the inclination to grow fat.

这样的名词还有ablility , effort , attempt, anxiety,determination, inclination, plan 等 例题： (1) Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability ----emotional depth to her songs. (A) be giving (B) are given (C) being given (D) to give

答案：D

解释：此句主谓俱全, 主语reputation, 谓语rests on, 缺少宾语ability的修饰成分. 根据谓语唯一原则可首先排除A B； C是被动式, 后面不能有宾语, 亦可排除; D为不定式作定语, the ability to do即做某事的能力

第二节 分词

分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式，主要分为现在分词（ing为词尾）和过去分词（主要以ed结尾），他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。

由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法，其用法比较简单，这里只着重介绍前两种用法如： exciting news (激动人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩),

promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯), broken bottle（破碎的瓶子）

考点一 现在分词

现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于：现在分词表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义。

现在分词较过去分词形式灵活，除部分能接宾语之外，可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式 1. 现在分词作定语

现在分词常接在名词之后作定语，经常可与定语从句替换

如：the man sitting behind me, 相当于：the man who is sitting behind me the kids running about in the garden, 相当于： the kids who are running about in the garden

单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前，如：the sleeping baby, a running nose

改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词，且之间是主谓关系，但不是句子主谓语，此处必定有错，可改为现在分词作定语

例题： (1)

The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases. A B C D

答案：A

应改为：boiling.

解释：沸点的英文表达应该是boiling point. 类似的表达如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的状态, 如boiled water意为白开水, 即已沸腾过的水

(2)

The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms. (A) representing (B) represented

(C) are represented

(D) they are representing

答案：A 解释：空格前是句子的主谓成分，空格处需要marks的定语，C, D可先排除；B是被动式，无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确，是现在分词作定语

2. 现在分词作状语

分词还可在句中作状语，可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。

1．现在分词短语可以作时间状语，相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句 如：Hearing the news, he couldn't help crying.

= When he heard the news, he couldn't help crying.

2．现在分词短语也可以表示原因，代替由since, as等所引导的从句

如：Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.

=Since she didn't know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help. Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.

=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school. 3．如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，那么此时分词就需要用完成形式 如：Having finished the work, she went to the park.

=After she had finished the work, she went to the park.

特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致

如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.

此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.

例题： (1)

Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing. (A) to save the seeds (B) saving the seeds

(C) which saves the seeds (D) the seeds saved

答案：B

解释：thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语，只有B符合要求

考点二 过去分词

1. 过去分词作定语

与现在分词类似，过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义. 如：a theory derived from rich experience

= a theory that has been derived from rich experience a gas composed of four chemical elements

= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements

单个分词可放在被修饰词之前，如：distinguished guests, unexpected trouble

改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用，关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。 例如: boiling water (沸腾的水，表示正在沸腾)； boiled water(开水， 表示已经烧开)

2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别

有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢?

现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到?”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;

过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“?的?”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情) 试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣) an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩

同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如: The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望)

We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望)

例题： (1)

The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.

(A) chartered

(B) was chartered (C) it was chartered (D) to be chartered

答案：A

解释：本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语；B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符

(2)

A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. A B C D

答案：C

应改为：fixed

解释：fix是动词，不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间”

(3)

Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons. (A) called (B) to call (C) is called (D) call as

答案：A

解释：此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通 3. 过去分词作状语

过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语，常表示事件发生的背景或原因， 如：Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake. De

feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.

特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词.

例题： (1)

---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States. (A) Founded (B) Founding (C) To found

(D) Having founded

答案：A

解释：分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词

(2)

Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over A B C the next three year. D 答案：A

应改为：Almost destroyed

解释：by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语

考点三 独立主格结构

独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式，对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性 1、主要特征

(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构，分词与主语间是主谓关系， 基本形式为：主语+现在分词或过去分词 如：his heart bleeding the baby crying

the project completed

The school being over, the street was full of the students.

= When the school was over, the street was full of the students. (2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构， 比较：my mind wandering (独立主格)； My mind was wandering (主谓结构)

(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致

如：(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格) 对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:

Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word.

2. 在句子中的作用

独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件，原因、伴随状态等

如：The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因)

The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随)

例题： (1)

----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. (A) If (B) But (C) With (D)Once

答案：C

解释：句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.

注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题.

第三节 动名词

动名词是动词的特殊形式，拼写类似现在分词，用法类似名词，具有与二者均不同的特点：动名词可作动词或介词宾语（分词不行）之后可以再接宾语（名词不行），它兼备了动词和名词的功能，故称作动名词 考点一 动名词作宾语

1． 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语，同时又需要动宾结构作宾语，此时动名词便可大显身手了，如：enjoy singing（喜欢唱歌）,

avoid looking me in the eye miss crashing into the tree

Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了) 常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有：

enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等 另外, 在一些固定用法当中, 也需要用动名词做宾语, 如:

can't help doing, it's no use doing, it's worth doing, be busy doing, feel like doing等. 2. 有的动词既可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式，两者意思区别不大, 如: like, begin, start, love, learn等,

如: She began playing piano when she was five. She began to play piano when she was five.

但是对于remember, forget, try等动词来说，接不定式和接动名词意义不同, 如:

How many people remember listening to the radio broadcast, \(还有多少人记得听过无线广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示已经听过了) I remember to listen to the radio broadcast, \(我想起来要听广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示还没有听过)

We must try to work this problem out. (我们必须尽力把这道题做出来)（表示努力，设法） We can try doing it. (我们可以试着做它) （表示尝试） 动名词作介词宾语的情况更加普遍，详见第四章介词-介宾短语

例题： (1)

A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright; thus more A B C people are able to enjoy to own a house. D

答案：D

应改为：owning

解释：enjoy doing是固定用法，必须用动名词作enjoy的宾语

考点二 动名词作主语、定语或表语

和名词相仿，动名词可作句子的主语、表语或名词的定语 如：Meeting you is my pleasure. His job is driving a bus.

The opening ceremony will begin in five minutes.

在简单句中, 只能有一个主语和一个谓语, 考试时经常会出现在一个简单句中主语部分不全或干脆没有主语部分, 需要考生将句子补全, 这时要注意的是主语部分只能是名词短语, 动名词短语或不定式短语, 而不能是动词短语或句子, 如: 例题： (1)

---- by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. (A) Eliminate problems

(B) The eliminated problems (C) Eliminating problems

(D) Problems are eliminated

答案：C

解释：此句只是主语部分不完整，可排除A,D; B与句意不符，只有C动名词词组合适，与scapegoating相呼应。注意by后面的短语表示一种方式、手段，而不是被动式的施动者 (2)

---- raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing. (A)Transform

(B) Transforming

(C) Being transformed (D) When transforming

答案：B

解释：此句is之前是句子的主语，之后是谓语，空格处需要一个能接宾语raw materials的名词性结构，这正是动名词所具备的特点，因此答案非B莫属

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